![Table of Contents](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20071120094351im_/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/suffrage/beginnings/contentssmall.jpg)
Click each illustration
for a larger view
![](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20071120094351im_/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/suffrage/beginnings/fancy-thumbnail.jpg)
Fashionable
women of the 19th century wore clothes
that looked elegant, yet prevented them from working
or exercising.
![Three Generations of Texas Women](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20071120094351im_/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/suffrage/beginnings/killerean-family-thumbnail.jpg)
Activism for women's suffrage was a far cry from the lives of
most Texas frontier women.
![Republic of Texas Currency](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20071120094351im_/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/suffrage/beginnings/currency-thumbnail.jpg)
Images
of beautiful women adorned the currency of the Republic of Texas.
Real women were somewhat less ethereal and divine.
![Petition from Jane Lockhart, 1851](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20071120094351im_/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/suffrage/beginnings/lockhart-thumbnail.jpg)
In
the days of the Texas Revolution, women worked, suffered enemy
attacks, nursed the sick and wounded, provided horses, and sewed
flags.
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![Beginnings of the Movement](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20071120094351im_/http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/suffrage/beginnings/beginnings.jpg)
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All Men Are Created
Equal
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are
created equal…
Declaration of Independence, 1776
As early Americans began to forge a new nation, based on principles
of democracy that had never actually been tried, they discovered
that the notion of equality was not self-evident at all. Fundamental
questions remained to be answered. Who should be allowed to
rule? Who should make the laws that govern others? What does
it mean to be a citizen?
In the early days, most states put strict property qualifications
on the right to vote, ensuring that suffrage (the right to vote)
remained in the hands of wealthy white land-owners. Besides
the property restriction keeping out the poor, whole classes
of people were specifically excluded from the vote: African-Americans
(both slave and free), Indians, foreigners, the mentally ill,
convicts -- and women.
In early America, most states allowed women almost no legal
rights of their own. They had to depend on a father, brother,
or husband to represent them before the law. A married woman
was almost the same as property. Anything that she brought to
the marriage or earned afterwards became the property of her
husband. A married woman could not enter into a contract independent
of her husband. No woman could vote, serve on a jury, or hold
public office.
In early Texas, men and women were partners in hardship and
work, but not in government and politics. Texas granted women
no voting rights. Yet in some ways, the rough-and-ready frontier
of Texas actually allowed women more rights than the more civilized
Northeast. In Texas a single woman or widow could make contracts,
sue or be sued, choose her own home, own property, and retain
custody of her children. A married woman was allowed to retain
ownership of her own property, was entitled to share equally
with her husband any wealth or property earned during the marriage,
and could make her own will, leaving her separate property and
her share of the community property to whomever she chose. These
differences reflected the reality of life on the frontier, where
a pioneer woman might well have to survive on her own. They
also reflected the heritage of Spanish law, which allowed more
rights for women than the English common law used in many other
states.
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