2002 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

NAICS 238220 - Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors

These national industry-specific occupational employment and wage estimates are calculated with data collected from employers of all sizes, in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in every State and the District of Columbia, in NAICS Industry 238220 - Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors.

These and other data elements, including the 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentile wages are available in the downloadable Excel files (XLS).

NAICS Industry 238220 - Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors is part of: NAICS 238200 - Building Equipment Contractors.

Links to OES estimates for other industries

SOC Major Groups in in NAICS 238220 - Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors:

NAICS 238220 - Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors

Click on the SOC code number to view an occupational profile.

Industry Total top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
00-0000 Industry Total 837,660 100.00% $16.98 $19.38 $40,310 0.7 %
 
Management Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
11-0000 Management Occupations 42,010 5.02% $32.64 $39.44 $82,040 1.1 %
  11-1011 Chief Executives 3,390 0.40% $57.40 $62.30 $129,580 1.6 %
  11-1021 General and Operations Managers 18,720 2.23% $33.43 $39.57 $82,310 1.4 %
  11-2021 Marketing Managers 270 0.03% $29.66 $33.78 $70,270 2.9 %
  11-2022 Sales Managers 760 0.09% $32.65 $39.41 $81,970 9.1 %
  11-2031 Public Relations Managers (6) (6) $25.02 $27.84 $57,900 6.2 %
  11-3011 Administrative Services Managers 960 0.11% $21.20 $25.04 $52,090 3.7 %
  11-3031 Financial Managers 2,940 0.35% $27.93 $31.89 $66,330 1.8 %
  11-3040 Human Resources Managers 310 0.04% $24.06 $25.63 $53,310 2.1 %
  11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 70 0.01% $38.20 $37.54 $78,080 3.6 %
  11-3061 Purchasing Managers 450 0.05% $24.21 $26.73 $55,590 2.2 %
  11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers (6) (6) $21.83 $23.21 $48,270 2.7 %
  11-9021 Construction Managers 12,860 1.54% $31.47 $37.57 $78,140 2.3 %
  11-9041 Engineering Managers 470 0.06% $36.07 $38.91 $80,930 2.4 %
 
Business and Financial Operations Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations 17,040 2.03% $22.99 $24.93 $51,860 1.2 %
  13-1022 Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products (6) (6) $22.11 $22.29 $46,370 4.5 %
  13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products 1,360 0.16% $19.95 $20.82 $43,300 1.1 %
  13-1051 Cost Estimators 12,950 1.55% $23.38 $25.19 $52,390 1.1 %
  13-1071 Employment, Recruitment, and Placement Specialists 60 0.01% $25.36 $26.85 $55,850 4.2 %
  13-1073 Training and Development Specialists (6) (6) $19.76 $23.45 $48,790 9.3 %
  13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 2,030 0.24% $21.83 $24.47 $50,900 2.4 %
  13-2031 Budget Analysts 30 0.00% $22.26 $23.42 $48,700 4.5 %
 
Computer and Mathematical Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations 990 0.12% $24.94 $26.11 $54,310 1.4 %
  15-1021 Computer Programmers 210 0.03% $27.61 $28.09 $58,420 4.2 %
  15-1041 Computer Support Specialists 390 0.05% $21.04 $23.90 $49,720 3.1 %
  15-1061 Database Administrators (6) (6) $23.85 $25.86 $53,790 4.7 %
  15-1071 Network and Computer Systems Administrators 190 0.02% $28.50 $28.97 $60,260 2.9 %
 
Architecture and Engineering Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations 8,980 1.07% $24.25 $25.37 $52,780 1.6 %
  17-1011 Architects, Except Landscape and Naval 70 0.01% $22.85 $24.93 $51,860 3.1 %
  17-2051 Civil Engineers 730 0.09% $26.79 $27.76 $57,750 3.4 %
  17-2071 Electrical Engineers 240 0.03% $31.09 $30.05 $62,500 3.1 %
  17-2072 Electronics Engineers, Except Computer (6) (6) $31.93 $33.18 $69,010 2.2 %
  17-2111 Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors 250 0.03% $24.18 $25.23 $52,490 3.7 %
  17-2112 Industrial Engineers 190 0.02% $27.26 $35.44 $73,710 7.3 %
  17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 2,020 0.24% $31.10 $31.97 $66,500 3.1 %
  17-3011 Architectural and Civil Drafters 1,330 0.16% $21.16 $22.08 $45,930 2.7 %
  17-3012 Electrical and Electronics Drafters 370 0.04% $19.57 $20.66 $42,960 3.5 %
  17-3013 Mechanical Drafters 260 0.03% $19.28 $19.69 $40,960 2.2 %
  17-3022 Civil Engineering Technicians 110 0.01% $19.26 $20.13 $41,870 2.4 %
  17-3023 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians 420 0.05% $21.56 $22.19 $46,160 2.8 %
  17-3026 Industrial Engineering Technicians 120 0.01% $20.75 $21.28 $44,260 4.8 %
  17-3027 Mechanical Engineering Technicians 990 0.12% $24.18 $23.59 $49,060 1.7 %
  17-3031 Surveying and Mapping Technicians 60 0.01% $16.52 $18.01 $37,460 5.0 %
 
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
19-0000 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 80 0.01% $23.47 $25.26 $52,550 4.6 %
  19-3021 Market Research Analysts 70 0.01% $24.42 $26.80 $55,750 6.1 %
 
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
27-0000 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations 340 0.04% $17.92 $19.11 $39,740 2.9 %
  27-1021 Commercial and Industrial Designers 130 0.02% $17.16 $18.11 $37,660 3.2 %
  27-1025 Interior Designers 30 0.00% $26.38 $24.92 $51,830 10.1 %
  27-3031 Public Relations Specialists (6) (6) $17.68 $20.86 $43,400 6.2 %
 
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
29-0000 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 60 0.01% $21.01 $21.35 $44,410 3.1 %
  29-9010 Occupational Health and Safety Specialists and Technicians 60 0.01% $21.01 $21.35 $44,410 3.1 %
 
Protective Service Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
33-0000 Protective Service Occupations 80 0.01% $18.29 $17.72 $36,860 5.6 %
  33-9032 Security Guards (6) (6) $18.26 $15.48 $32,200 3.3 %
 
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
37-0000 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 7,530 0.90% $10.12 $11.27 $23,440 2.9 %
  37-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers (6) (6) $13.79 $15.62 $32,500 14.7 %
  37-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers 560 0.07% $19.81 $20.09 $41,780 3.0 %
  37-2011 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 860 0.10% $8.03 $8.73 $18,160 2.2 %
  37-2012 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 40 0.00% $9.96 $10.04 $20,890 2.8 %
  37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 5,870 0.70% $10.09 $10.88 $22,620 2.8 %
 
Sales and Related Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations 13,730 1.64% $21.09 $24.34 $50,630 3.7 %
  41-1012 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Non-Retail Sales Workers 190 0.02% $29.94 $31.39 $65,300 4.5 %
  41-2011 Cashiers (6) (6) $7.89 $7.92 $16,480 2.3 %
  41-2021 Counter and Rental Clerks (6) (6) $11.91 $10.63 $22,100 12.7 %
  41-2022 Parts Salespersons 240 0.03% $19.70 $18.47 $38,410 11.5 %
  41-4011 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products 510 0.06% $25.34 $36.01 $74,910 20.8 %
  41-4012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products 6,980 0.83% $21.77 $24.43 $50,820 2.7 %
  41-9031 Sales Engineers 1,160 0.14% $29.45 $31.05 $64,590 2.4 %
  41-9041 Telemarketers (6) (6) $12.04 $11.77 $24,480 4.8 %
 
Office and Administrative Support Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations 93,090 11.11% $12.19 $13.24 $27,530 0.7 %
  43-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Office and Administrative Support Workers 7,110 0.85% $17.88 $19.46 $40,470 1.2 %
  43-2011 Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service 430 0.05% $11.44 $11.86 $24,660 1.1 %
  43-3011 Bill and Account Collectors 560 0.07% $14.86 $15.29 $31,800 1.0 %
  43-3021 Billing and Posting Clerks and Machine Operators 1,250 0.15% $13.91 $14.89 $30,970 1.9 %
  43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 18,330 2.19% $13.53 $14.17 $29,480 0.9 %
  43-3051 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 2,800 0.33% $13.61 $14.12 $29,360 1.3 %
  43-3061 Procurement Clerks 330 0.04% $13.20 $14.17 $29,480 2.2 %
  43-4041 Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks (6) (6) $13.48 $13.81 $28,730 4.2 %
  43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 1,210 0.14% $12.09 $12.26 $25,500 2.9 %
  43-4071 File Clerks (6) (6) $10.10 $10.53 $21,910 2.6 %
  43-4151 Order Clerks 570 0.07% $13.00 $13.33 $27,730 1.9 %
  43-4161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 290 0.03% $15.20 $15.95 $33,180 1.4 %
  43-4171 Receptionists and Information Clerks 2,770 0.33% $10.41 $10.54 $21,930 1.5 %
  43-5021 Couriers and Messengers 290 0.03% $10.64 $11.89 $24,730 4.7 %
  43-5032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance 2,830 0.34% $13.90 $14.51 $30,180 1.5 %
  43-5061 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 500 0.06% $14.28 $15.57 $32,390 1.6 %
  43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 900 0.11% $13.09 $13.45 $27,970 1.2 %
  43-5081 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers 1,960 0.23% $11.50 $12.24 $25,450 1.4 %
  43-6011 Executive Secretaries and Administrative Assistants 8,050 0.96% $14.46 $14.96 $31,110 1.5 %
  43-6014 Secretaries, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive 23,670 2.83% $10.42 $11.37 $23,660 2.6 %
  43-9011 Computer Operators (6) (6) $16.42 $16.87 $35,080 2.8 %
  43-9021 Data Entry Keyers (6) (6) $11.67 $12.36 $25,700 2.7 %
  43-9022 Word Processors and Typists (6) (6) $12.40 $12.07 $25,100 9.6 %
  43-9061 Office Clerks, General 17,980 2.15% $10.66 $11.50 $23,920 2.8 %
 
Construction and Extraction Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations 495,590 59.16% $17.70 $19.45 $40,450 0.7 %
  47-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers 27,440 3.28% $25.00 $27.74 $57,690 1.4 %
  47-2011 Boilermakers 3,480 0.42% $23.77 $22.50 $46,810 4.2 %
  47-2021 Brickmasons and Blockmasons 70 0.01% $31.57 $29.72 $61,830 4.8 %
  47-2031 Carpenters 2,660 0.32% $19.55 $20.70 $43,050 3.6 %
  47-2051 Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers 330 0.04% $16.44 $18.12 $37,690 4.7 %
  47-2061 Construction Laborers 13,270 1.58% $11.82 $14.04 $29,200 3.9 %
  47-2071 Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators (6) (6) $20.52 $20.36 $42,350 12.1 %
  47-2073 Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators 2,630 0.31% $18.67 $20.22 $42,060 3.9 %
  47-2081 Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers 170 0.02% $14.85 $15.65 $32,550 5.4 %
  47-2082 Tapers 80 0.01% $15.98 $19.08 $39,690 9.9 %
  47-2111 Electricians 8,430 1.01% $19.02 $19.97 $41,530 2.5 %
  47-2130 Insulation Workers 2,920 0.35% $16.05 $19.48 $40,530 5.6 %
  47-2141 Painters, Construction and Maintenance 750 0.09% $16.04 $17.85 $37,120 8.7 %
  47-2151 Pipelayers 4,770 0.57% $15.17 $17.21 $35,790 4.6 %
  47-2152 Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters 270,480 32.29% $19.61 $20.91 $43,500 0.9 %
  47-2161 Plasterers and Stucco Masons 1,150 0.14% $15.41 $17.02 $35,400 14.6 %
  47-2171 Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers 280 0.03% $18.31 $17.47 $36,350 9.8 %
  47-2181 Roofers 860 0.10% $18.82 $18.24 $37,930 5.9 %
  47-2211 Sheet Metal Workers 87,290 10.42% $17.50 $19.12 $39,770 0.9 %
  47-2221 Structural Iron and Steel Workers 1,400 0.17% $23.11 $24.26 $50,460 6.2 %
  47-3012 Helpers—Carpenters 1,130 0.13% $9.49 $10.23 $21,280 7.6 %
  47-3013 Helpers—Electricians 2,060 0.25% $10.77 $11.03 $22,930 4.7 %
  47-3014 Helpers—Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons 500 0.06% $8.46 $9.37 $19,480 6.4 %
  47-3015 Helpers—Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters 56,320 6.72% $10.72 $11.25 $23,390 0.8 %
  47-3016 Helpers—Roofers 200 0.02% $10.65 $10.95 $22,780 2.7 %
  47-4011 Construction and Building Inspectors 180 0.02% $16.85 $17.27 $35,920 5.7 %
  47-4021 Elevator Installers and Repairers 430 0.05% $27.75 $26.91 $55,970 6.3 %
  47-4041 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers 90 0.01% $12.55 $12.57 $26,140 5.4 %
  47-4071 Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners 1,260 0.15% $16.20 $16.85 $35,060 2.6 %
 
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 135,330 16.16% $15.86 $16.82 $34,980 0.9 %
  49-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 7,090 0.85% $23.19 $24.10 $50,130 2.2 %
  49-2092 Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers 30 0.00% $15.45 $16.71 $34,770 6.8 %
  49-2094 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment 530 0.06% $17.58 $17.78 $36,990 2.1 %
  49-2098 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (6) (6) $18.68 $18.76 $39,020 3.8 %
  49-3031 Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists 470 0.06% $17.03 $18.31 $38,070 6.5 %
  49-3042 Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines 100 0.01% $14.68 $16.25 $33,810 3.9 %
  49-9012 Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door 1,090 0.13% $15.09 $15.51 $32,260 7.9 %
  49-9021 Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers 94,120 11.24% $15.92 $16.77 $34,870 0.9 %
  49-9031 Home Appliance Repairers 770 0.09% $17.61 $18.81 $39,130 6.6 %
  49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 300 0.04% $16.24 $18.25 $37,960 5.7 %
  49-9042 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 10,150 1.21% $17.86 $18.28 $38,020 4.4 %
  49-9043 Maintenance Workers, Machinery (6) (6) $15.74 $15.62 $32,490 4.3 %
  49-9044 Millwrights 2,410 0.29% $17.40 $18.28 $38,020 3.0 %
  49-9045 Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons 250 0.03% $18.54 $19.13 $39,780 9.1 %
  49-9061 Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers (6) (6) $15.60 $15.04 $31,280 7.0 %
  49-9096 Riggers (6) (6) $12.46 $14.25 $29,630 7.5 %
  49-9098 Helpers—Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers 10,690 1.28% $10.32 $10.73 $22,320 1.6 %
 
Production Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
51-0000 Production Occupations 9,380 1.12% $15.76 $16.56 $34,440 2.7 %
  51-1011 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Production and Operating Workers 490 0.06% $21.71 $23.24 $48,350 3.4 %
  51-2041 Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters 2,230 0.27% $14.75 $17.03 $35,410 4.3 %
  51-2092 Team Assemblers 190 0.02% $12.87 $13.90 $28,920 2.3 %
  51-4041 Machinists (6) (6) $16.02 $17.64 $36,690 4.8 %
  51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers 3,670 0.44% $16.96 $17.42 $36,230 1.5 %
  51-4122 Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders (6) (6) $20.80 $20.27 $42,150 6.1 %
  51-8021 Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators (6) (6) $20.20 $21.79 $45,330 2.8 %
  51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers (6) (6) $14.38 $15.45 $32,130 4.1 %
  51-9198 Helpers—Production Workers 1,080 0.13% $8.84 $9.75 $20,270 7.5 %
 
Transportation and Material Moving Occupations top
Employment Estimates Wage Estimates
SOC Code Number Occupation Title Employment (1) Percent of Total Median Hourly Mean Hourly Mean Annual (2) Mean RSE (3)
53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 13,420 1.60% $12.37 $13.36 $27,780 3.2 %
  53-1021 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand 220 0.03% $22.06 $21.39 $44,490 3.3 %
  53-1031 First-Line Supervisors/Managers of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators 200 0.02% $20.22 $24.26 $50,460 14.8 %
  53-3032 Truck Drivers, Heavy and Tractor-Trailer 1,640 0.20% $14.40 $15.32 $31,870 1.7 %
  53-3033 Truck Drivers, Light Or Delivery Services 3,790 0.45% $11.86 $12.57 $26,140 1.1 %
  53-7021 Crane and Tower Operators 110 0.01% $20.60 $20.61 $42,870 3.9 %
  53-7032 Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators 1,800 0.21% $15.33 $15.86 $33,000 3.8 %
  53-7041 Hoist and Winch Operators (6) (6) $15.28 $16.72 $34,770 9.9 %
  53-7051 Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators 380 0.05% $12.18 $13.63 $28,340 4.3 %
  53-7062 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand 4,950 0.59% $10.09 $11.48 $23,880 5.7 %
  53-7072 Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers 100 0.01% $11.10 $13.21 $27,480 10.1 %

About 2002 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

Estimates for residual, "All Other", occupations are not available.

(1) Data for detailed occupations does not sum to the totals because the totals include data for occupations not shown separately. Estimates do not include self-employed workers.

(2) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

(3) The relative standard error (RSE) is a measure of the reliability of a survey statistic. The smaller the relative standard error, the more precise the estimate.

(6) Estimates not released.



Other OES estimates and related information:

2002 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

2002 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

2002 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (cross-industry estimates)

2002 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

List of Occupations in SOC Code Number Order

List of Occupations in Alphabetical Order

Download 2002 Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates in Zipped Excel files

Technical notes

 

Last Modified Date: November 26, 2003