• Primary outcome, evaluating ART naive and ART experienced women [ Time Frame: throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• HIV-related health status of women at delivery, determined by CD4 counts and plasma HIV-1 viral load in the two treatment groups and in ART naive and ART experienced women [ Time Frame: throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• study treatment adherence and health status by self report [ Time Frame: throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• HIV-related health status of women postpartum, determined by CD4 counts and plasma HIV-1 viral load [ Time Frame: at Months 3, 6 and 12 postpartum and prior to ART treatment ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
• development of HIV-1 genotypic resistance among women in each treatment group [ Time Frame: at delivery, Months 3, 6, and 12 postpartum, and in all cases of treatment failure ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes, and abnormal lactate levels during pregnancy in each treatment group [ Time Frame: throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• incidence of anemia, hypoglycemia, abnormal liver function studies, prematurity, low birth weight, or perinatal HIV transmission among infants born to women in each treatment group [ Time Frame: throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity of polymorphisms in HLA-B57, HLA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 in identifying pregnant women at risk for development of ABC hypersensitivity [ Time Frame: throughout study ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
• concentration of T cell receptor rearrangement excision DNA circles [ Time Frame: at study entry, delivery and 6 weeks postpartum ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

• Primary outcome, evaluating ART naive and ART experienced women
• HIV-related health status of women at delivery, determined by CD4 counts and plasma HIV-1 viral load in the two treatment groups and in ART naive and ART experienced women
• study treatment adherence and health status by self report
• HIV-related health status of women postpartum, determined by CD4 counts and plasma HIV-1 viral load at Months 3, 6, and 12 postpartum and prior to initiation of any new ART in the two treatment groups and in ART naive and ART experienced women
• development of HIV-1 genotypic resistance among women in each treatment group at the time of delivery, Months 3, 6, and 12 postpartum, and in all cases of treatment failure within the study and prior to initiation of any new ART
• incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes, and abnormal lactate levels during pregnancy in each treatment group
• indidence of anemia, hypoglycemia, abnormal liver function studies, prematurity, low birth weight, or perinatal HIV transmission among infants born to women in each treatment group
• predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity of polymorphisms in HLA-B57, HLA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 in identifying pregnant women at risk for development of ABC hypersensitivity
• concentration of T cell receptor rearrangement excision DNA circles at entry, delivery, and 6 weeks postpartum

Pregnant women infected with HIV who take anti-HIV medications during pregnancy lower the risk of passing HIV to their infants. This study will compare how well two different combinations of anti-HIV medications control HIV in pregnancy, and whether these combinations of drugs are effective in preventing HIV from being transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby. The two combinations are abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (ABC/3TC/ZDV) and zidovudine/lamivudine (ZDV/3TC) plus lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/RTV).

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnancy has dramatically reduced the rates of perinatal HIV transmission. Many pregnant women infected with HIV may not meet the criteria for treatment as set forth by the Department of Health and Human Services' guidelines and would not be started on therapy if they were not pregnant. Pregnant women are prescribed a variety of treatment regimens; the optimum regimen for pregnant women who plan to discontinue therapy after delivery is unknown. An optimum regimen would account for the need for maximum viral suppression, minimal fetal toxicity, and preservation of future therapeutic options for the mother. This study will compare an all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) regimen of ABC/3TC/ZDV with a standard protease inhibitor (PI) regimen of LPV/RTV and 3TC/ZDV. This study was initially designed for women who plan to take antiretrovirals only while pregnant and do not meet the criteria for treatment initiation if not pregnant. However, pregnant women who have taken ART for 180 days or less or have taken ZDV monotherapy for a total of 8 weeks or less prior to entering this study are eligible for Version 2.0 of this study.

Women in this study will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. Women in Group A will receive one pill ABC/3TC/ZDV twice a day. Women in Group B will receive one pill 3TC/ZDV and 4 pills LPV/RTV twice a day. Women will take their assigned medications until they go into labor. Once in labor, women will be given zidovudine through intravenous (IV) infusion; they will stop taking oral zidovudine but will continue with their other medications. After delivery, all infants will be given zidovudine for six weeks.

Women will have study visits every 2 weeks for the first 8 weeks of treatment, and then every 4 weeks until Week 28. Depending on where a woman is in her pregnancy when she enrolls in the study, she will also have study visits at Weeks 20, 28, and 34 of her pregnancy. At each visit, women will have a medical interview, a physical exam, and an obstetrical exam; blood and urine collection will occur at these visits. Mothers will undergo a fetal ultrasound at Week 20. Adherence, health status, and behavior assessments will occur at selected visits prior to delivery.

After delivery, women will stop taking the study medications but will continue to have study visits at approximately 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 52 weeks after delivery. Medical history and a physical exam will occur at all visits for mothers postpartum. Blood collection will occur at every postpartum visit; urine collection will occur 12, 24, and 48 weeks postpartum; health status and behavior assessments will occur at most visits postpartum. Infants will have study visits at 2, 16, and 24 weeks after birth. A medical history, physical exam, and laboratory tests will be conducted at the infant study visits. Women will also be asked to enroll their infants in PACTG 219C, a long-term study that follows infants who are born to HIV infected mothers.

• Drug: Abacavir sulfate, lamivudine, and zidovudine
• Drug: Lamivudine/zidovudine
• Drug: Lopinavir/ritonavir

• Experimental: One pill of abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine twice daily
• Experimental: One pill of zidovudine/lamivudine and four pills of lopinavir/ritonavir twice daily.

• Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, Hanson IC, Pitt J, Diaz C, Hayani K, Handelsman E, Smeriglio V, Hoff R, Blattner W; Women and Infants' Transmission Study Group. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Apr 15;29(5):484-94.
• Scarlatti G. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: advances and controversies of the twentieth centuries. AIDS Rev. 2004 Apr-Jun;6(2):67-78. Review.
• Sullivan JL. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV--what next? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003 Sep;34 Suppl 1:S67-72. Review.
• Thorne C, Newell ML. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection and its prevention. Curr HIV Res. 2003 Oct;1(4):447-62. Review.
• Tuomala RE, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, Bryson Y, Culnane M, Hughes MD, O'Sullivan MJ, Scott G, Stek AM, Wara D, Bulterys M. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the risk of an adverse outcome. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 13;346(24):1863-70.

Note: The pharmacokinetics testing portion of this study has been discontinued in Version 2.0 of this protocol.

Inclusion Criteria for Mothers:

• HIV infected
• Between the 12th and 30th week of pregnancy
• Intend to continue pregnancy
• Viral load less than 55,000 copies/ml within 30 days of study entry
• CD4 count greater than 350 cells/ml within 30 days of study entry
• Have not previously taken anti-HIV medications (women who have taken 8 weeks or fewer of zidovudine are still eligible) OR have taken anti-HIV medication but have been off treatment for more than 180 days
• Intend to stop taking anti-HIV medications after pregnancy
• Willing to have her infant tested for HIV
• Parent or guardian willing to provide informed consent, if applicable
• Have access to a participating site and are willing to be followed for the duration of the study

Exclusion Criteria for Mothers:

• Chemotherapy for active cancer
• Active opportunistic infection or severe medical condition within 14 days of study entry
• Chronic diarrhea within 1 month of study entry or unresolved acute diarrhea within 7 days of study entry
• Certain abnormal laboratory values
• Diabetes mellitus when not pregnant. Participants who have gestational diabetes are not excluded.
• Current alcohol or other substance abuse that, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with the study
• Acute hepatitis within 90 days of study entry
• Major birth defects in infant
• Severe skin disorder (e.g., eczema or psoriasis) requiring systemic treatment
• Require certain medications
• Medical condition that may, in the opinion of the investigator, interfere with the study
• Intend to breastfeed