Disclaimer: The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The information contained in these guidelines is current as of date of publication (September, 1996); recommendations may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Readers are therefore advised to regard these recomendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR TETRAETHYL PYROPHOSPHATE (TEPP)

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine periodically whether new information is available.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula

C(8)H(20)O(7)P(2)()

* Structure

(For Structure, see paper copy)

* Synonyms

Ethyl pyrophosphate; TEP; diphosphoric acid, tetraethyl ester; Kilmite 40; bis-O,O-diethyl phosphoric anhydride; Bladan; Nifost; Vapotone; Tetron; Killaz; Mortopal.

* Identifiers

1. CAS: 107-49-3.

2. RTECS: UX682000.

3. DOT UN: 1705 15 (TEPP and compressed gas mixture); NA 2783 55 (TEPP liquid); NA 2783 55 (TEPP mixture, dry); NA 2783 55 (TEPP mixture, liquid).

4. DOT label: Poison gas (TEPP and compressed gas mixture); Poison (liquid, dry mixture, liquid mixture).

* Appearance and odor

TEPP is a nonflammable, colorless to amber-colored liquid with a faint, fruity odor. The commercial product contains 40 percent TEPP and is available as an emulsion, aerosol, dust, or concentrate. TEPP was one of the first organophosphate pesticides used in the United States; it has now largely been replaced by other pesticides.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

* Physical data

1. Molecular weight: 290.2.

2. Boiling point (1 torr): 124 degrees C (255 degrees F).

3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.19 at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F).

4. Vapor density: Data not available.

5. Melting point: 0 degrees C (32 degrees F).

6. Vapor pressure at 30 degrees C (86 degrees F): 0.0004 torr.

7. Solubility: Miscible with water in all proportions; soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, and chloroform.

8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): Data not available.

* Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat.

2. Incompatibilities: Contact of TEPP with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions. TEPP is also incompatible with alkalies.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as phosphoric acid mist and carbon monoxide) may be released in a fire involving TEPP.

4. Special precautions: TEPP attacks some coatings and some forms of plastic and rubber. In water-based solutions, it is corrosive to aluminum and slowly corrosive to copper, brass, zinc, and tin.

* Flammability

There is no National Fire Protection Association fire hazard rating for TEPP; this substance is not flammable.

1. Flash point: Not applicable.

2. Autoignition temperature: Not applicable.

3. Flammable limits in air: Not applicable.

4. Extinguishant: Use an extinguishant that is suitable for the materials involved in the surrounding fire.

Fires involving TEPP should be fought upwind and from the maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Vapor explosion and poison hazards may occur indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Containers of TEPP may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container due to fire. Dikes should be used to contain fire-control water for later disposal. If a tank car or truck is involved in a fire, personnel should isolate an area of a half a mile in all directions. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing, including a self-contained breathing apparatus, when fighting fires involving TEPP. Firefighters' protective clothing is not effective against fires involving TEPP.

* Warning properties

No quantitative data are available on the odor threshold for TEPP. For the purpose of respirator selection, this substance is therefore considered to have inadequate odor warning properties.

* Eye irritation properties

TEPP is not known to be an eye irritant.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for TEPP is 0.05 milligram per cubic meter (mg/m³) of air as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration. The OSHA PEL also bears a "Skin" notation, which indicates that the cutaneous route of exposure (including mucous membranes and eyes) contributes to overall exposure [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1-A]. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has not issued a recommended exposure limit (REL) for TEPP; however, NIOSH concurs with the PEL established for this substance by OSHA [NIOSH 1988]. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned TEPP a threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.004 ppm (0.047 mg/m³) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. The ACGIH also assigns a "Skin" notation to TEPP [ACGIH 1991, p. 34]. The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of cholinesterase inhibition associated with exposure to TEPP [ACGIH 1986, p. 558].

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

* Routes of exposure

Exposure to TEPP can occur via inhalation, ingestion, eye or skin contact, or absorption through the skin.

* Summary of toxicology

1. Effects on Animals: TEPP is a cholinesterase inhibitor that is highly toxic to warm-blooded animals by all routes of exposure. The oral LD(50) in rats is 500 ug/kg, and the dermal LD(50) in the same species is 2400 ug/kg [RTECS 1989]. Acutely poisoned animals exhibit hypersalivation, lacrimation, excessive perspiration, nasal discharge, miosis, difficult breathing, nausea, diarrhea, ataxia, convulsions, and coma before death [HSDB 1991].

2. Effects on Humans: TEPP is an organophosphorus pesticide, and, like all members of this family of compounds, it is a powerful inhibitor of red blood cell cholinesterase activity. TEPP causes its toxic effects by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme cholinesterase, which causes, in turn, a buildup of acetylcholine at synapses in the nervous and skeletal systems, smooth muscles, and secretory glands; it is toxic by all routes of exposure [Proctor, Hughes, and Fischman 1988, p. 464]. TEPP causes ocular effects, including miosis, aching of the eyes, and blurring of distant vision, when it is applied to the eyelashes (as was formerly done to treat pediculosis of the eyelashes) or when it is absorbed in systemically toxic amounts [Grant 1986, p. 893]. Volunteers given oral TEPP doses of 4 mg exhibited a decrease in plasma cholinesterase activity to zero percent and in red blood cell cholinesterase activity to 60 percent of their pre-exposure values [ACGIH 1986, p. 558]. The lowest dose reported to be lethal in humans by ingestion is 309 ug/kg [RTECS 1991]. The onset of the signs and symptoms of TEPP poisoning may be delayed for as long as 12 hours, and the kinds of symptoms seen depend on the route of exposure to TEPP [Proctor, Hughes, and Fischman 1988, p. 464]. After inhalation, respiratory and ocular effects (wheezing, laryngeal spasms, blurred vision, miosis, and tearing) are first to occur. Gastrointestinal effects occur after ingestion; these include anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and cramps. Skin absorption leads to localized sweating and muscular twitching [Proctor, Hughes, and Fischman 1988, p. 464]. Severe TEPP poisoning by any route may lead to paralysis of the respiratory muscles and death. If the dose is not lethal, complete recovery may occur, although individuals may remain sensitive to organophosphorus poisoning for some time after recovery [Proctor, Hughes, and Fischman 1988, p. 464]. Repeated exposure to small doses of TEPP may have cumulative effects and lead to the same signs and symptoms as those seen in acute poisoning.

* Signs and symptoms of exposure

1. Acute exposure: Ingestion of TEPP causes cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and anorexia. Inhalation causes wheezing, difficult breathing, blurred vision, and tearing. Dermal exposure causes localized twitching and sweating. Severe overexposure by any route can cause respiratory paralysis, coma, and death.

2. Chronic exposure: Repeated exposure to small amounts of TEPP may cause acetylcholine buildup and lead to the signs and symptoms of systemic poisoning described above.

* Emergency procedures:

In the event of an emergency, remove the victim from further exposure, send for medical assistance, and initiate the following emergency procedures:

1. Eye exposure: If TEPP or a solution containing this substance gets into the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with large amounts of water for a minimum of 15 minutes, lifting the lower and upper lids occasionally. If symptoms develop, get medical attention as soon as possible.

2. Skin exposure: TEPP can be absorbed through the skin in lethal amounts. Therefore, if TEPP or a solution containing this substance contacts the skin, the contaminated areas of the body (including the hair, scalp, and fingernails) should be flushed with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, followed by vigorous washing with soap and water. If symptoms of organophosphate poisoning develop, get medical attention.

3. Inhalation: If TEPP dust or the vapors of a substance containing TEPP are inhaled, move the victim at once to fresh air and get medical care as soon as possible. If the victim is not breathing, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation; if breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Keep the victim warm and quiet until medical help arrives.

4. Ingestion: If TEPP or a solution containing this substance is ingested, give the victim several glasses of water to drink and then induce vomiting by having the victim touch the back of the throat with the finger or by giving syrup of ipecac as directed on the package. Do not force an unconscious or convulsing person to drink liquids or to vomit. Get medical help immediately. Keep the victim warm and quiet until medical help arrives.

5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures and the location and proper use of emergency equipment.

EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS

The following operations may involve TEPP and lead to worker exposures to this substance:

* Manufacture of TEPP-containing insecticides and acaricides
* Formulation of TEPP-containing insecticides and acaricides
* Application as a contact insecticide and acaricide on agricultural and ornamental crops
* Formerly, use of TEPP in treatment of glaucoma, pediculosis of the eyelashes, and myasthenia gravis

Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to TEPP, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are

* Process enclosure,
* Local exhaust ventilation,
* General dilution ventilation, and
* Personal protective equipment.

The following publications are good sources of information on control methods:

1. ACGIH [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended practice. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.

4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

MEDICAL MONITORING

Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of employers and workers about work-related hazards, placement of workers in jobs that do not jeopardize their safety or health, early detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). A medical monitoring program is intended to supplement, not replace, such measures. To place workers effectively and to detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically during the period of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.

* Preplacement medical evaluation

Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to TEPP, the examining physician should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should determine the individual's pre-exposure plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase levels.

A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess an individual's suitability for employment at a specific job and to detect and assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to TEPP at or below the prescribed exposure limit. The examining physician should consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditions include a history and other findings consistent with decreased plasma or red blood cell cholinesterase levels.

* Periodic medical examinations and biological monitoring

Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to TEPP exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of TEPP on the plasma or red blood cell cholinesterase levels. Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference population.

Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite. The measurement of red blood cell cholinesterase activity is a nonspecific, qualitative indicator of exposure to organophosphorus chemicals such as TEPP. Red blood cell cholinesterase activity can be used as an indicator either of acute or chronic overexposure. Blood specimens should be collected from exposed individuals at the intervals appropriate to the nature (i.e., chronic or intermittent) of the exposure. Some sources recommend a biological exposure index of 70 percent of the individual's baseline red blood cell cholinesterase activity and believe that workers whose red blood cell cholinesterase activity has fallen below this level should be removed from further exposure until this level returns to 80 percent of the baseline level.

* Medical examinations recommended at the time of job transfer or termination

The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference population.

WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES

Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne TEPP is made using an OSHA Versatile Sampler (OVS-2) 13-mm XAD-2 tube (270/140 mg sections, 20/60 mesh) with glass fiber filter enclosed. Samples are collected at a maximum flow rate of 1.0 liter per minute until a maximum air volume of 480 liters is collected. The sample is then treated with toluene to extract the TEPP. Analysis is conducted by gas chromatography using a flame photometric detector. This method is described in the OSHA In-House Methods File. NIOSH has a similar method that is described in NIOSH Method No. 2504 [NIOSH 1984].

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

If TEPP contacts the skin, workers should immediately flood the affected areas with water, followed by vigorous washing with soap and water.

Clothing contaminated with TEPP should be removed immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous properties of TEPP.

A worker who handles TEPP should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, or using toilet facilities.

Workers should not eat, drink, or use tobacco products in areas where TEPP or a solution containing TEPP is handled, processed, or stored.

STORAGE

TEPP should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard. Containers of TEPP should be protected from physical damage and should be stored separately from strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine), heat, sparks, and open flame. Because containers that formerly contained TEPP may still hold product residues, they should be handled appropriately.

SPILLS AND LEAKS

In the event of a spill or leak involving TEPP, persons not wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

1. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to do so without risk.

2. Notify safety personnel.

3. Ventilate the area of the spill or leak.

4. Use water spray to reduce vapors; do not put water directly on the leak or spill area.

5. For small dry spills, use a clean shovel and place the material into a clean, dry container; cover and remove the container from the spill area.

6. For small liquid spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into closed containers for later disposal.

7. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the TEPP for later reclamation or disposal.

EMERGENCY PLANNING, COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW, AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory requirements for emergency planning, community right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may vary over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

* Emergency planning requirements

Employers owning or operating a facility at which there are 100 pounds or more of TEPP must comply with EPA's emergency planning requirements.

* Reportable quantity requirements (releases of hazardous substances)

A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the abandonment or discarding of containers) of hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) to notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities.

The reportable quantity for TEPP is 10 pounds. If an amount equal to or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period, CERCLA requires employers to notify the National Response Center IMMEDIATELY at (800) 424-8802 (in Washington, D.C. at (202) 426-2675), and 40 CFR Part 355.40 requires employers to notify (1) the State emergency response commission of any State likely to be affected by the release, and (2) the community emergency coordinator of the local emergency planning committee (or relevant local emergency response personnel) and to identify any area likely to be affected by the release.

* Community right-to-know requirements

Employers are not required by Section 313 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of TEPP emitted or released from their facility annually.

* Hazardous waste management requirements

EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity, as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), EPA has specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous. TEPP is listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA and has been assigned EPA Hazardous Waste No. P111. This substance has been banned from land disposal and may be treated by incineration only. TEPP also may be disposed of in an organic lab pack that meets the requirements of 40 CFR 264.316 or 265.316.

Providing more information about the removal and disposal of specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. EPA, U.S. Department of Transportation, and State and local regulations should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (202) 382-3000 (in Washington, D.C.) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this substance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

* Conditions for respirator use

Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn if the ambient concentration of TEPP exceeds prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergency situations. If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).

* Respiratory protection program

Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard. Such a program must include respirator selection (see Table 1), an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator users, consult the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection.

Table 1 lists the respiratory protection that NIOSH recommends for workers exposed to TEPP. The recommended protection may vary over time because of changes in the exposure limit for TEPP or in respirator certification requirements. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Protective clothing should be worn to prevent any possibility of skin contact with TEPP. Chemical protective clothing should be selected on the basis of available performance data, manufacturers' recommendations, and evaluation of the clothing under actual conditions of use. No reports have been published on the resistance of various protective clothing materials to TEPP permeation. If permeability data are not readily available, protective clothing manufacturers should be requested to provide information on the best chemical protective clothing for workers to wear when they are exposed to TEPP.

If TEPP is dissolved in water or an organic solvent, the permeation properties of both the solvent and the mixture must be considered when selecting personal protective equipment and clothing.

Safety glasses, goggles, or faceshields should be worn during operations in which TEPP might contact the eyes (e.g., through dust particles or splashes of solution). Eyewash fountains and emergency showers should be available within the immediate work area whenever the potential exists for eye or skin contact with TEPP.

REFERENCES

ACGIH [1986]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 5th edition. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

ACGIH [1991]. TLVs. Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices for 1991-1992. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

[CFR]. Code of Federal regulations. Title 29 (Department of Labor), Parts 1910.1000 and 1910.1200. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.

[CFR]. Code of Federal regulations. Title 40 (Protection of Environment). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.

Grant WM [1986]. Toxicology of the eye. 3rd edition. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

HSDB [1991]. TEPP. Bethesda, MD: The Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine.

NIOSH [1980]. NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 2nd edition. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

NIOSH [1984]. NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 3rd edition, Volume 2. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

NIOSH [1987a]. NIOSH guide to industrial respiratory protection. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-116.

NIOSH [1987b]. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-114.

NIOSH [1987c]. Respirator decision logic. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-108.

NIOSH [1988]. Testimony of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's proposed rule: 29 CFR 1910, Docket No. H-020, August 2, 1988. NIOSH policy statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

OSHA. OSHA Laboratory In-House Methods File. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA Analytical Laboratory.

Proctor NH, Hughes JP, Fischman ML [1988]. Chemical hazards of the workplace. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Company.

RTECS [1989]. TEPP. Bethesda, MD: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, National Library of Medicine.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACGIH [1986]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 5th edition. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

Clayton G, Clayton F [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd revised edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

[CFR]. Code of Federal regulations. Title 49 (Department of Transportation). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.

DOT [1987]. 1987 Emergency response guidebook, guides 15, 55. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration.

Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary [1987]. Sax NI, Lewis RJ. 11th edition. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet [1987]. TEPP. Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Department of Health.

HSDB [1991]. TEPP. Bethesda, MD: The Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine.

Merck Index [1983]. Windholz M. 10th edition. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Company.

NIOSH [January 1981]. NIOSH/OSHA occupational health guidelines. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123.

RTECS [1989]. TEPP. Bethesda, MD: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, National Library of Medicine.

Sax NI, Lewis RJ [1989]. Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 7th edition. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Sittig M [1985]. Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals. 2nd edition. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications.

USCG [1984]. CHRIS (chemical hazards response information system) hazardous chemical data manual: TEPP. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Commandant Instruction M16465.12A.

Weast RC [1984]. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. 64th edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc.

Condition	Minimum respiratory protection**
Airborne concentration of TEPP:
0.05 to 0.5 mg/m3 (10 × PEL)	Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a half mask and operated in a demand (negative-pressure) mode
0.05 to 1.25 mg/m3 (25 × PEL)	Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a hood or helmet and operated in a continuous-flow mode
0.05 to 2.5 mg/m3 (50 × PEL)	Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a demand (negative-pressure) mode, or Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a tight-fitting facepiece and operated in a continuous-flow mode, or Any self-contained respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a demand (negative-pressure) mode
0.05 to 10 mg/m3 (200 × PEL)	Any supplied-air respirator operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
Entry into IDLH(+) or unknown concentrations	Any self-contained respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode, or Any supplied-air respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
Firefighting	Any self-contained respirator equipped with a full facepiece and operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode
Escape	Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator equipped with a pesticide canister, or Any escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus with a suitable service life (number of minutes required to escape the environment)

* The OSHA PEL is 0.05 mg/m³ as an 8-hour TWA. No NIOSH REL has been issued.
** Only NIOSH/MSHA-approved equipment should be used. Also note the following:

1. Respirators accepted for use at higher concentrations may be used at lower concentrations; respirators must not, however, be used at concentrations higher than those for which they are approved.

2. Air-purifying respirators are not listed due to the inadequate odor warning properties of TEPP.

(+) The TEPP concentration that is immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) is 10 mg/m³ [NIOSH 1987b]. Use of chemical protective clothing may be necessary to prevent skin contact.