Fresnel lens
A Fresnel lens (pronounced /freɪˈnɛl/ fray-NEL or /ˈfrɛznəl/ FREZ-nel) is a type of compact lens originally developed by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel for lighthouses.
The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. A Fresnel lens can capture more oblique light from a light source, thus allowing the light from a lighthouse equipped with one to be visible over greater distances.
Contents |
[edit] History
The idea of creating a thinner, lighter lens by making it with separate sections mounted in a frame is often attributed to Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.[1] The marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794) proposed grinding such a lens from a single thin piece of glass.[2] French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel is most often given credit for the development of the multi-part lens for use in lighthouses. According to Smithsonian magazine, the first Fresnel lens was used in 1823 in the Cordouan lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde estuary; its light could be seen from more than 20 miles (32 km) out.[3] Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster is credited with convincing the United Kingdom to adopt these lenses in their lighthouses.[4][5]
[edit] Description
2: Cross section of a conventional plano-convex lens of equivalent power
The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional spherical lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections known as "Fresnel zones." In theory there are infinitely many such zones.[6]
In the first (and largest) variations of the lens, each zone was actually a separate prism. Though a Fresnel lens might appear like a single piece of glass, closer examination reveals that it is many small pieces. 'Single-piece' Fresnel lenses were later produced, being used for automobile headlamps, brake, parking, and turn signal lenses, and so on. In modern times, computer-controlled milling equipment (CNC) might be used to manufacture more complex lenses.
In each of these zones, the overall thickness of the lens is decreased, effectively dividing the continuous surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature, with stepwise discontinuities between them. A Fresnel lens can be regarded as an array of prisms arranged in a circular fashion, with steeper prisms on the edges and a nearly flat convex center.
Fresnel lens design allows a substantial reduction in thickness (and thus mass and volume of material), at the expense of reducing the imaging quality of the lens, which is why precise imaging applications such as photography still use conventional bulky (non-Fresnel) lenses.
Fresnel lenses are usually made of glass or plastic; their size varies from large (old historical lighthouses, meter size) to medium (book-reading aids, OHP viewgraph projectors) to small (TLR/SLR camera screens, micro-optics). In many cases they are very thin and flat, almost flexible, with thicknesses in the 1 to 5 mm (0.039 to 0.20 in) range.
[edit] Sizes of lighthouse lenses
Fresnel produced six sizes of lighthouse lenses, divided into four orders based on their size and focal length.[7] In modern use, these are classified as first through sixth order. An intermediate size between third and fourth order was added later, as well as sizes above first order and below sixth.
A first-order lens has a focal length of 920 mm (36 in) and an optical area 2590 mm (8.5 ft) high. The complete assembly is about 3.7 m (12 ft) tall and 1.8 m (6 ft) wide. The smallest (sixth-order) has a focal length of 150 mm (5.9 in) and an optical area 433 mm (17 in) high.[7][8][9]
The largest Fresnel lenses are called hyperradiant Fresnel lenses. One such lens was on hand when it was decided to build and outfit the Makapuu Point Light in Hawaii. Rather than order a new lens, the huge optic construction, 3.7 metres (12 ft) tall and with over a thousand prisms, was used there.[10]
| Order | Focal length (mm) |
Height (m) |
First installed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eighth | |||
| Seventh | |||
| Sixth | 150 | 0.433 | |
| Fifth | 182.5 | 0.541 | |
| Fourth | 250 | 0.722 | |
| 3 1⁄2 | 375 | ||
| Third | 500 | 1.576 | |
| Second | 750 | 2.069 | |
| First | 920 | 2.59 | |
| Mesoradial | |||
| Hyperradial | 1330 | 1879 |
-
First-order lens
-
Close-up of a second-order lens
-
Third-order lens (Split Rock Lighthouse)
-
Fourth-order lens (Nobska Light)
[edit] Types
[edit] Spherical
A spherical Fresnel lens is equivalent to a normal spherical lens.
[edit] Cylindrical
A cylindrical Fresnel lens is equivalent to a normal cylindrical lens.
[edit] Linear Fresnel lens
![[icon]](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/glasstire/20130115222328/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. (September 2011) |
[edit] Spot Fresnel lens
|
This section requires expansion. (September 2011) |
[edit] Uses
The use of Fresnel lenses for image projection reduces image quality, so they tend to occur only where quality is not critical or where the bulk of a solid lens would be prohibitive. Cheap Fresnel lenses can be stamped or molded of transparent plastic and are used in overhead projectors, projection televisions, and hand-held sheet magnifying glasses. Fresnel lenses have been used to increase the visual size of CRT displays in pocket televisions, notably the Sinclair TV80. They are also used in traffic lights. Fresnel lenses are also used to correct several visual disorders, including several ocular-motility disorders such as strabismus.
Since plastic Fresnel lenses can be made larger than glass lenses, as well as being much cheaper and lighter, they are used to concentrate sunlight for heating in solar cookers, in solar forges, and in solar collectors used to heat water for domestic use.
Perhaps the most widespread use of Fresnel lenses, for a time, occurred in automobile headlamps, where they can shape the roughly parallel beam from the parabolic reflector to meet requirements for dipped and main-beam patterns, often both in the same headlamp unit (such as the European H4 design). For reasons of cost, weight, and impact resistance, newer cars have dispensed with glass Fresnel lenses, using multifaceted reflectors with plain polycarbonate lenses. However, Fresnel lenses continue in wide used in automobile tail, marker, and backup lights.
Fresnel lenses are also used in left-hand-drive European lorries entering the UK and Republic of Ireland (and vice versa, right-hand-drive Irish and British trucks entering mainland Europe) to overcome the blind spots caused by the driver operating the lorry while sitting on the "wrong" side of the cab and driving on the "wrong" side of the road. They attach to the passenger-side window.
High-quality glass Fresnel lenses were used in lighthouses, where they were considered state of the art in the late 19th and through the middle of the 20th centuries; most are now retired from service.[11] Lighthouse Fresnel lens systems typically include extra annular prismatic elements, arrayed in faceted domes above and below the central planar Fresnel, in order to catch all light emitted from the light source. The light path through these elements can include an internal reflection, rather than the simple refraction in the planar Fresnel element. These lenses conferred many practical benefits upon the designers, builders, and users of lighthouses and their illumination. Among other things, smaller lenses could fit into more compact spaces. Greater light transmission over longer distances, and varied patterns, made it possible to triangulate a position.[12]
Glass Fresnel lenses also are used in lighting instruments for theatre and motion pictures (see Fresnel lantern); such instruments are often called simply Fresnels. The entire instrument consists of a metal housing, a reflector, a lamp assembly, and a Fresnel lens. Many Fresnel instruments allow the lamp to be moved relative to the lens' focal point, to increase or decrease the size of the light beam. As a result, they are very flexible, and can often produce a beam as narrow as 7° or as wide as 70°.[13] The Fresnel lens produces a very soft-edged beam, so is often used as a wash light. A holder in front of the lens can hold a colored plastic film (gel) to tint the light or wire screens or frosted plastic to diffuse it. The Fresnel lens is useful in the making of motion pictures not only because of its ability to focus the beam brighter than a typical lens, but also because the light is a relatively consistent intensity across the entire width of the beam of light.
.jpg)
Aircraft carriers and naval air stations typically use Fresnel lenses in their optical landing systems. The "meatball" light aids the pilot in maintaining proper glide slope for the landing. In the center are amber and red lights composed of Fresnel lenses. Although the lights are always on, the angle of the lens from the pilot's point of view determines the color and position of the visible light. If the lights appear above the green horizontal bar, the pilot is too high. If it is below, the pilot is too low, and if the lights are red, the pilot is very low.
New applications have appeared in solar energy, where Fresnel lenses can concentrate sunlight (with a ratio of almost 500:1) onto solar cells. Thus the active solar-cell surface can be reduced to a fraction compared to conventional solar modules. This offers a considerable cost-saving potential by low material consumption, and it is possible to use high-quality and expensive solar cells, which achieve a very high efficiency under concentration due to thermodynamic effects.[14]
Fresnel reflectors are also currently being incorporated into next-generation solar thermal-energy systems. See solar power for more information.
In photography, the Polaroid SX-70 camera used a Fresnel reflector as part of its viewing system.
Multi-focal Fresnel lenses are also used as a part of retina identification cameras, where they provide multiple in- and out-of-focus images of a fixation target inside the camera. For virtually all users, at least one of the images will be in focus, thus allowing correct eye alignment.
The Fresnel lens has seen applications for enhancing passenger reading lights on Airbus aircraft: in a dark cabin, the focused beam of light does not dazzle neighboring passengers.
Fresnel lenses have also been used in the field of popular entertainment. The British rock artist Peter Gabriel made use of them in his early solo live performances to magnify the size of his head, in contrast to the rest of his body, for dramatic and comic effect. In the Terry Gilliam film Brazil, plastic Fresnel screens appear ostensibly as magnifiers for the small CRT monitors used throughout the offices of the Ministry of Information. However, they occasionally appear between the actors and the camera, distorting the scale and composition of the scene to humorous effect.
[edit] Projection
Fresnel lenses of different focal lengths (one collimator, and one collector) are used in commercial and DIY projection. The collimator lens has the lower focal length and is placed closer to the light source, and the collector lens, which focuses the light into the triplet lens, is placed after the projection image (an active matrix LCD panel in LCD projectors). Fresnel lenses are also used as collimators in overhead projectors.
[edit] Solar power
|
This section requires expansion. (June 2011) |
In the early 21st century, Fresnel reflectors began to be used in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants to concentrate solar energy. One application was to preheat water at the coal-fired Liddell Power Station, in Hunter Valley Australia.
Other applications include off-grid cooking, melting metals, generating solar steam and powering Stirling engines.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "Fresnel lens". Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc). 2012. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035385. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
- ^ D. Appleton and Co. (1874). "Fresnel lens". Appleton's dictionary of machines, mechanics, engine-work, and engineering (New York: D. Appleton and Co) 2: 609. http://books.google.com/?id=ti9VAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA609&dq=fresnel+lens+burning+buffon+condorcet#v=onepage&q=fresnel%20lens%20burning%20buffon%20condorcet&f=false. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
- ^ Watson, Bruce. "Science Makes a Better Lighthouse Lens." Smithsonian. August 1999 v30 i5 p30. produced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005.
- ^ "Brewster, Sir David." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 November 2005.
- ^ "David Brewster." World of Invention, 2nd ed. Gale Group, 1999. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2005.
- ^ Fresnel zone definition.
- ^ a b Mabel A. Baiges (1988). "Fresnel Orders" (TIFF). http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/displayPhoto.pl?path=/pnp/habshaer/ri/ri0300/ri0392/sheet&topImages=00008a.gif&topLinks=00008r.tif,00008a.tif. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
- ^ "Fresnel lenses". http://www.marinecitymich.org/Blank%20Page.htm. Retrieved June 1, 2007. Note the transcription error in the "Comparative Table of Lens Orders; the "oil consumption per hour" columns should be titled grams and ounces, not gallons.[dead link]
- ^ "Fresnel lenses". Michigan Lighthouse Conservancy. January 31, 2008. http://www.michiganlights.com/fresnel.htm. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
- ^ "Makapu`u, HI". Anderson, Kraig. Lighthouse Friends. http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=141. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
- ^ Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, The Incredible Fresnel Lens.
- ^ Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light, Fresnel lens.
- ^ Mum, Robert C., Photometrics Handbook. Broadway Press. 2nd Edition. Page 36.
- ^ "Concentrix Solar". http://www.concentrixsolar.de/cms/front_content.php?changelang=2&idcat=88. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
A Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector (CLFR) is in use at Lidell Power Station Hunter Valley Australia
[edit] Further reading
- "The Fresnel Lens." The Keeper's Log (Winter 1985), pp. 12–14.
- Lighthouses, Lenses, Illuminants, Engineering & Augustin Fresnel: A Historical Bibliography on Works Published Through 2007, United States Coast Guard.
- United States Coast Guard, Aids to Navigation, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945).
- Scott T. Price. "U. S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation: A Historical Bibliography". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. http://www.uscg.mil/History/weblighthouses/h_lhbib.asp.
[edit] External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fresnel lenses |
- Lighthouse Getaway: Fresnel lens (contains photographs.)
- Pepper, Terry. "Seeing the Light: Lighthouses on the western Great Lakes". http://www.terrypepper.com/lights/index.htm.
- Random Destructive Acts via Focused Solar Radiation.
- How the Fresnel lens works.
- A computer analysis of the Fresnel lens cross section depicted in the 'graphic examples' section of this very Wikipedia article.
