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General Information About Breast Cancer
Key Points for This Section
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Breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
form in the tissues of the breast.
The breast is made up of lobes and ducts. Each breast has 15 to 20 sections called
lobes, which have many smaller sections called lobules. Lobules end in dozens of tiny bulbs that
can produce milk. The lobes, lobules, and bulbs are linked by thin tubes called
ducts. Enlarge | | ![](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090509134051im_/http://www.cancer.gov/images/spacer.gif) | Anatomy of the breast, showing lymph nodes and lymph vessels. |
Each breast also has blood
vessels and lymph
vessels. The lymph vessels carry an almost colorless fluid called lymph. Lymph
vessels lead to organs called lymph
nodes. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that are
found throughout the body. They filter substances in a fluid called lymph and help fight infection and disease. Clusters of lymph nodes are found near the breast in the axilla (under the arm), above the
collarbone, and in the chest.
The most common type of breast cancer is ductal
carcinoma, which begins in the cells of the ducts. Cancer that begins in the
lobes or lobules is called lobular carcinoma and is more often found in both
breasts than are other types of breast cancer. Inflammatory breast cancer is an uncommon type of
breast cancer in which the breast is warm, red, and swollen.
See the PDQ summary on Unusual Cancers of Childhood 1 for information about childhood breast cancer.
Age and health history can affect the risk of developing breast
cancer.
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease
is called a risk factor. Risk factors for breast cancer include the following:
- Older age.
- Menstruating at an
early age.
- Older age at first birth or never having given birth.
- A personal history of breast cancer or benign (noncancer) breast disease.
- A mother or sister with breast cancer.
- Treatment with radiation therapy to the breast/chest.
- Breast tissue that is dense on a mammogram.
- Taking hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
- Drinking alcoholic beverages.
- Being white.
NCI's Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool 2 uses a woman's risk factors to estimate her risk for breast cancer during the next five years and up to age 90. This online tool is meant to be used by a health care provider. For more information on breast cancer risk, see Estimating Breast Cancer Risk: Questions and Answers 3 or call 1-800-4-CANCER.
Breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene mutations
(changes).
The genes in cells carry
the hereditary information that is
received from a person’s parents. Hereditary breast cancer makes up
approximately 5% to 10% of all breast cancer. Some altered genes related to
breast cancer are more common in certain ethnic groups.
Women who have an altered gene related to breast cancer and who
have had breast cancer in one breast have an increased risk of developing
breast cancer in the other breast. These women also have an increased risk of
developing ovarian cancer, and may
have an increased risk of developing other cancers. Men who have an altered
gene related to breast cancer also have an increased risk of developing this
disease. For more information, see the PDQ summary on Male Breast Cancer Treatment 4.
Tests have been developed that can detect altered genes. These genetic tests are sometimes done for
members of families with a high risk of cancer. See the following PDQ summaries for
more information:
Tests that examine the breasts are used to detect (find) and
diagnose breast cancer.
A doctor should be seen if changes in the breast are noticed. The
following tests and procedures may be used:
- Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast.
Enlarge | | ![](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090509134051im_/http://www.cancer.gov/images/spacer.gif) | Mammography of the right breast. |
- Biopsy: The removal
of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. If a lump in the breast is
found, the doctor may need to remove a small piece of the lump. Four types of
biopsies are as follows:
- Estrogen and progesterone receptor test: A test to measure the amount of estrogen and progesterone (hormones) receptors in cancer tissue. If cancer is found in the breast, tissue from the tumor is checked in the laboratory to find out whether estrogen and progesterone could affect the way cancer grows. The test results show whether hormone therapy may stop the cancer from growing.
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
- The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether it is in the breast only or has spread to lymph nodes or other places
in the body).
- The type of breast cancer.
- Estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor levels in the tumor tissue.
- Whether the cells have high levels of human epidermal growth factor type 2 receptors (HER2/neu).
- How fast the tumor is growing.
- A woman’s age,
general health, and menopausal status (whether a woman
is still having menstrual periods).
- Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
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Glossary Terms
axilla (ak-SIL-a)
The underarm or armpit.
benign (beh-NINE)
Not cancer. Benign tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body.
biopsy (BY-op-see)
The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. There are many different types of biopsy procedures. The most common types include: (1) incisional biopsy, in which only a sample of tissue is removed; (2) excisional biopsy, in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed; and (3) needle biopsy, in which a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
blood vessel
A tube through which the blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
breast (brest)
Glandular organ located on the chest. The breast is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called mammary gland.
breast cancer (brest KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
cell (sel)
The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
core biopsy (... BY-op-see)
The removal of a tissue sample with a wide needle for examination under a microscope. Also called core needle biopsy.
diagnosis (DY-ug-NOH-sis)
The process of identifying a disease, such as cancer, from its signs and symptoms.
duct (dukt)
In medicine, a tube or vessel of the body through which fluids pass.
ductal carcinoma
The most common type of breast cancer. It begins in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast.
estrogen (ES-truh-jin)
A type of hormone made by the body that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones. Estrogens can also be made in the laboratory. They may be used as a type of birth control and to treat symptoms of menopause, menstrual disorders, osteoporosis, and other conditions.
estrogen receptor (ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter)
A protein found inside the cells of the female reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue, and some cancer cells. The hormone estrogen will bind to the receptors inside the cells and may cause the cells to grow. Also called ER.
estrogen receptor test (ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter test)
A lab test to find out if cancer cells have estrogen receptors (proteins to which estrogen will bind). If the cells have estrogen receptors, they may need estrogen to grow, and this may affect how the cancer is treated.
excisional biopsy (ek-SIH-zhun-al BY-op-see)
A surgical procedure in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed for diagnosis. The tissue is then examined under a microscope.
fine-needle aspiration biopsy (... NEE-dul as-per-AY-shun BY-op-see)
The removal of tissue or fluid with a thin needle for examination under a microscope. Also called FNA biopsy.
fluid (FLOO-id)
A substance that flows smoothly and takes the shape of its container. Liquids and gases are fluids.
gene
The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
genetic testing (jeh-NEH-tik TES-ting)
Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder.
hereditary (huh-REH-dih-tayr-ee)
Transmitted from parent to child by information contained in the genes.
hormone (HOR-mone)
One of many chemicals made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs. Some hormones can also be made in the laboratory.
hormone therapy (HOR-mone THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. For certain conditions (such as diabetes or menopause), hormones are given to adjust low hormone levels. To slow or stop the growth of certain cancers (such as prostate and breast cancer), synthetic hormones or other drugs may be given to block the body’s natural hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the gland that makes a certain hormone. Also called endocrine therapy, hormonal therapy, and hormone treatment.
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HYOO-mun eh-pih-DER-mul grohth FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter ...)
A protein involved in normal cell growth. It is found on some types of cancer cells, including breast and ovarian. Cancer cells removed from the body may be tested for the presence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 to help decide the best type of treatment. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase. Also called c-erbB-2, HER2/neu, and human EGF receptor 2.
incisional biopsy (in-SIH-zhun-al BY-op-see)
A surgical procedure in which a portion of a lump or suspicious area is removed for diagnosis. The tissue is then examined under a microscope to check for signs of disease.
infection
Invasion and multiplication of germs in the body. Infections can occur in any part of the body and can spread throughout the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi. They can cause a fever and other problems, depending on where the infection occurs. When the body’s natural defense system is strong, it can often fight the germs and prevent infection. Some cancer treatments can weaken the natural defense system.
inflammatory breast cancer
A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The skin of the breast may also show the pitted appearance called peau d'orange (like the skin of an orange). The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin.
lobe
A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, thyroid, or brain.
lobular carcinoma (LAH-byuh-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh)
Cancer that begins in the lobules (the glands that make milk) of the breast. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a condition in which abnormal cells are found only in the lobules. When cancer has spread from the lobules to surrounding tissues, it is invasive lobular carcinoma. LCIS does not become invasive lobular carcinoma very often, but having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of developing invasive cancer in either breast.
lobule (LOB-yule)
A small lobe or a subdivision of a lobe.
lymph (limf)
The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymphatic fluid.
lymph node (limf node)
A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph nodes filter lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called lymph gland.
lymph vessel (limf ...)
A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel.
mammogram (MAM-o-gram)
An x-ray of the breast.
menopause (MEH-nuh-PAWZ)
The time of life when a woman’s ovaries stop working and menstrual periods stop. Natural menopause usually occurs around age 50. A woman is said to be in menopause when she hasn’t had a period for 12 months in a row. Symptoms of menopause include hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats, vaginal dryness, trouble concentrating, and infertility.
menstrual cycle (MEN-stroo-al)
The monthly cycle of hormonal changes from the beginning of one menstrual period to the beginning of the next.
menstruation (MEN-stroo-AY-shun)
Periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. From puberty until menopause, menstruation occurs about every 28 days when a woman is not pregnant.
MRI
A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. MRI makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or x-ray. MRI is especially useful for imaging the brain, the spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones. Also called magnetic resonance imaging, NMRI, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
NCI
NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research. It conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://www.cancer.gov. Also called National Cancer Institute.
organ
A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.
ovarian (oh-VAYR-ee-un)
Having to do with the ovaries, the female reproductive glands in which the ova (eggs) are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
pathologist (puh-THAH-loh-jist)
A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
PDQ
PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, complementary and alternative medicine, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information, and more specific information about PDQ, can be found on the NCI's Web site at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq. Also called Physician Data Query.
progesterone (proh-JES-tuh-RONE)
A type of hormone made by the body that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Progesterone can also be made in the laboratory. It may be used as a type of birth control and to treat menstrual disorders, infertility, symptoms of menopause, and other conditions.
progesterone receptor (proh-JES-teh-rone reh-SEP-ter)
A protein found inside the cells of the female reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue, and some cancer cells. The hormone progesterone will bind to the receptors inside the cells and may cause the cells to grow. Also called PR.
progesterone receptor test (proh-JES-teh-rone reh-SEP-ter test)
A lab test to find out if cancer cells have progesterone receptors (proteins to which the hormone progesterone will bind). If the cells have progesterone receptors, they may need progesterone to grow, and this can affect how the cancer is treated.
prognosis (prog-NO-sis)
The likely outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence.
radiation therapy (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiotherapy.
recurrent cancer (ree-KER-ent KAN-ser)
Cancer that has recurred (come back), usually after a period of time during which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer may come back to the same place as the original (primary) tumor or to another place in the body. Also called recurrence.
risk factor
Something that may increase the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer include age, a family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, certain eating habits, obesity, lack of exercise, exposure to radiation or other cancer-causing agents, and certain genetic changes.
stage
The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
tissue (TISH-oo)
A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
tumor (TOO-mer)
An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm.
x-ray
A type of high-energy radiation. In low doses, x-rays are used to diagnose diseases by making pictures of the inside of the body. In high doses, x-rays are used to treat cancer.
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Table of Links
1 | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/unusual-cancers-childhood/Pati ent/23.cdr#Section_23 |
2 | http://www.cancer.gov/bcrisktool |
3 | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/estimating-breast-cancer-risk |
4 | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/Patient |
5 | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/breast/Patient |
6 | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/breast/Patient |
7 | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/breast-and-ovarian/HealthProfes sional |
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