PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT
KELLY AIR FORCE BASE
SAN ANTONIO, BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS
CERCLIS NO. TX2571724333
September 9, 1999
Prepared by:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation
Exposure Investigations and Consultations Branch
ATSDR was petitioned by the late congressman Frank Tejeda to perform a public health assessment of neighborhoods north and southeast of Kelly Air Force Base (AFB). Residents in these areas had concerns that their health may have been effected by releases of hazardous substances from the base. This document is a report of Phase I of the public health assessment process and provides ATSDR's evaluation of potential releases of hazardous substances from Kelly AFB.
During the time that ATSDR was conducting this assessment, concern was also expressed by residents of the East Kelly area. Because of this concern, ATSDR will evaluate the East Kelly area and the results will be provided in Phase III of the public health assessment. (See Figure 1, page 7, for the location of Kelly AFB and surrounding areas.)
Current Exposures
The community is not currently exposed to
levels of contaminants from Kelly AFB that would cause people to become
sick.
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ATSDR evaluated the possible ways that community members could come into contact with contaminants that may be in the air, groundwater, surface water, and soil (See Table 1, page 6). ATSDR concluded that it is NOT likely there will be noncancer health effects (like liver or kidney injury) because of current exposure to contaminants from Kelly AFB. The amounts of contaminants are too low to cause residents to get sick. ATSDR also looked at the projection of cancer cases in areas surrounding Kelly AFB. Figure 2 (page 8) shows the locations of the highest estimated cumulative risk for cancer from current air emissions. These locations of highest estimated risk are either on base or in unpopulated areas off base. It is unlikely that exposure to current air emissions would result in a significant increase in the risk of developing cancer.
Although unlikely linked to base contamination, ATSDR is recommending health education about lead exposures, blood lead testing and subsequent environmental investigation under existing programs to address potential lead exposures.
Other environmental pathways (see Table 1, page 6) do not currently appear to play a role in making residents sick.
Past Exposures
The community may have been exposed to higher levels
of contaminants in the past. ATSDR will investigate further.
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There is not enough information about past levels of contamination to make conclusions about past levels of exposure. Past air emissions represent a pathway requiring additional evaluation because of the potential for higher levels of chemical exposure on and off base. Figure 3 (page 9) depicts the estimated past location of the air plume and therefore, areas where past air emissions may have been present. ATSDR will evaluate air emissions that may have occurred in the past. The results will be presented in Phase II of the public health assessment.
Health Data
ATSDR is further investigating reports of elevated
cancers and adverse birth outcomes. ATSDR will continue health education
activities and health outcome evaluation.
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ATSDR found elevations in certain health data at some locations around the base. Cancers that were elevated in at least one zip code included leukemia, liver, kidney, lung, bladder, and cervical cancers (see Figure 4, page 10). Birth outcomes that were elevated included low birth weight and certain birth defects. ATSDR's preliminary evaluation indicates that some of the elevated health data may be due to expected fluctuation, some may be due to general public health problems, and some may be associated with environmental exposures. Further investigation is necessary to clarify these issues; additional health data as well as environmental data is being collected. ATSDR has concluded that follow-up activities are needed and results will be presented in Phase II of the public health assessment.
Conclusions
Past levels may have been high enough to cause some health concern. ATSDR is still investigating.
Follow-up activities are needed involving health education and health outcome evaluation.
Professional public health representatives at these locations are available
to provide information:
San Antonio Metropolitan Health District Texas Department of Health ATSDR |
210-207-8853 512-458-7269 1-888-42-ATSDR or 1-888-422-8737 |
Weekdays, 8-5 CDT Weekdays, 8-5 CDT Weekdays, 9-4 EDT |
Table 1. Exposure Pathways
Pathway Name | Contaminants | Exposure Pathway Elements | Time | Comments | ||||
Source | Environmental Media | Point of Exposure | Route of Exposure | Exposed Population | ||||
Past Air Emissions | VOCs Fuel Metals |
Industrial Processes, Aircraft |
Air | Off-base On-base |
Inhalation | Child Adult Worker |
Past | Indeterminate. Completed exposure pathway. Past levels (before 1996) are unknown. More investigation is indicated. |
Non-occupational On-base Employees | VOCs Fuel Metals |
Industrial Processes,
Aircraft |
Air | On-base | Inhalation | Worker | Present | Indeterminate. Completed exposure pathway. Refined air modeling is recommended. |
Soil Migration | Lead | S-1 Storage Area | Soil | Residential Soil | Incidental Ingestion | Child | Present | Indeterminate. Lead levels in samples taken by community are below levels of health concern. Health education activities are recommended. |
Current Air
Emissions |
VOCs Fuel Metals |
Industrial Processes,
Aircraft |
Air | Off-base
On-base |
Inhalation | Child Adult Worker |
Present | No apparent health hazard. Completed exposure pathway. Current levels (after 1995) are below levels of health concern. |
Leon Creek | Metals PAHs, PCBs Pesticides |
Abandoned Landfills, NPDES Dischg. | Surface Water
Sediment Biota |
Leon Creek | Ingestion,
Fish Consumption |
Child Youth Adult |
Present | No apparent health hazard. Intermittent potential exposure below levels of heath concern. TNRCC and EPA monitor NPDES discharges and water quality. |
Surficial
Aquifer |
VOCs Fuel, Metals |
Spills, Leachate Leaks | Groundwater | Non-potable
wells |
Ingestion | Child Adult |
Present | No apparent health hazard. No known exposure at levels of health concern. Drinking water from different source. |
Soil Gas | VOCs Fuel |
Contaminated
Groundwater |
Air | Residence | Inhalation | Child Adult |
Present | No apparent health hazard. Below levels of health concern for North Kelly Gardens and Quintana Road. |
Noise | Noise Level | Aircraft | Air | Residence | NA | Child Adult |
Present | No apparent health hazard. Noise determined to be at disturbance levels but not hearing loss. |
Fuel Jettisoning | Jet Fuel | Aircraft | Air | Residence | Inhalation | Child Adult |
Past | No apparent health hazard. Unlikely based on policy restrictions and atmospheric science. |
Garden Produce |
VOCs Fuel |
Contaminated
Groundwater |
Groundwater | Residential | Ingestion | Child Adult |
Present | No apparent health hazard. Contaminants not taken up by plants at levels of health concern. |
Thallium in Drinking
Water |
Thallium | Unknown | Groundwater | Residence | Ingestion | Child Adult |
Past | No apparent health hazard. Exposure to thallium in drinking water for 3.25 years. Below level for expected health effects. |
Radioactive
Waste |
Radio nuclides | Landfills in
Zone 1 |
Soil Groundwater |
None | NA | NA | Present | No health hazard. Radioactive material buried on base. No known exposure; area is restricted. |
Figure 2
Cumulative Health Risk Map.
Figure 3
Airborne Contaminant Plume Map.
Figure 4
Health Outcome Data Map.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Exposure Pathways and Human Health Assessment
APPENDIX A. ATSDR Public Health Hazard Categories
APPENDIX C. Evaluation Methodology
APPENDIX D. Air Exposure Pathway
APPENDIX E. Leon Creek Assumptions and Risk Evaluation
APPENDIX F. Community Health Reports
APPENDIX G. Health Outcome Data Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Area Map of Kelly Air Force Base
Figure 2. Cumulative Health Risk Map
Figure 3. Airborne Contaminant Plume Map
Figure 4. Health Outcome Data Map
Figure 5. Demographic Introduction Map
Figure 9. Threshold Limit Values for Noise
Appendix F
Figure F-2. North Kelly Gardens Survey Map
Table 2. Present Air Quality Non-Cancer Screening
Table 3. Present Air Quality Cancer Screening
Table 4. Leon Creek Exposure Pathways
Table 5. Surface Water Evaluation
Table 7. Fish Tissue Evaluation
Table 8. Groundwater Comparison
Appendix D
Table D-1. Effects on Predicted Down-Wind Breathing Zone Concentrations
Table D-2. Present Air Dispersion
Table D-3.Category Definitions Used by ATSDR
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols
AF | Air Force |
AFB | Air Force base |
ATSDR | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |
CREG | Cancer Risk Evaluation Guide |
DHS | Department of Health Services |
EMEG | Environmental Media Evaluation Guide |
EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
HEAST | Health Effects Assessment and Summary Tables |
IRIS | integrated risk information system |
IRP | installation restoration program |
m3 | cubic meter |
MCL | maximum contaminant level |
MCLG | maximum contaminant level goal |
Met Health | San Antonio Metropolitan Health District |
mg | milligram |
MRL | minimum risk level |
NIOSH | National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health |
NPL | National Priorities List of Uncontrolled Hazardous Substances |
OSHA | Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
PAH | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon |
PCB | polychlorinated biphenyl |
PCE | tetrachloroethylene |
PHA | public health assessment |
PMCL | proposed maximum contaminant level |
ppb | parts per billion |
ppm | parts per million |
RBC | risk-based concentration |
RfC | reference concentration |
RfD | reference dose |
TCE | trichloroethylene |
TNRCC | Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission |
TPH | total petroleum hydrocarbons |
mg | microgram |
US | United States |
USGS | United States Geological Survey |
UST | underground storage tank |
VOC | volatile organic compound |
Acute
Occurring over a short time, usually a few minutes or
hours. An acute exposure can result in short-term or long-term health effects.
Ambient
Surrounding. For example, ambient
air is usually outdoor air (as opposed to indoor air).
Background Level
A typical or average level of a chemical in
the environment. Background often indicates levels that occur naturally or uncontaminated
levels.
Carcinogen
Any substance that may cause cancer.
CERCLA
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act of 1980, also known as Superfund. This is the legislation
that created ATSDR.
Chronic
Occurring over a long period
of time (more than 1 year).
Comparison Values
Estimated contaminant concentrations in specific
environmental media that are not likely to cause adverse health effects, given
a standard daily intake or exposure rate and standard body weight. The comparison
values are calculated from the scientific literature available on exposure and
health effects.
Concentration
The amount of a specified substance in a given
amount of another substance. For example, the concentration of salt in sea water
is higher than the concentration of salt in fresh water.
Contaminant
Any substance or material
that enters a system (the environment, human body, food, etc.) where it is not
normally found.
Dermal
Referring to or relating to the
skin. Dermal absorption is absorption through the skin.
Disease Registry
A systematic record for collecting and maintaining
in a structured format, information on persons having a common illness or adverse
health condition.
Dose
The amount of a substance to which
a person is exposed. Dose often takes body weight into account.
Environmental Contamination
The
presence of hazardous substances in the environment. From the public health
perspective, environmental contamination is addressed when it potentially affects
the health and quality of life of people living and working near the contamination.
Epidemiology
The branch of medicine
that studies epidemics and epidemic diseases. Epidemiologists study the occurrence
and causes of health effects in human populations. An epidemiological study
often compares two groups of people who are alike except for one factor, such
as exposure to a chemical or the presence of a health effect. Epidemiologists
try to determine which factors, if any, are associated with the health effect.
Exposure
Contact with a chemical by swallowing, by breathing, or by direct contact
(with the skin or eyes). Exposure may be short term (acute) or long
term (chronic).
Geographic Information System (GIS)
A computer hardware and
software system designed to collect, manipulate, analyze, and display spatially
referenced data for use in analyzing and solving complex resource, environmental,
and social problems.
Hazard
A chance of being harmed. A hazard
is a source of risk that does not necessarily imply potential for occurrence.
A hazard produces risk only if an exposure pathway exists, and if exposures
create the possibility of adverse consequences.
Health Education
A program of activities to promote health
and provide information and training about hazardous substances in the environment.
The purpose of health education is to reduce exposure, illness, or disease.
Health education activities may be site-specific or national in focus. Information
on diagnosis and treatment is made available for health care providers, and
community activities are conducted to enable community members to prevent or
mitigate health effects from exposure to hazardous substances.
Health Outcome Data
Community-specific
health information that may be derived from databases at the local, state, and
national levels, as well as from data collected by private health care organizations
and professional institutions and associations. Databases to be considered include
morbidity and mortality data, birth statistics, medical records, tumor and disease
registries, surveillance data, and completed health studies. Health outcome
data may constitute a major source of data for public health assessments. The
identification, review, and evaluation of health outcome parameters are interactive
processes involving the health assessors, data source generators, and the local
community.
Health Investigation
Any investigation of a defined population,
using epidemiologic methods, which would assist in determining exposures or
possible public health impact by identifying health problems requiring further
investigation through epidemiologic studies, environmental monitoring or sampling,
or surveillance.
Ingestion
The act of swallowing (such as eating or drinking).
Hazardous substances can get on food, cigarettes, hands, or utensils and then
be ingested into the body. After ingestion, the hazardous substances may be
absorbed into the blood and distributed throughout the body.
Inhalation
The act of breathing. Exposure
to a hazardous substance may occur from inhaling contaminants in the air. These
contaminants can enter the bloodstream or be deposited in the lungs or both.
Media (Environmental)
Environmental media are the specific parts of the environment, such as soil,
water, air, plants and animals, that can contain contamination.
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions
that enable the body to work. For example, food is metabolized (chemically changed)
to supply the body with energy. Chemicals can be metabolized and made either
more or less harmful by the body.
Metabolite
Any product of metabolism.
Minimal Risk Level (MRL)
A minimal risk level is an estimate
of daily human exposure to a substance that is unlikely to have an appreciable
risk of adverse noncancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure.
MRLs are determined when reliable and sufficient data exist to identify the
target organs of effect or the most sensitive health effects associated with
a specific chemical for a specific duration by a given route of exposure. MRLs
are based on noncancer health effects only. MRLs can be derived for
acute, intermediate, and chronic duration exposures by the inhalation and oral
routes.
Morbidity
Illness or disease. The morbidity
rate is the number of illnesses or cases of disease in a population.
No Apparent Public Health Hazard
Category applied to sites
at which human exposure to contaminated media is occurring or has occurred in
the past, but the exposure is below a level of health hazard.
No Public Health Hazard
Category applied to a site for which
data indicate no current or past exposure or no potential for exposure and therefore
no health hazard.
Petitioned Public Health Assessment
A public health assessment
conducted at the request of a member of the public. When a petition is received,
a team of environmental and health scientists is assigned to gather information
to ascertain, using standard public health criteria, whether there is a reasonable
basis for conducting a public health assessment. Once ATSDR confirms that a
public health assessment is needed, the process for a petitioned health
assessment is essentially the same as for any other public health assessment.
Potential/Indeterminate Public Health Hazard
Category applied
to a site for which no conclusions about public health hazard can be made because
data are lacking.
Public Health Assessment
The evaluation of data and information
on the release of hazardous substances into the environment in order to assess
any current or future impact on public health, develop health advisories or
other recommendations, and identify studies or actions needed to evaluate and
mitigate or prevent adverse health effects to humans. The document resulting
from that evaluation is also called a public health assessment.
Public Health Hazard
Category
applied to sites that pose a public health hazard as the result of long-term
exposures to hazardous substances.
Risk
In risk assessment, the probability that something will
cause injury, combined with the potential severity of that injury.
Route of Exposure
The way in which a person may contact a chemical
substance. For example, drinking (ingestion) and bathing (skin contact) are
two different routes of exposure to contaminants that may be found
in water.
Superfund
Another name for the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), which created ATSDR.
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
The 1986
legislation that broadened ATSDR's responsibilities in the areas of public health
assessments, establishment and maintenance of toxicologic databases, information
dissemination, and medical education.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Substances containing carbon
and different proportions of other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, sulfur, or nitrogen; these substances easily become vapors
or gases. A significant number of the VOCs are commonly used as solvents
(paint thinners, lacquer thinners, degreasers, and dry cleaning fluids).
Urgent Public Health Hazard
Category applied to sites that pose a serious risk to the public health
as the result of short-term exposures to hazardous substances.
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