CHAPTER 2. EXPENDITURES
This chapter focuses on Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) expenditures by State, by service, and in comparison with expended funds from other sources.
SSBG Expenditures Trends
During 2006, SSBG expenditures for all States, including the SSBG allocation (66%) and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant transfer (34%), totaled $2.770 billion. Highlights of the SSBG expenditure State trends for 2006 are listed below.
- Expenditures of the SSBG allocation in 2006 were $1.826 billion.
- Since 2002, expenditures of the SSBG allocation increased by almost 4 percent.
- During 2006, 43 States spent $944 million in funds transferred from TANF, which was a 1 percent decrease from 2002 ($955 million for 48 States).[14] (See figures 2–1 and 2–2.)
Figure 2–1 Expenditures of SSBG Allocation, 2002–2006 (in millions) |
|
---|---|
Year | Expenditures |
2002 | $1,692 |
2003 | $1,686 |
2004 | $1,625 |
2005 | $1,826 |
2006 | $1,817 |
Figure 2–2 Expenditures of Funds Transferred from TANF to SSBG, 2002–2006 (in millions) | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Expenditures | Number of States |
2002 | $955 | 48 |
2003 | $806 | 45 |
2004 | $880 | 45 |
2005 | $944 | 45 |
2006 | $933 | 42 |
SSBG Expenditures By State
The Federal Government allocates SSBG funds annually to States based on population.[15] As would be expected, States with large populations report larger SSBG expenditures. In addition, the amount of a State’s SSBG expenditures is greatly influenced by the amount of TANF funds that the State transfers into the SSBG.
California reported $397 million in SSBG expenditures ($191 million of which were TANF transfer funds), followed by New York ($288 million in expenditures, $120 million of which were TANF transfer funds), and Texas ($170 million, $33 million of which were TANF transfer funds). Five other States reported SSBG expenditures of more than $100 million—Florida ($161 million, $63 million of which were TANF transfer funds), Michigan ($127 million, $68 million of which were TANF transfer funds), Pennsylvania ($116 million, none of which were TANF transfer funds), Ohio ($113 million, $47 million of which were TANF transfer funds), and Illinois ($105 million, $32 million of which were TANF transfer funds). These eight States accounted for 54 percent of all SSBG expenditures. In 10 States, SSBG expenditures were less than $10 million. (See figure 2–3.)
Figure 2–3 SSBG Expenditures by State, 2006 (in millions) | ||
---|---|---|
State | SSBG Allocation | TANF Transfer |
California | $206 | $191 |
New York | $168 | $120 |
Texas | $137 | $33 |
Florida | $98 | $63 |
Michigan | $59 | $68 |
Pennsylvania | $116 | $0 |
Ohio | $66 | $47 |
Illinois | $73 | $32 |
Massachusetts | $37 | $46 |
New Jersey | $52 | $15 |
Georgia | $50 | $13 |
Virginia | $43 | $14 |
Arizona | $32 | $23 |
Missouri | $33 | $22 |
Maryland | $32 | $23 |
North Carolina | $48 | $5 |
Connecticut | $21 | $27 |
Louisiana | $30 | $16 |
Washington | $36 | $10 |
Wisconsin | $32 | $13 |
Tennessee | $31 | $10 |
Colorado | $26 | $15 |
Minnesota | $34 | $5 |
Alabama | $26 | $12 |
Indiana | $36 | $2 |
Oklahoma | $20 | $15 |
South Carolina | $22 | $10 |
Kentucky | $31 | $0 |
Iowa | $17 | $13 |
West Virginia | $11 | $17 |
Mississippi | $15 | $6 |
Oregon | $21 | $0 |
Kansas | $16 | $4 |
Hawaii | $10 | $10 |
Utah | $14 | $5 |
Puerto Rico | $9 | $10 |
Maine | $12 | $3 |
Nevada | $13 | $1 |
Arkansas | $14 | $0 |
New Hampshire | $11 | $3 |
Montana | $9 | $2 |
New Mexico | $11 | $0 |
Nebraska | $10 | $0 |
Idaho | $8 | $1 |
Alaska | $4 | $5 |
Vermont | $4 | $5 |
Delaware | $5 | $3 |
District of Columbia | $3 | $4 |
South Dakota | $4 | $2 |
Rhode Island | $6 | $0 |
North Dakota | $4 | $0 |
Wyoming | $3 | $0 |
Per Capita Expenditures
Nationally, the average SSBG allocation for 2006 represented approximately $5.59 per person.[16] However, State SSBG per capita expenditures varied from this amount if a State reported a TANF transfer, carried over funds from previous years, or carried forward funds for use during the next year.[17] During 2006, the average of State per capita SSBG expenditures was $8.84, ranging from $4.90 (Puerto Rico) to $15.25 (Hawaii). (See figure 2–4.)
Figure 2–4 SSBG Per Capita Expenditures by State, 2006 | ||
---|---|---|
State | SSBG Allocation | TANF Transfer |
Hawaii | $7.60 | $7.65 |
New York | $8.70 | $6.21 |
West Virginia | $5.79 | $9.10 |
Connecticut | $5.98 | $7.74 |
Alaska | $5.64 | $7.83 |
Vermont | $5.77 | $7.59 |
Massachusetts | $5.69 | $7.14 |
Michigan | $5.80 | $6.73 |
District of Columbia | $5.41 | $6.77 |
Maine | $9.41 | $2.27 |
California | $5.66 | $5.23 |
Louisiana | $6.96 | $3.82 |
New Hampshire | $8.41 | $2.13 |
Iowa | $5.74 | $4.30 |
Montana | $7.87 | $2.12 |
Ohio | $5.77 | $4.08 |
Oklahoma | $5.70 | $4.12 |
Maryland | $5.70 | $4.05 |
Missouri | $5.68 | $3.71 |
Pennsylvania | $9.29 | $0 |
Delaware | $5.56 | $3.64 |
Arizona | $5.26 | $3.67 |
Florida | $5.42 | $3.47 |
Colorado | $5.45 | $3.18 |
South Dakota | $5.75 | $2.78 |
Alabama | $5.69 | $2.58 |
Illinois | $5.69 | $2.51 |
Wisconsin | $5.73 | $2.42 |
New Jersey | $5.92 | $1.77 |
Utah | $5.54 | $2.08 |
South Carolina | $5.16 | $2.31 |
Minnesota | $6.57 | $0.90 |
Virginia | $5.62 | $1.84 |
Kentucky | $7.29 | $0 |
Kansas | $5.68 | $1.57 |
Texas | $5.84 | $1.40 |
Mississippi | $5.05 | $2.06 |
Washington | $5.57 | $1.52 |
Tennessee | $5.19 | $1.71 |
Georgia | $5.39 | $1.44 |
Idaho | $5.42 | $0.98 |
Indiana | $5.66 | $0.32 |
North Carolina | $5.42 | $0.52 |
North Dakota | $5.86 | $0 |
Rhode Island | $5.86 | $0 |
Nebraska | $5.72 | $0 |
Nevada | $5.35 | $0.33 |
Wyoming | $5.66 | $0 |
New Mexico | $5.58 | $0 |
Oregon | $5.54 | $0 |
Arkansas | $4.98 | $0 |
Puerto Rico | $2.24 | $2.66 |
SSBG Expenditures By Service
The five service categories that had the highest SSBG expenditures were child foster care services, special services for individuals with disabilities, child protective services, child day care, and adult protective services. Thirty-eight States collectively spent $413 million for child foster care services (15% of all SSBG expenditures); 26 States reported $388 million of SSBG expenditures for special services for individuals with disabilities (14%); 42 States reported $312 million of SSBG expenditures for child protective services (11%); 41 States reported $220 million of SSBG expenditures for child day care (8%); and 37 States reported $204 million of SSBG expenditures for adult protective services (7%). (See figures 2–5 and 2–6.)
Figure 2–5 Percentage of SSBG Expenditures by Service, 2006 | |
---|---|
Service | Percentage |
21 Additional Services | 21% |
Prevention and Intervention | 5% |
Administrative Costs | 5% |
Home-Based Services | 7% |
Case Management | 7% |
Protective Services—Adults | 7% |
Day Care—Children | 8% |
Protective Services—Children | 11% |
Special Services—Disabled | 14% |
Foster Care Services—Children | 15% |
Note: Appendix F, table F-3, contains supporting data for this figure. The 21 additional services include those that were funded at 5 percent or less with SSBG |
Figure 2–6 SSBG Expenditures by Service, 2006 (in millions) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Service | SSBG Allocation | TANF Transfer | Number of States |
Foster Care Services—Children | $153 | $260 | 38 |
Special Services—Disabled | $309 | $79 | 26 |
Protective Services—Children | $133 | $179 | 42 |
Day Care—Children | $153 | $68 | 41 |
Protective Services—Adults | $198 | $6 | 37 |
Case Management | $127 | $58 | 28 |
Home-Based Services | $159 | $23 | 35 |
Prevention and Intervention | $44 | $91 | 36 |
Other Services | $96 | $31 | 24 |
Residential Treatment | $67 | $51 | 24 |
Foster Care Services—Adults | $31 | $7 | 14 |
Family Planning Services | $20 | $18 | 14 |
Adoption Services | $20 | $15 | 25 |
Home-Delivered Meals | $27 | $0 | 18 |
Counseling Services | $21 | $3 | 22 |
Education and Training Services | $19 | $1 | 16 |
Transportation | $17 | $1 | 21 |
Health-Related Services | $17 | $2 | 16 |
Information and Referral | $14 | $4 | 17 |
Special Services—Youth at Risk | $13 | $4 | 16 |
Legal Services | $15 | $1 | 14 |
Housing Services | $9 | $7 | 11 |
Day Care—Adults | $16 | $0 | 22 |
Employment Services | $14 | $0 | 11 |
Independent/Transitional Living | $8 | $2 | 18 |
Pregnancy and Parenting | $5 | $3 | 10 |
Congregate Meals | $6 | $0 | 12 |
Substance Abuse Services | $5 | $1 | 12 |
Recreation Services | $1 | $0 | 8 |
Note: Appendix F, table F-3, contains supporting data for this figure. |
Table 2–1 shows the total SSBG expenditures—comprising the SSBG allocation and the TANF transfer—for each of the 29 service categories, as well as for administrative costs.
Table 2–1 SSBG Expenditures by Service, 2006 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
SSBG Service Categories | SSBG Allocation | TANF Transfer | Total SSBG Expenditures | Number of States |
Adoption Services | $19,961,779 | $14,535,149 | $34,496,928 | 25 |
Case Management | $126,539,650 | $57,675,811 | $184,215,461 | 27 |
Congregate Meals | $5,780,763 | $109,729 | $5,890,492 | 12 |
Counseling Services | $20,851,525 | $3,020,250 | $23,871,775 | 22 |
Day Care—Adults | $15,830,355 | $19,081 | $15,849,436 | 22 |
Day Care—Children | $152,847,840 | $67,639,377 | $220,487,217 | 41 |
Education and Training Services | $19,375,361 | $1,064,298 | $20,439,659 | 16 |
Employment Services | $13,953,128 | $182,937 | $14,136,065 | 11 |
Family Planning Services | $19,528,430 | $18,114,412 | $37,642,842 | 14 |
Foster Care Services—Adults | $31,307,238 | $6,749,197 | $38,056,435 | 13 |
Foster Care Services—Children | $153,283,667 | $259,979,194 | $413,262,861 | 37 |
Health-Related Services | $17,302,496 | $1,536,588 | $18,839,084 | 16 |
Home-Based Services | $158,591,743 | $23,484,670 | $182,076,413 | 35 |
Home-Delivered Meals | $26,524,499 | $204,279 | $26,728,778 | 18 |
Housing Services | $9,322,162 | $6,581,101 | $15,903,263 | 11 |
Independent/Transitional Living | $7,654,399 | $1,532,654 | $9,187,053 | 18 |
Information and Referral | $13,554,211 | $4,488,037 | $18,042,248 | 17 |
Legal Services | $15,497,959 | $1,001,871 | $16,499,830 | 14 |
Pregnancy and Parenting | $5,007,501 | $2,573,260 | $7,580,761 | 10 |
Prevention and Intervention | $43,729,958 | $90,930,394 | $134,660,352 | 35 |
Protective Services—Adults | $198,261,217 | $5,533,267 | $203,794,484 | 37 |
Protective Services—Children | $133,013,954 | $179,235,758 | $312,249,712 | 42 |
Recreation Services | $970,056 | $489,321 | $1,459,377 | 8 |
Residential Treatment | $67,071,742 | $51,282,375 | $118,354,117 | 23 |
Special Services—Disabled | $308,671,101 | $79,140,810 | $387,811,911 | 26 |
Special Services—Youth at Risk | $12,853,218 | $3,673,300 | $16,526,518 | 16 |
Substance Abuse Services | $5,024,905 | $757,564 | $5,782,469 | 12 |
Transportation | $17,439,205 | $1,429,620 | $18,868,825 | 21 |
Other Services | $95,629,183 | $30,626,077 | $126,255,260 | 24 |
Administrative Costs | $110,800,517 | $30,258,411 | $141,058,928 | 42 |
TOTAL | $1,826,179,762 | $943,848,792 | $2,770,028,554 |
Tanf Transfer Expenditures
States reported by service categories how they used the TANF transfer funds. Forty-three States spent $944 million of TANF transfer funds. Among these States, the highest proportion of TANF transfer expenditures was for children’s services. Twenty-five States collectively spent $260 million of TANF transfer funds for child foster care services (28% of all TANF transfer expenditures) and 23 States spent $179 million of TANF transfer funds for child protective services (19%). In addition, 18 States reported spending $91 million for prevention and intervention services (10% of all TANF transfer expenditures). (See figure 2–7.)
Figure 2–7 TANF Transfer Expenditures by Service, 2006 (in millions) | ||
---|---|---|
Service | TANF Transfer Expenditures | Number of States |
Foster Care Services—Children | $260 | 25 |
Protective Services—Children | $179 | 23 |
Prevention and Intervention | $91 | 18 |
Special Services—Disabled | $79 | 10 |
Day Care—Children | $68 | 15 |
Case Management | $58 | 15 |
Residential Treatment | $51 | 12 |
Other Services | $31 | 13 |
Home-Based Services | $23 | 11 |
Family Planning Services | $18 | 6 |
Adoption Services | $15 | 15 |
Foster Care Services—Adults | $7 | 4 |
Housing Services | $7 | 5 |
Protective Services—Adults | $6 | 9 |
Information and Referral | $4 | 5 |
Special Services—Youth at Risk | $4 | 5 |
Counseling Services | $3 | 9 |
Pregnancy and Parenting | $3 | 3 |
Health-Related Services | $2 | 5 |
Independent/Transitional Living | $2 | 7 |
Transportation | $1 | 6 |
Education and Training Services | $1 | 4 |
Legal Services | $1 | 5 |
Substance Abuse Services | $1 | 2 |
Recreation Services | $0 | 4 |
Home-Delivered Meals | $0 | 4 |
Employment Services | $0 | 3 |
Congregate Meals | $0 | 3 |
Day Care—Adults | $0 | 2 |
For three services, the TANF transfer portion of SSBG expenditures was greater than the SSBG allocation portion. Funds from the TANF transfer accounted for 68 percent of SSBG expenditures for prevention and intervention services, 63 percent for child foster care, and 57 percent for child protective services.
SSBG and Other Sources of Funds
States reported on total expenditures, which included expenditures of funds from other sources in addition to the SSBG allocation and TANF transfer. Regulations also require States to report all other Federal, State, and local funds for each service funded by SSBG. State SSBG contacts were consulted about the extent to which they were able to provide these data. With some variation, States met this requirement in one of the two ways listed below.
- A State reported on all Federal, State, and local funds spent in conjunction with SSBG expenditures for specific programs or providers. For example, a State that supported a child care center with the SSBG reported other sources of funds supporting the center as well. This State did not report the other sources of funds for all child care centers located throughout the State.
- A State reported on all Federal, State, and local funds for the service category for the entire State. For example, if SSBG supported any child day care services, the State included all funding for child day care throughout the State on the SSBG postexpenditure report.
These varied methods for reporting total expenditures result in different interpretations of the SSBG’s support of a service, relative to other sources. Therefore, the following analysis is based only on data from the 45 States that indicated that total expenditures included all other sources of funds used for the service category.[18]
The proportion of total expenditures of SSBG funds provided for specific service categories ranged from 2 percent to 47 percent. SSBG expenditures accounted for 47 percent of the total expenditures for adult foster care services, 43 percent of total expenditures for adult protective services, and 36 percent of total expenditures for education and training services. At least 20 percent of funding for seven other services was through SSBG expenditures. These services were family planning services, pregnancy and parenting, home-delivered meals, home-based services, adult day care, housing services, and information and referral services. The amount of SSBG funds that the States used to support the remaining 19 services was less than 20 percent. (See figure 2–8.)
Figure 2–8 SSBG Percentage of Total Expenditures by Service, 2006 | ||
---|---|---|
Service | SSBG Expenditure | Other Sources of Funds |
Foster Care Services—Adults | 47.4% | 52.6% |
Protective Services—Adults | 42.9% | 57.1% |
Education and Training Services | 36.4% | 63.6% |
Family Planning Services | 30.1% | 69.9% |
Pregnancy and Parenting | 29.4% | 70.6% |
Home-Delivered Meals | 25.7% | 74.3% |
Home-Based Services | 21.3% | 78.7% |
Day Care—Adults | 21.3% | 78.7% |
Housing Services | 21.1% | 78.9% |
Information and Referral | 19.7% | 80.3% |
Residential Treatment | 18.1% | 81.9% |
Special Services—Youth at Risk | 17.9% | 82.1% |
Legal Services | 17.8% | 82.2% |
Recreation Services | 17.7% | 82.3% |
Transportation | 17.5% | 82.5% |
Health-Related Services | 16.7% | 83.3% |
Prevention and Intervention | 14.2% | 85.8% |
Case Management | 13.9% | 86.1% |
Counseling Services | 13.0% | 87.0% |
Employment Services | 12.1% | 87.9% |
Independent/Transitional Living | 12.0% | 88.0% |
Foster Care Services—Children | 10.6% | 89.4% |
Congregate Meals | 10.0% | 90.0% |
Special Services—Disabled | 9.8% | 90.2% |
Protective Services—Children | 9.2% | 90.8% |
Adoption Services | 8.6% | 91.4% |
Other Services | 4.4% | 95.6% |
Day Care—Children | 4.3% | 95.7% |
Substance Abuse Services | 1.9% | 98.1% |
[14] This data does not include funds transferred from TANF into SSBG by Puerto Rico.
[15] Section 2003 of the Social Security Act states that the allotment to each State is based on the following formula: [(State population/national population) x (SSBG appropriation – sum (allotments to jurisdictions of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, and America Samoa))]. State census estimates are updated annually.
[16]The national per capita allocation was calculated by dividing the SSBG allocation by the estimated population.
[17] Per capita expenditures for each State were calculated by dividing the expenditures by the estimated population. Population data for 2006 for the 50 States and the District of Columbia were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau at: http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_program=PEP&_lang=en&_ts=144690575649 (accessed 10/16/07). The average for all States was an unweighted average.
[18] These States were: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming.