During the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, two men carried a woman who uses a wheelchair down 68 flights to safety moments before the tower collapsed. Other stories have shed light on hardships people with disabilities faced in the aftermath of the crisis, including difficulties they encountered in accessing various relief services. The tragic events of last September have brought into focus the importance of taking into account the needs of all persons, including those with disabilities, in preparing for, and responding to, disasters and emergencies. They have also served to renew interest in how building requirements address accessible egress.
The Access Board develops and maintains accessibility requirements for the built environment, transit vehicles, telecommunications equipment, and for electronic and information technology under several different laws, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The Board's guidelines for facilities address means of egress that are accessible to persons with disabilities. Presented here is an overview of these design requirements. Also included are links to information developed by other organizations on evacuation planning and disaster preparedness.
Related Document: Access Board Emergency Evacuation Procedures
The ADA covers a wide variety of facilities, including places of public accommodation, commercial facilities, and state and local government facilities. The Board's ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG), which primarily cover new construction and alterations, include specifications for accessible means of egress, emergency alarms, and signage. Model building codes, life safety codes, and state access codes also address these and other elements related to emergency egress.
Accessible Means of Egress (ADAAG
4.1.3(9),
4.3.10)
ADAAG ’s criteria for accessible means of egress, like those in other
building requirements, address both the required number and the technical
specifications. The minimum number of egress routes required to be accessible is
based on life safety code requirements for means of egress. Most of the
criteria for accessible routes, such as width and the treatment of elevation
changes, are applied to accessible means of egress to ensure access for persons with
disabilities, including those with mobility impairments. Multi-story buildings pose a particular challenge to accessible
means of egress since elevators, the standard means of access between floors, are typically taken out
of service in emergencies for safety purposes. ADAAG addresses this
situation through requirements for areas of rescue assistance or horizontal
exits. Evacuation elevators, which are recognized by the model building
codes but not the current ADAAG, offer an additional solution.
Areas of Rescue Assistance (ADAAG 4.1.3(9), 4.3.11)
ADAAG provides requirements for fire-resistant spaces where persons unable to use
stairs can call for and await evacuation assistance from emergency
personnel. Known as "areas of rescue assistance" or "areas of refuge," these
spaces must meet specifications for fire resistance and ventilation. They are
often incorporated into the design of fire stair landings, but can be
provided in other recognized locations meeting the design specifications,
including those for fire and smoke protection. Areas of rescue assistance
must include two-way communication devices so that users
can place a call for evacuation assistance. ADAAG requires areas of rescue assistance in new
buildings only. An exception is provided for buildings equipped with sprinkler systems that have built-in
signals used to monitor the system’s features. Horizontal exits, which use fire barriers,
separation, and other means to help contain the spread of fire on a floor, can substitute for areas of rescue assistance provided they meet
applicable building codes. Horizontal exits enable occupants to evacuate
from one area of a building to another area or building on approximately the
same level that provides safety from smoke and fire. Life safety codes and
model building codes provide requirements for horizontal exits (see Additional Resources).
Evacuation Elevators (Proposed ADAAG 207, 409)
Emergency personnel may operate standard elevators in certain emergencies
through the use of a special key. In some cases, it may be possible to evacuate
people with disabilities in this manner. This, however, is not always an option.
Model building codes, such as the International Building Code, and referenced standards
now include criteria for elevators that are specially designed to remain functional in emergencies. Known as
"evacuation elevators," they feature, among other things, back-up
power supply and pressurization and ventilation systems to prevent smoke
build-up. This type of elevator was not generally recognized when ADAAG was
first developed. The Board has included requirements for these elevators,
that are consistent with the model building codes, in its proposal to update
ADAAG. Most recent model building codes now require this
technology in new mid-rise and high-rise buildings.
Alarms (ADAAG 4.1.3(14), 4.28)
ADAAG provides specifications for emergency alarms so that they are accessible
to persons with disabilities, including those with sensory impairments. Where
emergency alarm systems are provided, they must meet criteria that address
audible and visual features. Visual strobes serve to notify
people who or deaf or hard of hearing that the alarm has sounded. ADAAG
specifications for visual appliances address intensity, flash rate, mounting
location, and other characteristics. In general, it is not sufficient to install
visual signals only at audible alarm locations. Audible alarms installed in
corridors and lobbies can be heard in adjacent rooms but a visual signal can be
observed only within the space it is located. Visual alarms are required in
hallways, lobbies, restrooms, and any other general usage and common use areas,
such as meeting and conference rooms, classrooms, cafeterias, employee break
rooms, dressing rooms, examination rooms and similar spaces.
Signage (ADAAG 4.1.3(16),
4.30)
Requirements in ADAAG for building signage specify that certain types of signs
are required to be tactile. Raised and Braille characters are required on signs
that designate permanent spaces. This is intended to cover signs typically
placed at doorways, such as room and exit labels, because doorways provide a
tactile cue in locating signs. Tactile specifications also apply to signs
labeling rooms whose function, and thus designation, is not likely to change
over time. Examples include signs labeling restrooms, exits, and rooms and
floors designated by numbers or letters. This includes floor level designations
provided in stairwells. ADAAG also addresses informational and directional
signs. These types of signs are not required to be tactile but must meet criteria for
legibility, such as character size and proportion, contrast, and sign finish.
The types of directional and informational signs covered include those that provide direction to exits and
information on egress routes.
Additional Resources
Further information on ADAAG and other Board guidelines is available in our technical
assistance section. Model building codes, fire safety codes, and state
access codes include requirements pertinent to accessible egress and emergency
notification. Resources on these codes include:
In addition, the American Institute of Architects has developed material on security issues in building design.
Evacuation planning is a critical component of life safety, including for persons with disabilities. This is true for all buildings, including those that are new and fully accessible. Evacuation planning should include a needs assessment to determine who may need what in responding to an emergency and evacuating a facility. Such an assessment is instrumental in implementing policies and supplying products that accommodate the needs of all facility occupants. Primary resources on fire safety include the U.S. Fire Administration and the National Fire Protection Association.
The U.S. Fire Administration offers a variety of materials specific to persons with disabilities:
Information is also available from other sources:
Evacuation and Emergency Alarm Products
Various products are available that are designed
to accommodate persons with disabilities in emergencies. Mobility aids, such as
evacuation chairs, are available to transport people unable to use stairs. These
devices are designed with rollers, treads, and braking mechanisms that enable a
person to be transported down stairs with the assistance of another individual.
These devices can be a key element of an evacuation plan, particularly where
areas of rescue assistance, horizontal exits, or evacuation elevators are not
available. An agency's evacuation plan should include the designation of
people willing to provide assistance and their training in the type of
evacuation devices supplied. Other types of products are available that
can enhance access in existing buildings that are not subject to ADAAG
requirements, such as portable visual alarm devices. A leading resource on product information is ABLEDATA,
a federally subsidized organization that maintains a database of information on
more than 27,000 assistive devices and technologies. In addition, the Job
Accommodation Network website provides information on evacuation
products.
Information on disaster preparedness and relief is available from the American Red Cross, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the National Center on Emergency Planning for People with Disabilities, and the National Organization on Disability (NOD). NOD is the leading force behind a newly established Task Force on Emergency Preparedness and People with Disabilities, which includes representatives from disability groups, emergency planning and response organizations, and various government agencies. In addition, the Interagency Coordinating Council (ICC) on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities, which was established by Executive Order in 2004, is responsible for implementing policies to address the safety and security needs of people with disabilities in emergency situations. The Council is headed by the Director of Homeland Secretary and is comprised of representatives from other Federal departments, including the Department of Labor (DOL).
On-line information available from these and other organizations include: