Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR ISOAMYL ACETATE
INTRODUCTION
This guideline summarizes pertinent information about isoamyl acetate for
workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and
other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such
information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs.
Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields;
readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general
guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.
SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION
* Formula
C(7)H(14)O(2)
* Structure
(For Structure, see paper copy)
* Synonyms
Banana oil, isoamyl ethanoate, 3-methyl-1-butanol acetate, isopentyl
acetate, pear oil, 3-methyl-1-butyl acetate
* Identifiers
1. CAS No.: 123-92-2
2. RTECS No.: NS9800000
3. UN number: 1104 26 (amyl acetates)
4. DOT label: Flammable liquid
* Appearance and odor
Isoamyl acetate is a clear, colorless liquid with a banana-like
odor. An air odor threshold concentration of 0.025 part per million (ppm)
parts of air has been reported for isoamyl acetate.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Physical data
1. Molecular weight: 130.18
2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 142 degrees C (287.6 degrees F)
3. Specific gravity: 0.876 at 15 degrees C (59 degrees F)
4. Vapor density: 4.5
5. Melting point: -78.5 degrees C (-109.3 degrees F)
6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 4 mm Hg
7. Solubility: Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic
solvents.
8. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = 1): 0.42
* Reactivity
1. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat, sparks, or flame.
2. Incompatibilities: Contact between isoamyl acetate and nitrates,
strong oxidizers, strong alkalies, and strong acids should be avoided.
3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) may be released in a fire involving
isoamyl acetate.
4. Special precautions: None reported.
* Flammability
The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability
rating of 3 (severe fire hazard) to isoamyl acetate.
1. Flash point: 38 degrees C (100 degrees F)
2. Autoignition temperature: 360 degrees C (680 degrees F)
3. Flammable limits in air (percent by volume at 100 degrees C): Lower,
1.0; upper, 7.5
4. Extinguishant: For small fires use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water
spray, or alcohol-resistant foam. Use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant
foam to fight large fires involving isoamyl acetate.
Fires involving isoamyl acetate should be fought upwind from the
maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate the hazard
area and deny entry. Isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions if a
tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in the fire. For a massive fire in
a cargo area, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is
impossible, withdraw from the area and let the fire burn. Emergency
personnel should stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before
entering. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors
are an explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers.
Containers of isoamyl acetate may explode in the heat of the fire and should
be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is
not possible, cool fire exposed containers from the sides with water until
well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers.
Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety
device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container due to fire.
Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing and self-contained
breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving isoamyl acetate.
EXPOSURE LIMITS
* OSHA PEL
The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
permissible exposure limit (PEL) for isoamyl acetate is 100 ppm (525
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3))) as an 8-hour time-weighted average
(TWA) concentration [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].
* NIOSH REL
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for isoamyl acetate of 100
ppm (525 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek
[NIOSH 1992].
* ACGIH TLV
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) has assigned isoamyl acetate a threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 ppm
(532 mg/m(3)) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek
[ACGIH 1994, p. 24].
* Rationale for Limits
The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of conjunctival and upper
respiratory irritation; narcosis [NIOSH 1992].
The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of irritation [ACGIH 1991, p.
810].
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
* Routes of Exposure
Exposure to isoamyl acetate can occur through inhalation, ingestion,
and eye or skin contact [Sittig 1991, p. 132].
* Summary of toxicology
1. Effects on Animals: Isoamyl acetate is an irritant of the eyes and
mucous membranes, and at high concentrations it is a narcotic. The oral
LD(50) in rats is 16,600 and 7,422 mg/kg in rabbits [NIOSH 1991]. Mice
survived 2- to 3-hour exposures to 1,000 ppm without effect, but at
concentrations of 3,800 ppm for 4 to 6 hours, central nervous system effects
were seen [NLM 1992]. Cats and rabbits exposed to 900 ppm exhibited
irritation of the eyes and nose; at 5,000 ppm, the animals displayed
lassitude, and some developed diarrhea and albuminuria (indicating kidney
damage) [NLM 1992]. At postmortem, rabbits exposed to isoamyl acetate on a
subacute regimen displayed changes in the liver, congestion and hypertrophy
of the spleen, and congestion of the kidneys [NLM 1992]. Instilled into the
eyes of rabbits, isoamyl acetate caused mild and transient corneal epithelial
injury [Grant 1986].
2. Effects on Humans: Isoamyl acetate is an irritant of the eyes and
mucous membranes. Human volunteers exposed to 1,000 ppm isoamyl acetate for
30 minutes experienced irritation, difficulty in breathing, fatigue, and an
increased pulse rate [ACGIH 1991]. Severe throat irritation occurs in humans
at 200 ppm, and slight throat discomfort is experienced at 100 ppm [ACGIH
1991]. A concentration of 300 ppm is reported to be "noticeably" irritating
to the eyes; at higher concentrations, isoamyl acetate causes redness of the
eyes and a burning sensation, but no corneal damage has been reported [Grant
1986]. Exposure to concentrations of 1,000 ppm for 30 minutes causes
irritation, dyspnea, increased pulse, headache, and fatigue [Genium 1986].
* Signs and symptoms of exposure
1. Acute exposure: Short-term exposure to isoamyl acetate concentrations
of 100 to 300 ppm causes irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Exposure
to higher concentrations may cause headache, difficulty in breathing,
drowsiness, palpitations, increased pulse rate, and fatigue.
2. Chronic exposure: No signs or symptoms of chronic exposure to isoamyl
acetate have been reported in humans.
EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES
* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]
5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and
implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the
Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard
[29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency
procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods
of protecting themselves during rescue operations.
EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS
The following operations may involve isoamyl acetate and lead to worker
exposures to this substance:
* The manufacture and transportation of isoamyl acetate * Liberated
during spray application of varnishes and nitrocellulose lacquers as
protective and finish coatings for wood, especially in furniture industry,
and on plastic, metal, leather, and other surfaces * Liberated during
application of varnishes and nitrocellulose lacquers as protective and finish
coatings for wood, paper, metal, leather, and other surfaces by dipping,
roller coating, tumbling, knifing, or brushing * Liberated during
manufacture of nail polish, shoe polish, and furniture polish; during
fermentation of whiskey grains * Liberated during manufacture of
cellulosic photographic film by formation from solvent solutions * Use as
a solvent of old oil colors, formaldehyde, synthetic resins, waxes, paints,
phosphors, tannins, nitrocellulose, lacquers, celluloid, and camphor, and to
cover unpleasant odors * Use in manufacture of bath sponges, artificial
leathers, artificial silk, rayon, pearls, artificial glass, waterproof
varnishes, bronzing fluids, and metallic paints
Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to isoamyl
acetate, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:
* Process enclosure * Local exhaust ventilation * General dilution
ventilation * Personal protective equipment
Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous
substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous
Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR 1910.120].
Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:
1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended
practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists.
2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion.
Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems.
New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.
4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of
workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL:
National Safety Council.
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance. When
these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for
additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are
exposed to isoamyl acetate are required to implement medical surveillance
procedures.
* Medical Screening
Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored
in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent
occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of
employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse
health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The
occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health effects should
prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial
hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment).
A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such
measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical
evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically
during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or
termination.
* Preplacement medical evaluation
Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to
isoamyl acetate, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and
document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical,
environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and
physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational
risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the eyes,
skin, and respiratory system. Medical surveillance for respiratory disease
should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by the
American Thoracic Society.
A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical
conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a
worker is exposed to isoamyl acetate at or below the prescribed exposure
limit. The health care professional should consider the probable frequency,
intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any
applicable medical condition. Such conditions (which should not be regarded
as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other
findings consistent with diseases of the eyes, skin, and respiratory
system.
* Periodic medical evaluations
Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be
performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by
any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists
and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years
or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health
physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops
symptoms attributable to isoamyl acetate exposure. The interviews,
examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the
adverse effects of isoamyl acetate on the eyes, skin, or respiratory system.
Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of
the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference
population.
* Termination medical evaluations
The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the
physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were
conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job
transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end
of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should
be compared with those expected for a suitable reference
population.
* Biological monitoring
Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues
or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite.
No biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been
developed for isoamyl acetate.
WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne isoamyl acetate is made
using a charcoal tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh). Samples are
collected at a maximum flow rate of 0.2 liter/minute until a maximum
collection volume of 10 liters is reached. The sample is then treated with
carbon disulfide. Analysis is conducted by gas chromatography using a flame
ionization detector (GC/FID). This method is fully validated and is
described in the OSHA Computerized Information System [OSHA 1994] and in
NIOSH Method No. 1450 [NIOSH 1994b].
PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES
If isoamyl acetate contacts the skin, workers should flush the affected
areas immediately with plenty of water, followed by washing with soap and
water.
Clothing contaminated with isoamyl acetate should be removed immediately,
and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the
clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous
properties of isoamyl acetate, particularly its potential for causing
irritation.
A worker who handles isoamyl acetate should thoroughly wash hands, forearms,
and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using
toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.
Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or
take medication in areas where isoamyl acetate or a solution containing
isoamyl acetate is handled, processed, or stored.
STORAGE
Isoamyl acetate should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in
tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard
Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Containers of isoamyl acetate
should be protected from physical damage and ignition sources, and should be
stored separately from nitrates, strong oxidizers, strong alkalies, and
strong acids.
SPILLS AND LEAKS
In the event of a spill or leak involving isoamyl acetate, persons not
wearing protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from
contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps
should be undertaken following a spill or leak:
1. Notify safety personnel.
2. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.
3. Ventilate the area of the spill or leak.
4. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to
do so without risk.
5. For liquid spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent
material and place into closed containers for later disposal.
6. Keep Isoamyl Acetate out of a confined space, such as sewer, because of
the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the
buildup of explosive concentrations.
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency
planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community
right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are
therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is
available.
* Emergency planning requirements
Isoamyl acetate is not subject to EPA emergency planning
requirements under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
(Title III) in 42 USC 11022.
* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases
A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling,
leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting,
escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment (including the
abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous
substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity
for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal,
State, and local authorities [40 CFR 355.40].
The reportable quantity of isoamyl acetate is 5,000 pounds. If an
amount equal to or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour
period in a manner that will expose persons outside the facility, employers
are required to do the following:
- Notify the National Response Center immediately at (800)
424-8802 or at (202) 426-2675 in Washington, D.C. [40 CFR 302.6].
* Community right-to-know requirements
Employers are not required by EPA in 40 CFR Part 372.30 to submit a
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of
isoamyl acetate emitted or released from their facility annually.
* Hazardous waste management requirements
EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the
following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or
toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed
many chemical wastes as hazardous. Although isoamyl acetate is not
specifically listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA, EPA requires employers
to treat waste as hazardous if it exhibits any of the characteristics
discussed above.
Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of
specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S.
Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be
followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance
are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that
chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should
address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the
Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington,
D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted
for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and
disposal of this substance.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
* Conditions for respirator use
Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls
be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous
materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may
require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn
if the ambient concentration of isoamyl acetate exceeds prescribed exposure
limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been
installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair
activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require
entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers
should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine
Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).
* Respiratory protection program
Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program
that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory
Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include
respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the
work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel,
respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator
maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate
respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct
respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program
and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on
the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of
respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision
Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection
[NIOSH 1987a].
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment
that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in
preventing skin contact with isoamyl acetate. The selection of the
appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves,
encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential
exposure to isoamyl acetate. The resistance of various materials to
permeation by isoamyl acetate is shown below:
Material |
Breakthrough time (hr) |
|
Butyl Rubber |
Caution 1 to 4 |
Natural Rubber |
<1(*) |
Neoprene |
<1(*) |
Nitrile Rubber |
<1(*) |
Polyethylene |
<1(*) |
Polyvinyl Chloride |
<1(*) |
Viton |
<1(*) |
(*) Not recommended, degradation may occur
To evaluate the use of these PPE materials with isoamyl acetate, users
should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers'
recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the
chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl)
produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of
a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat
components.
Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically
evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact. Safety
showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operations that
involve isoamyl acetate.
Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long,
minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or
other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.
In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel (e.g.,
aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls,
or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should
provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing
separately. Employers should collect work clothing at the end of each work
shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed
about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed
about measures to minimize their health risk.
Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be
inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.
Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation,
especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work
environments.
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