Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR OIL MIST, MINERAL OIL
INTRODUCTION
This guideline summarizes pertinent information about mineral oil mist for
workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and
other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such
information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs.
Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields;
readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general
guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.
SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION
* Formula
Varies.
* Structure
(For Structure, see paper copy)
* Synonyms
Mist of the following oils: alboline; white mineral oil; bayol F;
blandlube; drakeol; parrafin oil; liquid petrolatum; cutting oil;
heat-treating oil; hydraulic oil; transformer oil;
lubricating oil; drawing oil; crystol 325;
* Identifiers
1. CAS No.: 8012-95-1 (other applicable CAS Nos. 64742-46-7, 39355-35-6,
79956-36-8, 83046-05-3)
2. RTECS No.: PY8030000
3. Specific DOT number: None
4. Specific DOT label: None
* Appearance and odor
Mineral oil mist is a colorless, oily liquid mist generated as a
result of the use of various mineral oils. It has an odor similar to burned
lubricating oil. An odor threshold of 1.0 part per million (ppm) parts of
air has been reported.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Physical data
1. Molecular weight: Varies.
2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): Varies for specific mineral oils; 360
degrees C (680 degrees F)
3. Specific gravity: Varies for specific mineral oils; 0.822 at 20
degrees C (68 degrees F)
4. Vapor density: Data not available.
5. Melting point: Varies for specific mineral oils.
6. Vapor pressure: Data not available.
7. Solubility: Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble in benzene,
chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether, and oils.
8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.
* Reactivity
1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat, sparks, and open flame.
2. Incompatibilities: None reported.
3. Hazardous decomposition products: None reported.
4. Special precautions: None reported.
* Flammability
The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability
rating of 1 (slight fire hazard) to mineral oil mist.
1. Flash point: Varies for specific mineral oils; 193 degrees C (380
degrees F) (open cup)
2. Autoignition temperature: Data not available.
3. Flammable limits in air: Data not available.
4. Extinguishant: Use an extinguishant that is suitable for the materials
involved in the surrounding fire.
Fires involving mineral oil mist should be fought upwind from the
maximum distance possible. Isolate the hazard area and deny access to
unnecessary personnel. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective
clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving
mineral oil mist.
EXPOSURE LIMITS
* OSHA PEL
The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
permissible exposure limit (PEL) for mineral oil mist is 5 milligrams per
cubic meter (mg/m(3)) of air as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)
concentration [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].
* NIOSH REL
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for mineral oil mist of 5
mg/m(3) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek and 10
mg/m(3) as a 15-minute TWA short-term exposure limit (STEL). A STEL is the
maximum 15-minute concentration to which workers may be exposed during any
15-minute period of the working day [NIOSH 1992].
* ACGIH TLV
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) has assigned mineral oil mist a threshold limit value (TLV) of 5
mg/m(3) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek and a
short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 10 mg/m(3) for periods not to exceed 15
minutes. Exposures at the STEL concentration should not be repeated more
than four times a day and should be separated by intervals of at least 60
minutes [ACGIH 1994, p. 28].
* Rationale for Limits
The NIOSH limits are based on the risk of respiratory effects [NIOSH
1992].
The ACGIH limits are based on the risk of respiratory effects [ACGIH
1991, p. 1146].
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
* Routes of Exposure
Exposure to mineral oil mist can occur through inhalation,
ingestion, and eye or skin contact.
* Summary of toxicology
1. Effects on Animals: Mineral oil mists can affect the lungs of
experimental animals, and certain mineral oils are carcinogenic [ACGIH 1991].
Petroleum oil is essentially innocuous when it comes in contact with rabbit
corneas [Grant 1986]. Mineral oil mists derived from highly refined oils
appear to have a low acute and sub-acute toxicity in experimental animals.
The oral LD(50) in rodents is greater than 10 g/kg [Clayton and Clayton
1982]. The dermal LD(50) in rodents is greater than 15 g/kg [Clayton and
Clayton 1982]. Single and short-term experiments (up to six months) using
concentrations above 100 mg/m(3) have caused lung inflammatory reactions,
lipoid granuloma formation, and lipoid pneumonia [ACGIH 1991]. No
significant toxicity was observed in studies conducted at concentrations
closer to actual workplace levels [ACGIH 1991]. Long term inhalation
toxicity tests suggest that mineral oils have low chronic toxicity. Chronic
studies using exposure concentrations above 100 mg/m(3) have resulted in lung
inflammatory reactions and lipoid granuloma formation. No carcinogenic
effects were observed during these studies even in those species considered
to be highly susceptible [ACGIH 1991]. However, skin painting studies suggest
that certain mineral oils are carcinogenic in experimental animals; in
general, the less severely treated oils are carcinogenic, but severely
treated oils are not carcinogenic [ACGIH 1991]. The International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) performed evaluations on nine of the mineral oils
based on skin painting studies in animals, and the results are as follows:
1) vacuum distillates - sufficient evidence, 2) severely solvent refined - no
evidence, 3) mildly solvent refined - sufficient evidence, 4) severely
hydrotreated - inadequate evidence, 5) mildly hydrotreated - sufficient
evidence, 6) severely acid treated (oleum) - no evidence, 7) mildly acid
treated - sufficient evidence, 8) aromatic distillate extracts - sufficient
evidence, 9) white oils - no evidence [IARC 1984; ACGIH 1991].
2. Effects on Humans: Exposure to mineral oil mists can cause eye, skin,
and upper respiratory tract irritation as well as central nervous system
effects in humans. In addition, certain mineral oils are carcinogenic in
humans [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Exposure to mineral oil mists can result in
localized irritation of the mucous membranes, and if exposures are excessive,
headaches, dizziness, and drowsiness may result [Genium 1985]. Liquid
petrolatum is essentially innocuous when it comes in contact with human
corneas [Grant 1986]. A case of lipoid pneumonia was reported in a worker
following a high-exposure to mineral oil with inadequate ventilation [ACGIH
1991; Hathaway et al. 1991]. Many studies confirm that poorly refined mineral
oil can induce skin and scrotal cancers after prolonged, repeated, and heavy
direct contact with the skin [ACGIH 1991]. In addition, repeated dermal
exposures may result in dermatitis [Genium 1985]. Aspiration of mineral oil
mists into the lungs can result in blue coloration of the skin, rapid
heartbeat, fever, and chemical pneumonia possibly followed by a secondary
infection [Genium 1985; Sittig 1991]. Ingestion will cause a burning
sensation in the mouth, throat, and stomach followed by vomiting, diarrhea,
and belching [Sittig 1991]. IARC has concluded that there is sufficient
evidence for the carcinogenicity of untreated and mildly treated oils in
humans, but inadequate evidence for highly-refined oils [IARC 1987].
* Signs and symptoms of exposure
1. Acute exposure: Acute exposures to mineral oil mists may result in
eye, skin, or upper respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness,
drowsiness, or the respiratory distress associated with chemical pneumonia.
Aspiration may result in fever, rapid heartbeat, or cyanosis.
2. Chronic exposure: Chronic exposures to mineral oil mists may result in
skin irritation or dermatitis, shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, or
tachypnea.
EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES
* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]
5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and
implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the
Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard
[29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency
procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods
of protecting themselves during rescue operations.
EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS
The following operations may involve mineral oil mist and lead to worker
exposures to this substance:
* The manufacture and transportation of mineral oil mist
* Use as a lubricating oil
* Use as a solvent for inks
* Use in rubber extenders, food additives, and pharmaceutical preparations
* Use in cosmetics, agricultural sprays, corrosion inhibitors, soaps, and
defoamers
Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to mineral oil
mist depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:
* Process enclosure
* Local exhaust ventilation
* General dilution ventilation
* Personal protective equipment
Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous
substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous
Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].
Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:
1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended
practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists.
2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion.
Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems.
New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.
4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of
workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL:
National Safety Council.
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance. When
these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for
additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are
exposed to mineral oil mist are required to implement medical surveillance
procedures.
* Medical Screening
Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored
in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent
occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of
employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse
health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The
occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should
prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial
hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment).
A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such
measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical
evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically
during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or
termination.
* Preplacement medical evaluation
Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to
mineral oil mist a licensed health care professional should evaluate and
document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical,
environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and
physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational
risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the skin
and respiratory system. Medical surveillance for respiratory disease should
be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by the American
Thoracic Society.
A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical
conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a
worker is exposed to mineral oil mist at or below the prescribed exposure
limit. The health care professional should consider the probable frequency,
intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any
applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be regarded
as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other
findings consistent with diseases of the skin or respiratory
system.
* Periodic medical evaluations
Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be
performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by
any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists
and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years
or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health
physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops
symptoms attributable to mineral oil mist exposure. The interviews,
examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the
adverse effects of mineral oil mist on the skin or respiratory system.
Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of
the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference
population.
* Termination medical evaluations
The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the
physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were
conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job
transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end
of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be
compared with those expected for a suitable reference population. Because
occupational exposure to mineral oil mist may cause diseases with prolonged
latent periods, the need for medical surveillance may extend well beyond the
termination of employment.
* Biological monitoring
Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues
or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite.
No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been
developed for mineral oil mist.
WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne mineral oil mist is made
using a tared low ash polyvinyl chloride (LAPVC) filter (5 microns). Samples
are collected at a maximum flow rate of 2.0 liters/minute until a maximum
collection volume of 960 liters is reached. Analysis is conducted by
gravimetric methods (weighing). This method is described in the OSHA
Computerized Information System and is fully validated. NIOSH has published
a similar method (Method No. 5026) that requires flow rates of between 1 and
3 liters/minute and total sample volumes of between 20 and 500 liters.
Analysis is conducted by infrared spectrophotometry for this method [NIOSH
1994b].
PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES
If mineral oil contacts the skin, workers should immediately wash the
affected areas with large amounts of soap and water.
Clothing contaminated with mineral oil should be removed immediately, and
provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the
clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous
properties of mineral oil.
A worker who handles mineral oil should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and
face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using toilet
facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.
Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or
take medication in areas where mineral oil or a solution containing mineral
oil is handled, processed, or stored.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency
planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community
right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are
therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is
available.
* Emergency planning requirements
Mineral oil mist is not subject to EPA emergency planning
requirements under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
(Title III) in 42 USC 11022.
* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases
A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling,
leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting,
escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the
abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous
substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity
for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal,
State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].
Employers are not required by the emergency release notification
provisions in 40 CFR Part 355.40 to notify the National Response Center of an
accidental release of mineral oil mist; there is no reportable quantity for
this substance.
* Community right-to-know requirements
Employers are not required by EPA in 40 CFR Part 372.30 to submit a
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of
mineral oil mist emitted or released from their facility annually.
* Hazardous waste management requirements
EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the
following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or
toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed
many chemical wastes as hazardous. Although mineral oil mist is not
specifically listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA, EPA requires employers
to treat waste as hazardous if it exhibits any of the characteristics
discussed above.
Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of
specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S.
Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be
followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance
are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that
chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should
address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the
Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington,
D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted
for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and
disposal of this substance.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
* Conditions for respirator use
Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls
be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous
materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may
require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn
if the ambient concentration of mineral oil mist exceeds prescribed exposure
limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been
installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair
activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require
entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers
should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine
Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).
* Respiratory protection program
Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program
that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory
Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include
respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the
work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel,
respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator
maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate
respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct
respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program
and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on
the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of
respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision
Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection
[NIOSH 1987a].
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment
that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in
preventing skin contact with mineral oil mist. The selection of the
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves,
encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential
exposure to mineral oil mist. There are no published reports on the
resistance of various materials to permeation by mineral oil mist.
To evaluate the use of PPE materials with mineral oil mist, users should
consult the best available performance data and manufacturers'
recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the
chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl)
produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of
a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat
components.
Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically
evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact.
Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations
that involve the generation of mineral oil mist.
Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long,
minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or
other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.
In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel (e.g.,
aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls,
or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should
provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing
separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end of each work
shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed
about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed
about measures to minimize their health risk.
Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be
inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.
Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation,
especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work
environments.
REFERENCES
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exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
ACGIH [1994]. 1994-1995 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and
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