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Cancer
Publications and Materials
Below are
selected publications and materials related to cancer. Please note the year
of publication may be later than the year(s) the data represent.
LINKS ON THIS PAGE
2008 Publications and Materials
2007 Publications and Materials
2006 Publications and Materials
2005 Publications and Materials
2004 Publications and Materials
2003 Publications and Materials
2002 Publications and Materials
2001 Publications and Materials
Related
Links
2008 Publications and Materials
Women- Be
Aware: Podcast (11/20/08)
This podcast discusses the five main types of gynecologic cancer:
cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar.
Good News about
Breast Cancer: Podcast (11/20/08)
Dr. Sherri Stewart talks about a study she and her CDC colleagues recently
completed. In this study, Dr. Stewart examines rates of breast cancer
diagnoses among women in the United States from 1999 to 2003. Both in situ
and invasive female breast cancer rates have been decreasing in recent
years, with a sharper decline occurring from 2002 to 2003.
What Works to Promote Cancer Screening (11/20/08)
The Community Guide conducted systematic reviews of interventions designed
to improve early detection and control of cancer by increasing screenings
for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer.
African-American Women and Mass Media Campaign (11/20/08)
The African-American Women and Mass Media pilot campaign uses radio and
print media to make more women aware of the importance of getting mammograms
to find breast cancer early. The campaign is being piloted in Savannah and
Macon, Georgia.
Ovarian Cancer
(6/23/08)
Ovarian cancer often causes signs and symptoms. Learn more about these
signs and symptoms. See your doctor, nurse, or
other health care professional if you have any of them every day for two weeks
or longer.
Statistics: Cancer among Women (6/23/08)
This web page summarizes the latest statistics on cancer diagnosis and
mortality among women of various racial and ethnic backgrounds.
Breast Cancer (6/23/08)
Except for skin cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer
among American women. Learn about breast cancer and find out if you qualify
for a low-cost mammogram.
Breast
Cancer Screening (Mammogram) (6/23/08)
A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast. Mammograms are the best method to
detect breast cancer early when it is easier to treat and before it is big
enough to feel or cause symptoms.
Cervical Cancer and
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (6/23/08)
Almost all cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a
common virus that can be passed from one person to another during sex. Learn
more about HPV and the vaccine against it.
Cervical
Cancer Screening (Pap Test) (6/23/08)
Cervical cancer is the easiest female cancer to prevent, with regular
screening tests and follow-up. Learn about the two tests that can help
prevent cervical cancer or find it early: the Pap test and the HPV test.
Colorectal (Colon) Cancer
(6/23/08)
Colorectal cancer affects both men and women of all racial and ethnic
groups, and is most often found in people aged 50 years or older. When
colorectal cancer is found early and treated, the 5-year relative survival
rate is 90%.
Gynecologic Cancer
(6/23/08)
CDC provides information and educational materials to raise awareness about
the five major gynecologic (women's) cancers: cervical, ovarian, uterine,
vaginal, and vulvar.
Economics of Breast
and Cervical Cancer Screening (5/11/08)
CDC is coordinating a cost effectiveness analysis of 68 programs that offer
breast and cervical cancer screenings for uninsured and underinsured women.
Results of this study will help identify which approaches to delivery of
screening services can yield the most efficient use of resources.
Don't Pass on this
Test Podcast
(4/30/08)
In the United States, adults over age 50 years are at greatest risk for
colorectal cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Dr.
Djenaba Joseph discusses the importance of regular screening tests, early
detection, and knowing warning signs, including a change in bowel habits,
blood in the stool, and abdominal pain.
Gynecologic Cancer
Awareness: Inside Knowledge Campaign (3/26/08)
This campaign will raise awareness of the five main types of
gynecologic cancer: cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar.
When gynecologic cancers are found early, treatment is most
effective. It is important for women to pay attention to their
bodies and know what is normal for them so that they can recognize
the warning signs of gynecologic cancers.
Cervical Cancer Awareness
(2/14/08)
Six out of ten cervical cancers occur in women who have never had a
Pap test or have not been screened in the past five years. Regular
Pap tests lower a woman's risk of cervical cancer because they can
find problems early, before cancer ever develops.
2007 Publications and Materials
Good News about Breast Cancer
Podcast (12/20/07)
Both in situ and invasive female breast cancer rates have been
decreasing in recent years, with a sharper decline occurring from
2002 to 2003. Decreases in 2003 occurred primarily among women aged
greater than or equal to 50 years. Future studies should focus on
determining potential causes for these decreases.
Regular Screening
Prevents Colorectal Cancer Podcast (10/9/07)
This four-minute podcast focuses on the prevention of colorectal cancer and
screening. Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in
the United States. It affects men and women from all racial and ethnic
groups but is most common in people 50 and older. Colorectal cancer is
preventable.
Common Questions
about HPV and Cervical Cancer: For Women Who Have HPV (8/31/07)
This sheet answers 15 questions about HPV and cervical cancer, including how
to prevent infection, testing, talking to a partner about HPV, and the HPV
vaccine.
Decline in
Breast Cancer Incidence- United States, 1999-2003 (7/27/07)
Incidence rates for invasive breast cancer decreased each year during
1999-2003, with the greatest decrease (6.1%) occurring from 2002 to 2003;
women older than 50 years experienced a significant decrease during this
period. Future studies should focus on determining potential causes for
these decreases.
Breast Cancer Continuing
Medical Education Program (7/27/07)
CDC has teamed with Medscape™ from WebMD™ to develop an online continuing
medical education (CME) program called Follow Up of Abnormal Clinical and
Imaging Findings of the Breast: Five Self-Study Modules for Primary Care
Clinicians. The five self-directed, interactive training modules are
designed to educate clinicians on providing appropriate and timely care to
women with early signs of breast cancer, and to train physicians on the
latest evidence, protocols, and guidelines around detecting breast cancer.
Understanding Breast Health
(2/1/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/fact_breast_health.htm
This basic two-page fact sheet describes the parts of the breast and
answers common questions about breast cancer, including:
what causes
breast lumps, how can I tell if I have breast cancer, is breast
cancer the most common cause of death for women, what increases my
chance of getting breast cancer, is there a test to look for breast
cancer, why should I have a mammogram, when should I get a
mammogram, where can I get a mammogram, and who can I talk to if
I have questions.
Understanding Mammograms
(2/1/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/fact_mammograms.htm
This basic two-page fact sheet shows what a mammogram looks like and
explains when you should get one. It also answers
the following questions: what is a mammogram, why should I get a
mammogram, when should I get a mammogram, how is a mammogram done,
what does having a mammogram feel like, what does a mammogram look
like, when will I get results, what happens if my mammogram is
normal, what happens if my mammogram is abnormal, where can I
get a mammogram, and who can I talk to if I have questions.
Mammograms and Breast Health
(2/1/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/pdf/cdc_mammogram_brochure.pdf
This 20-page brochure provides detailed information about breast
health, breast cancer, and mammograms, and includes a list of
resources for further information.
Use of
Mammograms among Women Aged 40 Years and Older- United States,
2000-2005 (2/1/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5603a1.htm
Although mammogram use increased substantially during the 1990s,
results from a recent cohort study of health maintenance
organization members revealed declining screening rates during
1999-2002. This report describes Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System findings that indicate a similar decreasing trend in
self-reported use of mammograms among women aged 40 years
and older during 2000-2005. Continued declines in mammography use might result
in increased breast cancer mortality.
2006 Publications and Materials
Assessing Awareness and
Knowledge of Breast and Cervical Cancer among Appalachian Women
(12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2006/oct/06_0031.htm
Understanding why low-income Appalachian women do not get screened for
breast and cervical cancer and determining motivational factors that
encourage screening are important to increase screening rates among this
population. Results from this study indicated that women were concerned
about health care costs and lack of health insurance. Cost, fear, and
embarrassment were identified as the top barriers to breast and cervical
cancer screening. Participants believed that community-based educational
campaigns would increase screening and promote use of the West Virginia
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program.
Breast Cancer (11/29/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast
Find out where you can get a free or low-cost mammogram, facts about breast
cancer, risk factors, symptoms, how to reduce risk, and more.
Genomic Tests for Ovarian Cancer Detection and Management
(11/29/06)http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/gtesting/EGAPP/docs/announcement2006-10-26.htm
A CDC-sponsored evidence report on
Genomic Tests for Ovarian Cancer Detection
and Management has been released by the Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality. Current strategies for the detection of ovarian cancer
have not proven to be effective; consequently there is tremendous interest
in investigating genomic, proteomic, and other tests to aid in early
detection and management.
QuickStats:
Percentage of Teens Aged 14-17 Years Who Used Indoor Tanning Devices during
the Preceding 12 Months, by Sex and Age- United States, 2005 (11/29/06)http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5540a9.htm
In 2005, 8.7 percent of teens aged 14-17 years used indoor tanning devices.
Girls aged 14-17 years were seven times more likely to use these devices
than boys in the same age group. The use of indoor tanning devices increased
with age from 14 to 17 years.
Screen for Life Campaign: New TV PSAs Feature Diane Keaton
(10/31/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/what_cdc_is_doing/sfl/
In new Screen for Life: National
Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign television public service
announcements, Academy Award-winning actress Diane Keaton urges viewers to
get screened for colorectal cancer, the nation's second leading cancer
killer. Ms. Keaton talks about her "Grammy Keaton," who died of colon
cancer. She speaks poignantly about her grandmother, as well as her own
commitment to do everything in her power to remain healthy. Flashing her
trademark smile, she says, "Just get screened... If I can do it, you can do
it. How's that for a deal?"
Annual Report to the
Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2003
(10/31/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r060906.htm
A new report from the nation’s leading cancer organizations finds that
Americans’ risk of dying from cancer continues to drop. However, the rate of
new cancers remains stable. Among women, incidence rates decreased for colon
and rectum cancers and cancers of the uterus, ovarian cancer, oral cancers,
and stomach and cervical cancers.
Program Contacts for Free or Low-Cost Mammograms
(9/19/06)
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/cancercontacts/nbccedp/contacts.asp
Mammography is the best way to detect breast cancer in its earliest, most
treatable stage- an average of 1–3 years before a woman can feel the lump.
Mammography also locates cancers too small to be felt during a clinical
breast examination. Find out where you can get a free or low-cost mammogram
and Pap test. Age and income requirements vary.
Sun Safety at Schools: What You Can Do
(9/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nscpep/skinpdfs/sunsafety_v0908.pdf
School is a place where young people can learn important sun safety lessons
that can make a lifelong difference. This brochure explains how school
administrators and staff, parents, and community healthcare service
providers can promote sun safety.
Skin
Cancer Prevention (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/chooseyourcover/qanda.htm
Protection from sun exposure is important all year round, not just during
the summer or at the beach. Any time the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays are
able to reach the earth, you need to protect yourself from excessive sun
exposure. Find out how the suns rays affect your health and how to protect
your self.
2005 Publications and Materials
U.S. Cancer Statistics: 2002 Incidence and Mortality Report
(11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/uscs/
This report provides state–specific and regional data for cancer cases
diagnosed and cancer deaths that occurred in 2002. This report is jointly
produced annually by the CDC and the National Cancer Institute, in
collaboration with the North American Association of Central Cancer
Registries.
Investing Wisely in Health: Screening to Prevent Cancer Deaths
(11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/publications/factsheets/prevention/cancer.htm
This fact sheet presents the economic cost of cancer including colorectal,
breast, and cervical cancers. The fact sheet discusses the cost
effectiveness of cancer screening and what CDC's National Breast and
Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program and Screen for Life: National
Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign are doing to help increase cancer
screening.
Breast Cancer Screening and Socioeconomic Status- 35 Metropolitan Areas,
2000 and 2002 (10/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5439a2.htm
To examine associations between breast cancer screening and both
individual and area-based measures of socioeconomic status among women in
metropolitan areas, CDC analyzed the percentage of women who had a mammogram
by using individual data (i.e., household income and education level) from
the 2000 and 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys and
area-based data (i.e., percentages classified as living in poverty* or at a
low education level†) from the 2000 U.S. Census. This report summarizes the
results of those analyses, which suggested that, among women in 35
metropolitan statistical areas, those with annual household incomes of
<$15,000 were less likely to have had a mammogram than more affluent women
(especially in areas where a greater proportion of women were affluent) and
those without a high school education were less likely to have had a
mammogram than women with more education.
The Effect of Two Church-Based Interventions on Breast Cancer Screening
Rates among Medicaid-Insured Latinas (9/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/oct/04_0140.htm
The Tepeyac Project aims to reduce these disparities by using a
church-based approach to increase breast cancer screening among Latinas in
Colorado. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two
Tepeyac Project interventions on the mammogram rates of Latinas and
non-Latina whites enrolled in the Medicaid fee-for-service program. The
promotora intervention had a marginally greater impact than the printed
statewide intervention in increasing mammogram use among Latinas.
Cancer Health
Disparities (9/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/healthdisparities/
This page
provides information on the reality and costs of cancer as well as effective
strategies and promising approaches for eliminating health disparities.
Breast and
Cervical Cancer Program Highlights (8/30/05)
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/cancercontacts/nbccedp/pia/
Learn how 12 CDC programs in nine states (Alabama, California, Kansas,
Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico and Virginia) are taking
action against cancer.
Comprehensive Cancer Control
(7/30/05)
http://www.cancerplan.org/ (Non-CDC site)
CancerPlan.org is an interactive web site that provides comprehensive
cancer control resources, tools, state practices, and links to assist state,
tribes, territories and community cancer planners to develop, implement, and
evaluate comprehensive cancer plans. CancerPlan.org is the product of a
collaboration among the American Cancer Society, CDC, and the National
Cancer Institute.
A
Multigene Assay to Predict Recurrence of Tamoxifen-Treated, Node-Negative
Breast Cancer (6/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/ejournal/tamoxBRC_2.htm
Using gene expression analysis of breast tumors from women who were treated
with chemotherapy and tamoxifen and who had no lymph node involvement, this
study set out to design a valid and reliable tool for predicting high,
medium, and low likelihood of recurrence. The authors of this study showed
that a recurrence score based on expression of 16 genes in tumor tissue can
be an accurate tool to quantify the likelihood of distant site recurrence in
tamoxifen-treated female patients whose breast cancer was estrogen-receptor
positive and had not spread to the lymph nodes.
Are Older
Adults Up-to-Date With Cancer Screening and Vaccinations? (6/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/jul/05_0021.htm
Investigators analyzed state data from the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System, which included 105,860 respondents aged 50 and older. A
composite measure was created that included colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy
within 10 years or a fecal occult blood test in the past year, an influenza
vaccination in the past year, a Papanicolaou test within 3 years for women
with an intact cervix, a mammogram, and for adults aged 65 and older, a
pneumonia vaccination during their lifetime. The percentage of each age and
sex group that was up-to-date according to the composite measure ranged from
21.1% of women aged 50 to 64 (four tests) to 39.6% of men aged 65 and older
(three tests). For each group, results varied by income, education,
race/ethnicity, insurance status, and whether the respondent had a personal
physician.
Increased
Physician Recommendations Could Help to Significantly Increase Pap
Screenings in the United States (Press Release) (5/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r050510.htm
The CDC analyzed data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey to
determine if women in the United States had received a physician
recommendation to get a Pap test. Study findings show that among women who
had visited a doctor in the last year, but who had not had a recent Pap
test, about 87 percent reported that their doctor had not recommended a Pap
test in the last year. They cited this lack of a physician recommendation as
a leading reason for not having the test in the last year. Other reported
reasons for not receiving a Pap test included "no reason/never thought about
it," "didn't know I needed this type of test," "put it off," "too
expensive/no insurance," and "don't have doctor."
Services and Resources for Cancer Survivors (5/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/survivorship/what_cdc_is_doing/resources.htm
CDC has prepared a selected list of national organizations that provide
services and resources to cancer survivors.
Minority Cancer Research Activities (4/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/healthdisparities/what_cdc_is_doing/science.htm
CDC works to eliminate disparities in cancer through surveillance and
monitoring of disease and health behaviors, building new partnerships,
determining the best strategies to address the cancer burden in populations,
working with communities, and evaluating and improving programs. Find out
more about the research that supports the elimination of disparities in
health.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Gene Polymorphism and Breast Cancer Risk in
Chinese Women (4/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/ejournal/factorI.htm
Wen et al reported an association of IGFI gene polymorphisms with breast
cancer risk and plasma IGF-I level in Chinese women based on a
population-based case-control study. The study included 1,041 incident
breast cancer cases diagnosed from August 1996 through March 1998 in
Shanghai and 1,086 randomly selected age-matched controls from the general
population. Although no relation between plasma IGF-I levels and IGFI
genotypes was found, the genotypes containing the (CA)17 or (CA)19 allele
were associated with a significantly decreased or increased risk of breast
cancer, respectively, and the genotypes containing any of the 4 rare
alleles, (CA)11, (CA)13, (CA)16 and (CA)23, were associated with a
nonsignificantly increased risk of breast cancer compared with those that
did not carry the specific alleles. These findings could help us to further
understand the relationship between breast cancer and IGF polymorphism in
the biology of breast cancer.
HPV
Testing and Cervical Cancer Screening: Dear Colleague Letter
(3/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/DearColleagueMarch-21-2005.pdf
In light of the recent launch of a national consumer marketing campaign for
an HPV DNA test, questions may be directed to STD and family planning
clinics, as well as cervical cancer prevention programs. It is important to
reassure patients and providers that there have been no changes from any
professional organization in the recommendations regarding the importance,
timing or use of Pap tests. Additionally, this may be an opportune time to
answer questions from patients about HPV transmission and prevention.
Using
Evidence-Based Community and Behavioral Interventions to Prevent Skin
Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges for Public Health Practice
(3/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/apr/04_0143.htm
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States and is
increasing in incidence. Fortunately, skin cancer is one of the most
preventable cancers. This paper summarizes the state of knowledge about the
effectiveness of interventions to reduce UVR exposure among various groups
to prevent skin cancer and suggests strategies and resources for translating
the evidence into action to improve population health.
1991–2002 National Report: Summarizing the First 12 Years of Partnerships
and Progress against Breast and Cervical Cancer
(2/28/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/bccpdfs/national_report.pdf
This report summarizes the first 12 years of the program, from 1991 through
2002. Information on the program’s framework and history are given in
addition to data on breast and cervical cancer screening results and
outcomes for women served through the program.
QuickStats:
Percentage of Women Who Reported Ever Having a Mammogram (1/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5401a9.htm
Approximately 70% of U. S. women have ever had a mammogram. The likelihood
that a woman has had a mammogram at some time in her life varies by
race/ethnicity. Hispanic women were the least likely to have ever had a
mammogram, whereas non-Hispanic white women were the most likely.
Cervical Cancer Screening
(1/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening/
On this page, the following topics are discussed: why get a pap test, basic
facts and risk factors, screening interval recommendations, strategies for
reaching underserved populations, and additional resources.
2004 Publications and Materials
New Mexico’s
Capacity for Increasing the Prevalence of Colorectal Cancer Screening with
Screening Colonoscopies (12/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/jan/04_0073.htm
Colorectal cancer screening rates are low throughout the United States.
Colonoscopy has been recommended as a cost-effective strategy for colorectal
cancer screening and prevention. New Mexico’s capacity to increase the
prevalence of colorectal cancer screening using colonoscopy is evaluated.
2004-2005
National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program: Saving Lives
through Screening Fact Sheet
(11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/bccpdfs/about2004.pdf
This new 2004-2005 fact sheet provides information on the national breast
and cervical cancer program, CDC research and programs, and future
directions.
Spotlight on Ovarian
Cancer Awareness (9/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ovarian/spot.htm
This page includes information on ovarian cancer facts, resources, and CDC
funded projects.
Inadequate Functional Health Literacy in Spanish as a Barrier to
Cervical Cancer Screening Among Immigrant Latinas in New York City
(9/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2004/oct/03_0038.htm
The objective of this study was to examine the association between
inadequate functional health literacy in Spanish among low-income
Latinas aged 40 and older and cervical cancer screening knowledge and
behavior. Compared to those with adequate and marginal health literacy,
women with inadequate functional health literacy in Spanish were
significantly less likely to have ever had a Papanicolaou (Pap) test or
in the last three years and were significantly more likely to have had
their last Pap test at a local public hospital.
Breast and
Cervical Cancer Screening Among Korean Women- Santa Clara County,
California, 1994 and 2002 (8/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5333a4.htm
This report summarizes the findings of several surveys, which indicated
that Korean women received less frequent breast- and cervical-cancer
screening compared with all California women. However, from 1994 to 2002,
mammography screening for women aged >50 years increased among Korean
women. In addition, during this period, routine checkups increased for
Korean women, and those aged >50 years were more likely to have
received clinical breast examinations.
"Best of the
Best" Choose Your Cover CD-ROM (8/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/chooseyourcover/preview.htm#cd
The Choose Your Cover Campaign (CYC) was a 5-year skin cancer prevention
and education campaign sponsored by CDC. Although CYC concluded in 2003, all
of the materials—skin cancer facts, information for parents, campaign
materials, and ready to use graphics—are still available. The CD-ROM
contains campaign brochures, posters, print public service announcements and
icons.
Genetic
Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility: Evaluating
Direct-to-Consumer Marketing- Atlanta, Denver, Raleigh-Durham, and Seattle,
2003 (7/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5327a1.htm
This report summarizes results of consumer and provider surveys, which
indicated that consumer and provider awareness of BRCA1/2 testing increased
in the pilot cities and that providers in these cities perceived an impact
on their practice (e.g., more questions asked about testing, more BRCA1/2
tests requested, and more tests ordered). However, in all four cities,
providers often lacked knowledge to advise patients about inherited breast
or ovarian cancer and testing.
Cancer
Survivorship- United States, 1971-2001 (6/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5324a3.htm
This report summarizes the results of a study of cancer data collected
during 1971-2001, which determined that the number of persons living with
cancer increased from 3.0 million (1.5% of the U.S. population) in 1971 to
9.8 million (3.5%) in 2001. Among all cancer survivors in 2001, an estimated
14% had received a cancer diagnosis >20 years ago. More females than
males were survivors, although more males than females received cancer
diagnoses. Among cancer survivors in 2001, the most common primary cancer
type was female breast cancer (22%), followed by prostate cancer (17%),
colorectal cancer (11%), and gynecologic cancer (10%).
Georgia’s
Cancer Awareness and Education Campaign: Combining Public Health Models and
Private Sector Communications Strategies (6/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2004/jul/04_0030.htm
A strategic and integrated communications campaign, using tactics such as
paid advertising, public service announcements, local community relations,
media releases, a documentary film, special events, and other components, is
described in detail with links to multimedia samples. With an estimated
budget of $3.1 million, the first year of the campaign focused on breast and
cervical cancer screening and early detection.
Breast
Cancer-Screening Data for Assessing Quality of Services-New York, 2000-2003
(6/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5321a3.htm
In 1998, the New York State Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program (NYSBCCSP)
began reviewing the clinical outcomes of clients screened through the
program to identify facilities that might need more intensive assessment of
quality assurance and corrections of deficiencies. This report describes the
quality assurance process of NYSBCCSP, which provides methods for monitoring
and assessing the quality of clinical care by program providers. These
outcome-based methods can be useful to other programs and providers of
breast cancer screening.
Cancer
Mortality Surveillance, United States, 1990-2000 (6/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5303a1.htm
Mortality data from CDC were used to calculate death rates and trends,
categorized by state, sex, and race/ethnicity. Trend analyses for 1990-2000
are presented for all cancer sites combined and for the four leading cancers
causing death (lung/bronchus, colorectal, prostate, and breast) categorized
by state, sex, and race/ethnicity. Death rates per 100,000 population for
the 10 primary cancer sites with the highest age-adjusted rates are also
presented for each state and the District of Columbia by sex. For females,
the 10 primary sites include lung/bronchus, breast, colon/rectum, pancreas,
ovary, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, brain/other nervous system, uterine
corpus, and myeloma. For 1990-2000, cancer mortality decreased among the
majority of racial/ethnic populations and geographic locations in the United
States.
Annual
Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975-2001 (Press Release)
(6/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r040603b.htm
Americans' risks of getting cancer and dying from this disease continue to
decline, and survival rates from many cancers continue to improve. Overall,
observed cancer incidence rates dropped 0.5 percent per year from 1991 to
2001, while death rates from all cancers combined dropped 1.1 percent per
year from 1993–2001. The report also highlights improvements in survival
from cancer. The report is a collaboration of the CDC, the National Cancer
Institute, the American Cancer Society, and the North American Association
of Central Cancer Registries.
CYP19,
CYP1A1 Polymorphisms and ER-Positive Breast Cancer (4/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/ejournal/CYP19.htm
In an effort to accurately identify candidates for whom tamoxifen would be
beneficial, the authors attempt to identify genetic risk factors for the
estrogen receptor-positive form of breast cancer. Though this information
may not be relevant to the general population, it does appear that these
findings may be a significant source of information for women debating the
use of tamoxifen.
A National Action Plan for Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health
Strategies (4/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/survivorship/what_cdc_is_doing/action_plan.htm
CDC and the Lance Armstrong Foundation are leading a public health effort
to address the issues faced by the growing number of cancer survivors living
with, through, and beyond cancer. Through their collaboration A National
Action Plan for Cancer Survivorship: Advancing Public Health Strategies was
developed. The National Action Plan represents the combined effort of almost
100 experts in cancer survivorship and public health. The National Action
Plan identifies and prioritizes cancer survivorship needs and proposes
strategies for addressing those needs within four core public health
components: surveillance and applied research, communication, education, and
training; programs, policies, and infrastructure; access to quality care and
services.
Tea
Intake, COMT Genotype, and Breast Cancer in Asian-American Women
(4/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/ejournal/asianBC.htm
While there is much biological evidence to support the plausibility of
interactions between COMT genotype and environmental exposures, there have
been few studies to evaluate these associations. This study provides
evidence of positive interaction between COMT genotype and tea drinking
among Asian-American women. The authors offer their finding as a possible
reason for conflicting results in the risks associated to COMT genotype in
previous studies.
CDC's
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer Prevention Activities
(3/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/washington/testimony/Ca3112004187.htm
This page provides the March 11 testimony of Ed Thompson, M.D., Deputy
Director, CDC, before the Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on
Criminal Justice, U.S. House of Representatives. Dr. Thompson discusses what
we know about HPV, CDC activities, and individual and public health
strategies.
A Model
Community Skin Cancer Prevention Project in Maine (3/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2004/apr/03_0032.htm
This article describes the creation and testing of a community skin cancer
prevention project in the state of Maine. Target audiences for the program
were newborns and their parents, children between 5 and 14 years old and
their caregivers, and all people living in the Portland area. Their specific
objectives were to: increase the proportion of new parents who are aware of
the dangers of sun exposure to newborns and the proper ways to protect their
babies from sun exposure; improve sun protection policies for the 700 youths
participating in Portland's Parks and Recreation summer camp program; and
increase community awareness of the dangers of unprotected sun exposure.
Ovarian
Cancer and Polymorphisms in the Androgen and Progesterone Receptor Genes: A
HuGE Review (2/27/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/reviews/ov_cancer.htm
The mounting evidence for a role of both progestins and androgens in
ovarian cancer supports the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the PGR and AR
genes may act as risk factors for ovarian cancer and/or as modifiers of risk
associated with exposure to hormonal factors. However, the data thus far
have been inconclusive. Only two studies have examined the association of
the AR CAG repeat with ovarian cancer, with contradictory findings.
Differences in the study designs may explain these disparate findings. This
suggests a need for large, well-designed studies specifically aimed at
addressing the association of the polymorphism with ovarian cancer.
Genetic Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility: A Public
Health Perspective (2/27/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/info/perspectives/breastcancer.htm
This page provides facts and resources to public health professionals to
help women and their families understand hereditary breast/ovarian cancer
and the implications of genetic testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Cervical Cancer
Fact Sheet: Basic Facts on Screening and the Pap Test (1/20/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening/
This two page fact sheet answers the questions what is cervical cancer,
what is the pap test, who should have a pap test, who does not need to be
tested, how to prepare for the pap test, when results will be obtained, and
how to get a free or low-cost pap test. It also contains important facts
about cervical cancer and the role of screening to prevent cervical cancer
and save lives.
2003 Publications and Materials
Nonadherence
to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening: What Are the Linkages to Chronic
Disease Risk? (12/18/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2004/jan/03_0015.htm
The results of this study suggest that underscreened women who are at risk
for breast and cervical cancer are likely to benefit from programs that
identify and address coexisting prevention needs. The identification of
coexisting prevention needs might assist in developing interventions that
address multiple risks for chronic disease among women and might
subsequently help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of prevention
programs.
Risk of Cervical
Cancer and Extending the Interval between Cervical-Cancer Screenings
(11/18/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening/interval.htm
The study, funded by the CDC, found that many women can safely extend their
cervical cancer screening interval from once a year to once every three
years. Using data on outcomes from a large, national, publicly funded
program of cervical-cancer screening, the authors conducted a study to
estimate the excess risk of cancer associated with extended intervals
between screenings among women with documentation of negative results on
consecutive conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) tests.
Comparison of
Screening Mammography in the United States and the United Kingdom
(11/18/03)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14570948?dopt=Abstract
This report compares screening mammography practices and performance in the
United States and in the United Kingdom, with a concentration on two areas:
recall rates and cancer detection rates. Recall rates refer to
recommendations for further evaluation, including diagnostic imaging,
ultrasound, clinical exam, or biopsy. Cancer detection rates were calculated
for the first and subsequent mammogram and within 5-year age groups. The
authors report that recall rates were about twice as high in the United
States as in the United Kingdom for all age groups; however cancer rates
were similar.
United States Cancer
Statistics, 2000 Incidence Report (11/18/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/uscs/2000/
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r031113.htm
Cancer incidence data are reported for 66 selected primary cancer sites and
subsites for males, 70 selected primary cancer sites and subsites for
females, and for all cancer sites combined. These data have been assembled
into tables and figures that provide specific information with regard to
geographic area, race, sex, and age.
Preventing
Skin Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5215a1.htm
The Task Force on Community Preventive Services conducted systematic
reviews of community interventions to reduce exposure to ultraviolet light
and increase protective behaviors. The Task Force found sufficient evidence
to recommend two interventions that are based on improvements in sun
protective or "covering-up" behavior (wearing protective clothing including
long-sleeved clothing or hats): educational and policy approaches in two
settings-primary schools and recreational or tourism sites. The Task Force
also conducted a systematic review of counseling by primary care clinicians
to prevent skin cancer. Rates of skin cancer, the most common cancer in the
United States, are increasing. The most preventable risk factor for skin
cancer is unprotected ultraviolet exposure. Only one third of adults
reported that they use sunscreen, seek shade, or wear protective clothing
when out in the sun.
Cancer
Mortality Among American Indians and Alaska Natives - United States,
1994-1998
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5230a4.htm
To understand cancer mortality among AI/ANs, the Indian Health Service (IHS)
and CDC analyzed death certificate data provided by CDC's National Center
for Health Statistics for deaths among AI/ANs in five U.S. geographic
regions during 1994-1998. This report summarizes the results of that
analysis, which indicate that cancer mortality rates among AI/ANs nationally
were lower than cancer mortality rates for all U.S. racial/ethnic
populations combined. The cancer mortality rate was 193.8 for males and
139.2 for females. Cervical cancer mortality rates were higher among AI/ANs
than among all racial/ethnic populations (3.7 and 2.6, respectively),
particularly in the East and Northern Plains regions, and breast cancer
mortality rates were lower among AI/ANs than among all racial/ethnic
populations (17.0 and 29.4, respectively), particularly in the East, Pacific
Coast, and Southwest regions.
DES & Breast Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/DES/consumers/download/desbreastcancertele.pdf
The first teleconference [held on January 29, 2003] transcript on
diethylstilbestrol highlights current breast cancer research information for
DES daughters and women prescribed DES while pregnant.
2003 Science in Brief Cancer Fact Sheets
Breast Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/bccpdfs/breast-SB2003.pdf
Cervical Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/pdf/cervical-SB2003.pdf
Ovarian Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ovarian/pdf/Ovarian-FS2003.pdf
The fact sheets provide an overview of selected research projects for CDC's
cancer activities. They give background on the projects and highlight the
scope, project objectives and estimated completion dates.
Colorectal
Cancer Test Use Among Persons Aged >50 Years - United States, 2001
(Press Release)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r030313.htm
Fact Sheet
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/fs030314.htm
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t030313.htm
Screen for Life: National Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/what_cdc_is_doing/sfl/
This report summarizes the results of an analysis, which indicate that
despite small increases in the self-reported use of colorectal cancer tests,
screening rates remain low. Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of
cancer-related death in the United States. The lifetime risk for having
colorectal cancer diagnosed is 6 percent. Screening measures decrease the
incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer by detecting early disease and
removing precancerous lesions. Efforts to increase awareness and encourage
regular colorectal cancer screening should continue.
Hispanic
Women in Border States Less Likely to Receive Screening for Breast and
Cervical Cancers (Press Release)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r030319.htm
Hispanic women, particularly those who live in counties along the
U.S.-Mexico border, are less likely than non-Hispanic women to undergo
routine screenings for breast and cervical cancers. The women least likely
to be screened are Hispanic women aged 65 years or older, yet women in this
age group are at greater risk for both cancers compared to younger women.
The full report on cancer screening in the U.S.-Mexico border counties is
available in the April-June issue of the scientific journal, Family and
Community Health.
Invasive
Cervical Cancer Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Women - United States,
1992-1999
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5147a2.htm
This report summarizes incidence data for Hispanic and non-Hispanic women
during 1992-1999 in 11 geographic areas with population-based registries.
The data indicate that the incidence of invasive cervical cancer decreased
for Hispanic and non-Hispanic women. However, among women aged >30
years, cervical cancer incidence for Hispanic women was approximately twice
that for non-Hispanic women. The incidence for invasive cervical cancer was
16.9 per 100,000 women for Hispanic women and 8.9 for non-Hispanic women.
Regardless of the stage of disease at diagnosis, incidences for Hispanic
women were approximately twice those for non-Hispanic women in each year
during 1992-1999. For both Hispanic and non-Hispanic women, approximately
30% of all new invasive cervical cancers diagnosed among women aged <50
years were at an advanced stage; among women who were aged >50 years,
advanced-stage cervical cancer represented 52% of new diagnoses.
2002 Publications and Materials
Ovarian Cancer
Awareness
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ovarian/spot.htm
Get facts on ovarian cancer, information about CDC funded projects, and
legislation related to ovarian cancer prevention.
Oral
Contraceptives and the Risk of Breast Cancer (Press Release)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r020626.htm
Women who took oral contraceptives at some point in their lives are no more
likely to develop breast cancer between the ages of 35 and 64 than are other
women the same age, according to findings from the National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Women's Contraceptive and
Reproductive Experiences (Women's CARE) and the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention study. The study appears in the June 27, 2002 issue of the
New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). The analysis was conducted
by CDC, colleagues at NICHD, and other research institutions around the
country in order to determine whether current or former contraceptive use
during the reproductive years increases breast cancer risk. The women
studied are members of the first generation of American women to use oral
contraceptives.
Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1973-1999, Featuring
Implications of Age and Aging on the U.S. Cancer Burden (NCI Press
Release)
http://newscenter.cancer.gov/pressreleases/2002reportnation.html
(Non-CDC site)
NCI
Questions and Answers
http://newscenter.cancer.gov/pressreleases/2002reportq&a.html
(Non-CDC site)
New data for 1999 show that death rates for all cancers combined continued
to decline in the United States. However, the number of cancer cases can be
expected to increase because of the growth and aging of the population in
coming decades, according to a report released today. The "Annual Report to
the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1973-1999, Featuring Implications of Age
and Aging on the U.S. Cancer Burden" is published in the May 15, 2002 (Vol.
94, No. 10, pages 2766-2792), issue of Cancer. The report is by the National
Cancer Institute (NCI); the American Cancer Society; the North American
Association of Central Cancer Registries; the National Institute on Aging;
and CDC.
Glutathione S-Transferase Polymorphisms and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/reviews/GSTovarian.htm
An increasing number of epidemiologic studies have examined associations
between GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 and epithelial ovarian cancer. This Human
Genome Epidemiology Network (HUGE Net) review critically evaluates published
studies of these associations and offers suggestions for future research.
This paper will be published with modifications in Genetics in Medicine
July/August 2002.
Breast and
Cervical Cancer Information in Spanish
http://www.cdc.gov/spanish/cancer/fs/2004/nbccedp.htm
Information, in Spanish, is provided on breast cancer and mammography,
cervical cancer and pap test, and where to get a free or low-cost mammogram
and Pap test. See box on right side of page for links.
Combined COMT and GST Genotypes and Hormone Replacement Therapy Associated
Breast Cancer Risk
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/ejournal/comt_gst.htm
An E-Journal Club review from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENeT)
of the Mitrunen et al. article. Includes a detailed abstraction of the
article.
Skin Cancer Module:
Practice Exercises
http://www.cdc.gov/excite/skincancer/
This module was developed for students to learn more about skin cancer and
epidemiology for the 2002 National Science Olympiad, Disease Detective
Section. In addition to the Science Olympiad, these materials have multiple
potential applications for biology, other science, and health education
purposes in the classrooms of high schools and possibly some middle schools.
Mammography
Screening (Press Release)
http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2002pres/20020221.html
(Non-CDC site)
Spanish
Version
http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2002pres/20020221sp.html
(Non-CDC site)
USPSTF Web
Site
http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/breastcancer/
(Non-CDC site)
This Web site provides links to the statement from the Department of Health
and Human Services on screening, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
(USPSTF) recommendations on screening for breast cancer.
Association of the C677T Polymorphisms in the MTHFR Gene with Breast and/or
Ovarian Cancer Risk in Jewish Women
http://www.cdc.gov/genetics/hugenet/ejournal/C677TMTHFR.htm
An E-Journal Club review from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENeT)
of the Gershoni-Baruch R, et al article published in Eur J Cancer
2000;36:2313-2316. Includes a detailed abstraction of the article.
Recent
Trends in Mortality Rates for Four Major Cancers, by Sex and
Race/Ethnicity-United States, 1990-1998
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5103a1.htm
Except for lung cancer in women and lung, colorectal, and breast cancer in
American Indian/Alaska Natives, trends in death rates from these cancers
have generally declined. But the rates remained high for blacks, have not
decreased equally among all populations, and have increased in certain
instances. Continuing research and prevention efforts are needed to reach
high-risk and underserved populations and to understand the reasons for
differences in cancer mortality among racial/ethnic populations.
Tumor
Necrosis Factor A and MHC Class I Chain Related Gene A (MIC-A) Polymorphisms
in Swedish Patients with Cervical Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/genetics/hugenet/ejournal/TumorNec.htm
An E-Journal Club review from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENeT)
of the Ghaderi M, et al article published in Human Immunology. Includes a
detailed abstraction of the article.
2001 Publications and Materials
Tamoxifen and Breast Cancer Incidence Among Women with Inherited Mutations
in BRCA1 and BRCA2
http://www.cdc.gov/genetics/hugenet/ejournal/tamoxBRC.htm
An E-Journal Club review from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENeT)
of the King M-C et al article published in JAMA. Includes a detailed
abstraction of the article.
Screen For Life: The National Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign - New
Materials
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/sfl/print_materials.htm
Download new patient materials that explain the facts about colorectal
cancer screening, including a brochure for Alaska Natives. New materials
include "Basic Facts on Screening", "Screening Saves Lives" and "A Circle of
Health for Alaskans." Screening guidelines and additional campaign materials
are also available on this page.
Breast
and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/legislation/law106-354.htm
Get an update on state actions to implement the Medicaid option of the
Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and Treatment Act of 2000.
The Ovarian Cancer Control
Initiative
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ovarian/
The Ovarian Cancer Control Initiative enhances the limited knowledge base
around ovarian cancer by initiating projects with partners, academic and
medical colleagues, and advocacy groups to identify factors related to early
disease detection and treatment.
Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Polymorphism & Breast Cancer in Older
Women
http://www.cdc.gov/genetics/hugenet/ejournal/BRCA1_2.htm
The Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Network e-Journal Club abstracts,
summarizes, presents, and discusses via a newly created HuGENet™ listserv
new human genome epidemiologic findings, published in the scientific
literature in the Office of Genetics and Disease Prevention Weekly Update.
Breast and
Cervical Cancer Congressional Testimony
http://www.cdc.gov/washington/testimony/womenhea.htm
Testimony of James S. Marks, M.D., M.P.H., Director, CDC's National Center
for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Department of Health
and Human Services, on May 9, 2001, before the Senate Appropriations
Subcommittee, Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education.
A Call to Action: Prevention/Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer Slide Set
(Updated)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/publications/slide_sets.htm
The slide presentation, A Call to Action: Prevention and Early Detection of
Colorectal Cancer, was developed to generate a greater awareness among
primary care providers (i.e., physicians, physician assistants, and nurse
practitioners) of the importance of prevention and early detection of
colorectal cancer.
State Plans to
Insure Women with Breast or Cervical Cancer (Guidance, Summary, & FAQ's)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/legislation/law106-354.htm
Maryland, New Hampshire and West Virginia are the first three states to
take advantage of the federal Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and
Treatment Act (BCCPT) that was signed into law in October 2000. The law
extends the full Medicaid benefit package to women who are screened and
found to need treatment through the CDC National Breast and Cervical Cancer
Early Detection Program. To qualify for the new program, women must be under
age 65, not otherwise eligible for Medicaid and without creditable health
care coverage. Adoption of coverage for women under the BCCPT is optional
for states. However, states that do offer the benefit will receive an
enhanced matching rate for women who enroll.
Guidance/Summary
of Actions-Breast/Cervical Cancer Prevention & Treatment Act of 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/law106-354.htm
On October 24th, 2000, the Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention and
Treatment Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-354) was signed into law. This Act
gives states the option to provide medical assistance through Medicaid to
eligible women who were screened for and found to have breast or cervical
cancer, including precancerous conditions, through the National Breast and
Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP). NBCCEDP, which is
administered by the CDC, provides free breast and cervical cancer screening
and follow-up diagnostic services to women in need, such as those who are
uninsured or have low incomes. In 2000, CDC began its 10th year of this
landmark program, supporting early detection programs in all 50 states, 6
U.S. territories, the District of Columbia, and 12 American Indian and
Alaska Native organizations.
Cervical
Cancer Detection Rates by Race and Ethnicity (Press Release)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r010116a.htm
CDC published the first race- and ethnic-specific rates of cervical cancer
detection from its national screening program for low-income, uninsured
women. The data were published in the January 2001 issue of Cancer Causes
and Control. Among women receiving their first National Breast and Cervical
Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) -funded Papanicolau (Pap) test
between 1991 and 1998, American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) women had
the highest proportion of abnormal tests (4.4%), followed by
African-Americans (3.2%), whites (3.0%), Hispanics (2.7%) and Asians/Pacific
Islanders (A/PI) (1.9%). White women had the highest rate of serious
cervical lesions detected by biopsy (9.9 per 1,000 Pap tests), followed by
Hispanics (7.6), African-Americans (7.1), AI/ANs (6.7), and A/PIs (5.4).
Cancer: Women’s Health Topics A-Z
http://www.cdc.gov/women/az/cancer.htm
View women’s health resources related to cancer.
Cancer Prevention and Control
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/
Learn more about cancer prevention and control.
Cancer Prevention:
Programs in Brief
http://www.cdc.gov/programs/cancer.htm
Learn more about cancer, CDC/ATSDR’s activities and accomplishments, and
steps for moving forward.
Cervical
Cancer Screening
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening/
Learn more about cervical cancer and Pap tests.
Colorectal Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/
Learn basic facts about colorectal cancer screening.
Fast Stats A-Z:
Cancer Statistics
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/cancer.htm
View data and statistics on cancer.
Frequently Asked
Questions: Skin Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/chooseyourcover/qanda.htm
Learn answers to frequently asked questions about skin cancer.
National Breast and Cervical
Cancer Early Detection Program
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/nbccedp/
Learn more about cancer and where to get a free or low-cost mammogram or Pap
test in your area. CDC's mission is to provide critical breast and cervical
cancer screening services to underserved women in the United States, the
District of Columbia, 4 U.S. territories, and 13 American Indian/Alaska
Native organizations.
Ovarian Cancer
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ovarian/
Learn more about ovarian cancer. CDC's mission is to enhance the limited
knowledge about ovarian cancer by initiating projects with partners,
colleagues, and national organizations to help identify factors related to
early disease detection and treatment.
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