Disclaimer: The information contained in these
guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. It provides a
summary of information about chemicals that workers may be
exposed to in their workplaces. The information may be superseded by new developments in
the field of industrial hygiene. Readers are therefore advised to
regard these recomendations as general guidelines and to
determine whether new information is available.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR TRIPHENYL AMINE
INTRODUCTION
This guideline summarizes pertinent information about triphenyl amine
for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial
hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who
may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and
health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments
in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these
recommendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new
information is available.
SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION
* Formula
C(18)H(15)N
* Structure
(For Structure, see paper copy)
* Synonyms
N,N-Diphenylaniline; N,N-diphenylbenzenamine; triphenylamine
* Identifiers
1. CAS No.: 603-34-9
2. RTECS No.: YK2680000
3. Specific DOT number: None
4. Specific DOT label: None
* Appearance and odor
Triphenyl amine is a colorless crystalline solid in the form of
monoclinic prisms.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Physical data
1. Molecular weight: 245.34
2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 365 degrees C (689 degrees F)
3. Specific gravity: 0.774 at 0 degrees C (32 degrees F)
4. Vapor density: Data not available.
5. Melting point: 127 degrees C (260.6 degrees F)
6. Vapor pressure: Data not available.
7. Solubility: Soluble in benzene and ethyl ether; slightly soluble in
ethyl alcohol; insoluble in water.
8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.
* Reactivity
1. Conditions contributing to instability: Exposure to heat, flame and
oxygen.
2. Incompatibilities: Contact between triphenyl amine and oxidizing
materials, aldehydes, ketones, nitrates, and peroxides should be
avoided.
3. Hazardous decomposition products: None reported.
4. Special precautions: None reported.
* Flammability
The National Fire Protection Association has not assigned a
flammability rating to triphenyl amine. Other sources rate triphenyl
amine as combustible when this substance is exposed to heat or open
flame.
1. Flash point: Data not available.
2. Autoignition temperature: Data not available.
3. Flammable limits in air: Data not available.
4. Extinguishant: Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide to fight fires
involving triphenyl amine.
Fires involving triphenyl amine should be fought upwind from the
maximum distance possible. Isolate the hazard area and deny access to
unnecessary personnel. Firefighters should wear a full set of
protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus when
fighting fires involving triphenyl amine.
EXPOSURE LIMITS
* OSHA PEL
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) does not
currently regulate triphenyl amine.
* NIOSH REL
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has
established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for triphenyl amine of
5 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3)) of air as a TWA for up to a
10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek [NIOSH 1992].
* ACGIH TLV
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
has assigned triphenyl amine a threshold limit value (TLV) of
5 mg/m(3) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek
[ACGIH 1994, p. 35].
* Rationale for Limits
The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of skin irritation [NIOSH 1992].
The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of adverse health effects [ACGIH
1991, p. 1658].
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
* Routes of Exposure
Exposure to triphenyl amine can occur through inhalation, ingestion,
and eye or skin contact.
* Summary of toxicology
1. Effects on Animals: Triphenyl amine has a low toxicity to
experimental animals. Crystals of triphenyl amine caused no damage
when placed in the eyes of rabbits [ACGIH 1991]. Application of 8 to
16 mg/kg triphenyl amine to guinea pig skin cause only slight erythema
with no edema, and no effect was observed following the application of
4 mg/kg to the skin [ACGIH 1991]. Triphenyl amine was not a skin
sensitizer in guinea pigs [ACGIH 1991]. The oral LD(50) for rats is
between 3,200 and 6,400 mg/kg [ACGIH 1991]. Death was delayed up to
11 days, and ataxia was the only clinical signs of intoxication [ACGIH
1991]. Triphenyl amine was not mutagenic in the Ames assay [ACGIH
1991].
2. Effects on Humans: No adverse effects of exposure to triphenyl amine
in humans were identified.
* Signs and symptoms of exposure
1. Acute exposure: No signs or symptoms of acute exposure to triphenyl
amine have been reported in humans.
2. Chronic exposure: No signs or symptoms of chronic exposure to
triphenyl amine have been reported in humans.
EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES
* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]
5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and
implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the
Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication
Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with
emergency procedures, the location and proper use of emergency
equipment, and methods of protecting themselves during rescue
operations.
EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS
The following operations may involve triphenyl amine and lead to
worker exposures to this substance:
- The manufacture and transportation of triphenyl amine
- Use as a photoconductor on film bases
Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to
triphenyl amine, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are
as follows:
- Process enclosure
- Local exhaust ventilation
- General dilution ventilation
- Personal protective equipment
Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous
substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR
1910.120].
Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:
1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended
practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion.
Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists.
3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems.
New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.
4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of
workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL:
National Safety Council.
WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne triphenyl amine is
made using a midget fritted glass bubbler (MFGB) containing 15
milliliters of HPLC grade isopropanol. Samples are collected at a
recommended flow rate of 1 liter/minute until a recommended collection
volume of 250 liters is reached. Analysis is conducted by high
performance liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet detector
(HPLC/UV). This method is described in the OSHA Computerized
Information System [OSHA 1994] and is not yet validated.
PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES
If triphenyl amine contacts the skin, workers should flush the
affected areas immediately with plenty of water, followed by washing
with soap and water.
Clothing contaminated with triphenyl amine should be removed
immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the
chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be
informed of the hazardous properties of triphenyl amine.
A worker who handles triphenyl amine should thoroughly wash hands,
forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco
products, using toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking
medication.
Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics,
or take medication in areas where triphenyl amine or a solution
containing triphenyl amine is handled, processed, or stored.
STORAGE
Triphenyl amine should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area
in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with
OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers
of triphenyl amine should be protected from physical damage and should
be stored separately from oxidizing materials, aldehydes, ketones,
nitrates, and peroxides should be avoided.
SPILLS AND LEAKS
In the event of a spill or leak involving triphenyl amine, persons not
wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from
contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following
steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:
1. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner
possible and deposit it into sealed containers.
2. Spilled material may be dampened with a 60 to 70 percent solution of
acetone to avoid airborne dust.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency
planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community
right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time.
Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new
information is available.
* Emergency planning requirements
Triphenyl amine is not subject to EPA emergency planning requirements
under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) (Title
III) in 42 USC 11022.
* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases
A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling,
leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting,
escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment
(including the abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers)
of hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the
reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required to
notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities [40 CFR
355.40].
Employers are not required by the emergency release notification
provisions in 40 CFR Part 355.40 to notify the National Response
Center of an accidental release of triphenyl amine; there is no
reportable quantity for this substance.
* Community right-to-know requirements
Employers are not required by EPA in 40 CFR Part 372.30 to submit a
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the
amount of triphenyl amine emitted or released from their facility
annually.
* Hazardous waste management requirements
EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the
following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or
toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has
specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous. Although
triphenyl amine is not specifically listed as a hazardous waste under
RCRA, EPA requires employers to treat waste as hazardous if it
exhibits any of the characteristics discussed above.
Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of
specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S.
Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations
should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of
this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations.
To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory
requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA
hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free
at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant
State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any
requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this
substance.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
* Conditions for respirator use
Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be
used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous
materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations
may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators
must be worn if the ambient concentration of triphenyl amine exceeds
prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before
engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations
such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown
exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or
closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers should only use
respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and
Health Administration (MSHA).
* Respiratory protection program
Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program
that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's
Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program
must include respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's
ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular
training of personnel, respirator fit testing, periodic workplace
monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and
cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection
program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that
a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the
program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the
selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of
respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator
Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial
Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and
equipment that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be
effective in preventing skin contact with triphenyl amine. The
selection of the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
(e.g., gloves, sleeves, encapsulating suits) should be based on the
extent of the worker's potential exposure to triphenyl amine. There
are no published reports on the resistance of various materials to
permeation by triphenyl amine.
To evaluate the use of PPE materials with triphenyl amine, users
should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers'
recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in
the chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g.,
butyl) produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical
resistance of a mixture may be significantly different from that of
any of its neat components.
Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically
evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact.
Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to
operations that involve triphenyl amine.
Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm
long, minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent,
caustic, or other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.
In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel
(e.g., aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work
uniforms, coveralls, or similar full-body coverings that are laundered
each day. Employers should provide lockers or other closed areas to
store work and street clothing separately. Employers should collect
work clothing at the end of each work shift and provide for its
laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed about the potential
hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed about
measures to minimize their health risk.
Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should
be inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.
Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation,
especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly
ventilated work environments.
REFERENCES
ACGIH [1991]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and
biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
ACGIH [1994]. 1994-1995 Threshold limit values for chemical
substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices.
Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists.
CFR. Code of Federal regulations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.
Lewis RJ, ed. [1993]. Lewis condensed chemical dictionary. 12th ed.
New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Lide DR [1993]. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 73rd ed.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.
Mickelsen RL, Hall RC [1987]. A breakthrough time comparison of
nitrile and neoprene glove materials produced by different glove
manufacturers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 48(11): 941-947.
Mickelsen RL, Hall RC, Chern RT, Myers JR [1991]. Evaluation of a
simple weight-loss method for determining the permeation of organic
liquids through rubber films. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 52(10): 445-447.
NIOSH [1987a]. NIOSH guide to industrial respiratory protection.
Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-116.
NIOSH [1987b]. NIOSH respirator decision logic. Cincinnati, OH: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-108.
NIOSH [1991]. Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances:
Triphenyl amine. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards
Development and Technology Transfer, Technical Information Branch.
NIOSH [1992]. Recommendations for occupational safety and health:
Compendium of policy documents and statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 92-100.
NJDH [1986]. Hazardous substance fact sheet: Triphenyl amine.
Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Department of Health.
NLM [1992]. Hazardous substances data bank: Triphenyl amine.
Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine.
OSHA [1994]. Computerized information system. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Sax NI, Lewis RJ [1989]. Dangerous properties of industrial
materials. 7th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Sittig M [1991]. Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals. 3rd ed.
Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications.
USC. United States code. Washington. DC: U.S. Government Printing
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