SPECIES: Poa compressa
SPECIES: Poa compressa Introductory
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Uchytil, Ronald J. 1993. Poa compressa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [].
ABBREVIATION : POACOM SYNONYMS : NO-ENTRY SCS PLANT CODE : POCO COMMON NAMES : Canada bluegrass TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name of Canada bluegrass is Poa compressa L. [10,33]. There are no recognized varieties or subspecies. LIFE FORM : Graminoid FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY
SPECIES: Poa compressa DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : In North America, Canada bluegrass is distributed from Newfoundland to Alaska, and south throughout most of the United States. Hitchcock [16] lists Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California as the southern extent of its range. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES10 White - red - jack pine FRES11 Spruce - fir FRES14 Oak - pine FRES15 Oak - hickory FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood FRES18 Maple - beech - birch FRES19 Aspen - birch FRES20 Douglas-fir FRES21 Ponderosa pine FRES23 Fir - spruce FRES26 Lodgepole pine FRES28 Western hardwoods FRES29 Sagebrush FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub FRES35 Pinyon - juniper FRES36 Mountain grasslands FRES37 Mountain meadows FRES38 Plains grasslands FRES39 Prairie FRES42 Annual grasslands STATES : AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY ME MD MA MI MN MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN UT VT VA WA WV WI WY AB BC MB NB NF NT NS ON PE PQ SK YT BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 1 Northern Pacific Border 2 Cascade Mountains 3 Southern Pacific Border 4 Sierra Mountains 5 Columbia Plateau 6 Upper Basin and Range 7 Lower Basin and Range 8 Northern Rocky Mountains 9 Middle Rocky Mountains 10 Wyoming Basin 11 Southern Rocky Mountains 12 Colorado Plateau 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont 14 Great Plains 15 Black Hills Uplift 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest K011 Western ponderosa forest K012 Douglas-fir forest K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest K015 Western spruce - fir forest K016 Eastern ponderosa forest K017 Black Hills pine forest K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest K019 Arizona pine forest K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest K030 California oakwoods K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub K038 Great Basin sagebrush K047 Fescue - oatgrass K048 California steppe K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass K052 Alpine meadows and barren K055 Sagebrush steppe K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe K063 Foothills prairie K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass K074 Bluestem prairie K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie K081 Oak savanna K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest K095 Great Lakes pine forest K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest K098 Northern floodplain forest K099 Maple - basswood forest K100 Oak - hickory forest K104 Appalachian oak forest K016 Eastern ponderosa forest K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest SAF COVER TYPES : 15 Red pine 20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple 21 Eastern white pine 25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch 33 Red spruce - balsam fir 35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir 42 Bur oak 52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak 107 White spruce 110 Black oak 210 Interior Douglas-fir 217 Aspen 218 Lodgepole pine 220 Rocky Mountain juniper 227 Western redcedar - western hemlock 235 Cottonwood - willow 236 Bur oak 237 Interior ponderosa pine 238 Western juniper 239 Pinyon - juniper SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : NO-ENTRY
SPECIES: Poa compressa MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Canada bluegrass is good forage for cattle, horses, and sheep [3,25]. It has favorable curing properties; horses pastured on Canada bluegrass in the autumn and early winter maintain their condition [12]. In South Dakota it is seldom abundant enough to be a principal forage but is important to livestock because of its wide distribution [18]. In the Rocky Mountains, Canada bluegrass may be a valuable winter, spring, and fall forage for elk [20]. Mule deer consume it lightly in the spring [21]. Bluegrass leaves and seeds are eaten by numerous species of small mammals and songbirds, and may form an important part of the diet of the cottontail rabbit and wild turkey [3,22]. Prairie chickens eat small amounts of the seeds [3]. PALATABILITY : Canada bluegrass is palatable to livestock from early spring until late fall [12]. It is most palatable in spring and fall when it is green and succulent. Because it matures later than Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and is drought tolerant, it remains relatively palatable during the summer [27]. Livestock and wildlife use of Canada bluegrass in western states is rated as follows [6]: CO MT ND UT WY Cattle good good good good good Sheep good good good good good Horses good good good good good Pronghorn ---- ---- ---- good good Elk ---- fair ---- good good Mule deer ---- poor ---- good good White-tailed deer ---- poor ---- ---- good Small mammals ---- ---- ---- good good Small nongame birds ---- ---- ---- good good Upland game birds ---- ---- ---- fair good Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- fair fair NUTRITIONAL VALUE : Early growth stages of Canada bluegrass are nutritious. The National Academy of Sciences [23] reported the following nutritional information for fresh aerial parts of immature (before inflorescence emergence) Canada bluegrass (percentage of dry matter): Ash 9.1 Crude fiber 25.5 Ether extract 3.7 N-free extract 43 Protein (N X 6.25) 18.7 COVER VALUE : Canada bluegrass provides fair to good "environmental protection" for upland game birds, waterfowl, nongame birds, and small mammals [6]. VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : Canada bluegrass is often used for cover and erosion control on roadsides, road cuts and fills, borrow pits, dam sites, and recreational areas. It is often seeded with legume mixtures for revegetation of mined areas. It is often slow to establish but once established provides good cover and long-term growth. The performance of seeded Canada bluegrass in mined-land reclamation has been summarized [12]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : NO-ENTRY OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Canada bluegrass is classed as an invader of overgrazed rangelands [31]. It is generally not recommended for seeding as a pasture grass because of its low productivity, but locally it may be useful as pasture on poor soils [27,33]. It is resistant to grazing and trampling but may be slow to recover from overgrazing [27].
SPECIES: Poa compressa BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : Canada bluegrass is an introduced, perennial, cool-season, erect, sod-forming grass. Culms are solitary or loosely tufted, flattened, and 10 to 24 inches (25-60 cm) tall. The inflorescence is a compressed panicle [10,18,33] Canada bluegrass has a "dense creeping root system" and "long rhizomes" but does not form as dense a sod as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) [12,18,32]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Geophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : Canada bluegrass reproduces by both seed and rhizomes [30]. There are 2.5 million cleaned seeds per pound (5.5 million/kg). Seeds require light for germination, and germinate best at temperatures fluctuating between 59 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit (15 and 30 deg C). Germinative capacity is 75 to 80 percent [8]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : Canada bluegrass is unable to compete with other grasses on good soils and generally develops best on soils of low fertility or poor drainage [12,25]. It has moderate drought and salinity tolerances but is not shade tolerant [8,12,30]. It grows about anywhere Kentucky bluegrass grows but only achieves dominance on soils that are too acid, droughty, or nutrient-deficient for Kentucky bluegrass dominance [18]. It grows on disturbed sites in innumerable habitats across North America. In the Pacific Northwest, Canada bluegrass is commonly found in association with wheatgrasses (Agropyron spp.) and hairgrasses (Deshampsia spp.), and often grows in pure stands on poor soils [30]. SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Obligate Initial Community Species Canada bluegrass is an early colonizer of disturbed soils [18]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : Although a cool-season species, Canada bluegrass matures later than Kentucky bluegrass, and has little fall regrowth [18]. Flowering time in western states is as follows [6]: Colorado - June to August Montana - June to August North Dakota - June to July Wyoming - June to August
SPECIES: Poa compressa FIRE ECOLOGY
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : During grassland fires, the fire front passes quickly and temperatures 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the soil surface rise very little [5]. Located a couple of inches below the soil surface, Canada bluegrass rhizomes survive and initiate new growth after aboveground plant portions are consumed by fire. Although the plant survives because of soil-insulated rhizomes, postfire plant vigor and density are greatly affected by phenological stage at time of burning (see Fire Effects On Plant). Information regarding the importance that seedling establishment plays in Canada bluegrass immediate postfire recovery was not found in the literature. Postfire growth is assumed to be primarily due to rhizome survival. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
SPECIES: Poa compressa FIRE EFFECTS
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : Plant phenological stage at time of burning greatly influences fire damage to herbaceous plants. In general, as new foliage of perennial grasses reaches full development major food reserves have been depleted, so that plants are injured most from fires occurring at this time [5]. Late spring fires, after plants have been growing for about a month or more, appear to be the most damaging to Canada bluegrass. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Season of burning and frequency of burning greatly influence Canada bluegrass postfire recovery. Dormant-season fires favor Canada bluegrass, and biomass and density may increase during postfire year 1. Late spring burning, when plants are actively growing, reduces biomass and density during postfire year 1, but biomass and density may return to preburn levels within 1 or 2 years. Thus Canada bluegrass often recovers within 1 or 2 years after a single late spring fire, but density and biomass are progressively reduced if burned annually or biennially in late spring. In abandoned fields in southern Wisconsin, Canada bluegrass flowering stem density was reduced 50 percent when burned annually in May for 5 years. Conversely, flowering stem density increased 170 and 440 percent following 5 years of annual burning in March or October, respectively [4]. A similar study in southern Wisconsin found that 3 years of annual burning in mid-May reduced Canada and Kentucky bluegrass flowering stem density by 70 percent, while late March or early April burning had little affect on flowering [14]. In a reconstructed tallgrass prairie in Illinois, bluegrass (Poa compressa and P. pratensis combined) percent relative biomass decreased as fire frequency increased in two communities as follows [11]: Burning Treatment* not burned burned twice burned burned 3 times 4 times Community type big bluestem 23.4** 18.3 4.6 0 indiangrass 18.6 15.9 3.3 0 *not burned = unburned for 19 years burned twice = burned Feb. 28, 1952 and April 16, 1959 burned three times = burned Feb. 28, 1952; April 16, 1959; and May 2, 1961 burned four times = burned Feb. 28, 1952; April 16, 1959; May 2, 1961; and May 10, 1962 **sampled at the end of the 1962 growing season In oak (Quercus spp.) woods and goldenrod (Solidago spp.) fields accidently burned between April 6 and May 2 in south-central New York, Canada bluegrass frequency increased from 6 to 17 percent and 56 to 81 percent, respectively, 10 to 26 months after burning [28]. After early May prescribed burning in seral brushfields in northern Idaho, Canada bluegrass recovered rapidly on lightly burned plots. During the first postfire growing season, it produced the bulk of grass biomass on lightly burned plots, which was 135 pounds per acre (151 kg/ha). In comparison, grass production on heavily burned and control plots averaged only 0.7 and 10.2 pounds per acre (0.8 and 11.4 kg/ha), respectively [17]. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : The Research Project Summary Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana provides information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species, including Canada bluegrass, that was not available when this species review was written. FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Annual or biennial late spring burning can be used to control Canada bluegrass and promote the growth of warm-season grasses in the Midwest. The timing of burning is critical and should take place just prior to the resumption of warm-season grass growth. Such burning favors warm-season grasses because they are dormant at the time of burning. Conversely, cool-season species like Canada bluegrass are harmed by late spring fire because they resume growth in the early spring and are thus actively growing at the time of burning [15].
SPECIES: Poa compressa REFERENCES
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