Antibiotics Aren't Always the Answer

What are antibiotics and how do they work?

Antibiotics are powerful medicines used to treat harmful bacteria -- tiny germs that cause disease. One example of a bacterial infection is strep throat. Germs are not all the same. Other types of germs -- viruses -- cause most colds, sore throats, coughs, and runny noses. Antibiotics do not work against viruses, so you have to let viral infections run their course. Taking an antibiotic for a viral illness may do more harm than good.

Each time you take an antibiotic, it kills bacteria. The bacteria that die are called "sensitive." Some bacteria don't die; they are called "resistant." When sensitive bacteria are killed off, it is easier for resistant bacteria to grow and multiply. Illnesses from resistant bacteria can be very serious because they are harder to treat. People infected with resistant bacteria may need to take expensive medicines. Often these drugs are given by vein (IV) in the hospital. A few resistant bacteria can no longer be treated with any antibiotic.

Who is at risk for antibiotic resistance?

Everyone can get sick from resistant bacteria. Children are especially at risk because these bacteria spread easily in daycare centers.

When should I call my doctor?

Even though viral infections have to run their course, always call your doctor if you have a sick child under four months of age. You should also call if an older child:

• has a high fever, is breathing strangely, or has blue or gray fingernails or lips.
• will not keep down fluids.
• will not wake up easily.
• will not stop fussing even after you've done everything.
• has an illness that will not go away.

How will I know when antibiotics are needed?

This question is best answered by your doctor. For example:

• Ear infections. There are several types of ear infections. Some need antibiotics; others do not.
• Sinus infections. Antibiotics may be needed for long-lasting sinus infections.
• Sore throats. Most sore throats are caused by viruses. One kind, strep. throat, needs antibiotics. Strep. throat can only be diagnosed by a laboratory test.
• Colds. Colds, which sometimes last 2 weeks or more, are caused by viruses. It is normal for mucous to get thick and change color during a cold. Antibiotics have no effect on colds.

What can I do to fight antibiotic resistance?

Remember that viruses and bacteria are not the same. When someone in your family is sick, ask your doctor if the illness is viral or bacterial. Antibiotics should not be used to treat viral infections. They won't work.

You can fight resistance by making sure everybody in your family:

• takes the right amount of antibiotic.
• takes every dose on time.
• takes all of the medicine, even when they feel better.

Also, never share antibiotics. Throw away any old antibiotics you have at home.

For more information talk to your doctor or call the Texas Department of State Health Services Infectious Disease Surveillance and Epidemiology branch at (512) 458-7676.