Disclaimer: These guidelines were developed under contract using generally accepted secondary sources. The protocol used by the contractor for surveying these data sources was developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Department of Energy (DOE). The information contained in these guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. None of the agencies have conducted a comprehensive check of the information and data contained in these sources. It provides a summary of information about chemicals that workers may be exposed to in their workplaces. The secondary sources used for supplements 111 and 1V were published before 1992 and 1993, respectively, and for the remainder of the guidelines the secondary sources used were published before September 1996. This information may be superseded by new developments in the field of industrial hygiene. Therefore readers are advised to determine whether new information is available.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR CHLORDANE

INTRODUCTION

This guideline summarizes pertinent information about chlordane for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine whether new information is available.

SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION

* Formula

C(10)H(6)Cl(8)

* Structure

For Structure, see paper copy)

* Synonyms

octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindine;octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene; CD-68; velsicol 1068; toxichlor; niran; octachlor; gamma-chlordan; chlortox; dowchlor; kypchlor; kilex lindane

* Identifiers

1. CAS No.: 57-74-9

2. RTECS No.: PB9800000

3. DOT UN: 2762 28 (organochlorine pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic, n.o.s. flash point less than 23 degrees C (73.4 degrees F). Note: If carrier solvent has flash point above 23 degrees C (73.4 degrees F), the DOT UN: 2995 28 should be used

4. DOT label: Flammable liquid, poison (organochlorine pesticides liquid, flammable, toxic, n.o.s. flashpoint less than 23 degrees C degrees F)

* Appearance and odor

Chlordane is an odorless, thick, colorless to amber-colored liquid. The commercial product has a chlorine-like odor. An odor threshold of part per million (ppm) parts of air has been reported.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

* Physical data

1. Molecular weight: 409.76

2. Boiling point (at 2 mm Hg): 175 degrees C (347 degrees F)-decomposes

3. Specific gravity: 1.57 to 1.67 at 15.5 degrees C (60 degrees F)

4. Vapor density: Data not available.

5. Melting point: 95 to 96 degrees C (203 to 204.8 degrees F)-Pure solid; 102.8 to 108.9 degrees C (217 to 228 degrees F)

6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): mm Hg

7. Solubility: Insoluble in water; miscible with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, including deodorized kerosene.

8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.

* Reactivity

1. Conditions contributing to instability: High temperatures, other ignition sources, and contact with incompatible chemicals, or solvents, emulsifiers, or diluents that have an alkaline reaction

2. Incompatibilities: Chlordane is incompatible with strong oxidizers and alkaline reagents.

3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors such as hydrogen chloride, chlorine, phosgene, and carbon monoxide may be released in a fire involving chlordane.

4. Special precautions: Chlordane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. It is corrosive to iron and zinc.

* Flammability

Chlordane itself is non-combustible. However, the materials used as carrier solvents (e.g. kerosene) are often flammable making the mixture in use a flammable or combustible mixture.

The National Fire Protection Association has not assigned a flammability rating to chlordane.

1. Flash point: 107.2 degrees C (225 degrees F) (open cup)-in kerosene solvent

2. Autoignition temperature: 210 degrees C (410 degrees F)-in kerosene solvent

3. Flammable limits in air (percent by volume): Lower, 0.7 percent; upper, 5 percent-in kerosene solvent

4. Extinguishant: For small fires use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol-resistant foam. Use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam to fight large fires involving chlordane.

Fires involving chlordane should be fought upwind from the maximum distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate the hazard area and deny entry. Isolate the area for 1/2 mile in all directions if a tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in the fire. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Vapors are an explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Containers of chlordane may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool fire exposed containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety device is heard or if there is discoloration of a container due to fire. Firefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving chlordane.

EXPOSURE LIMITS

* OSHA PEL

The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for chlordane is 0.5 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m(3)) of air as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration. The OSHA PEL also bears a "Skin" notation, which indicates that the cutaneous route of exposure (including mucous membranes and eyes) contributes to overall exposure [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1].

* NIOSH REL

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has established a recommended exposure limit (REL) for chlordane of 0.5 mg/m(3) as a TWA for up to a 10-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. NIOSH also assigns a "Skin" notation to chlordane, and considers chlordane to be a potential occupational carcinogen [NIOSH 1992].

* ACGIH TLV

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has assigned chlordane a threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.5 mg/m(3) as a TWA for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. The ACGIH also assigns a "Skin" notation to chlordane, and lists chlordane as having been identified by other sources as a suspected or confirmed human carcinogen [ACGIH 1994, p. 15].

* Rationale for Limits

The NIOSH limit is based on the risk of potential for cancer, central nervous system effects, skin and mucous membrane irritation, kidney, and nerve damage (also liver cancer reported in animals) [NIOSH 1992].

The ACGIH limit is based on the risk of systemic injury [ACGIH 1991, p. 245].

HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION

* Routes of Exposure

Exposure to chlordane can occur through inhalation, ingestion, eye or skin contact, and absorption through the skin [Sittig 1991].

* Summary of toxicology

1. Effects on Animals: Chlordane is a carcinogen, a potent toxin to the central nervous system, and a liver toxin in experimental animals. Upon contact, it is irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. It is also a mutagen in mammalian cell systems and has been shown to cause reproductive effects in animals. The oral LD(50) for rats is mg/kg and 145 mg/kg for mice; and the dermal LD(50) in rabbits is mg/kg [NIOSH 1995]. Chronic exposure has resulted in degenerative changes in the liver, renal tubules, lungs, intestinal submucosa, and heart. Because it is stored in body fat, chlordane has a high potential for cumulative neurotoxicity [Gosselin 1984]. Rats administered 5, 10, 30, 150, or 300 ppm chlordane in their diet showed liver and myocardial damage at the doses above 150 ppm [ACGIH 1991]. At dosages above 30 mg/kg in the diet, chlordane interfered with reproduction in rats, but this effect was reversible after exposure ceased [Hathaway et al. 1991]. Chlordane tested positive in mutagenicity tests in several different animal systems [NIOSH 1995]. In a gavage study in mice, both males and females in the high-dose group developed a significantly increased dose-related incidence of liver cancer. In the 1987 report, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that there was limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of chlordane in animals [IARC 1987].

2. Effects on Humans: In humans, chlordane is a convulsant and potent central nervous system toxin. The fatal human dose of chlordane is

estimated to range from 6 grams to 60 grams, and convulsive symptoms have occurred after ingestion of as little as 2.25 grams [Hathaway et al. 1991]. When a municipal water system was contaminated in 1976 with chlordane, 13 of 105 persons exposed reported both gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms [Hayes and Laws 1991]. Chlordane is rapidly absorbed through the skin. In one instance, a worker who spilled a 25 percent suspension of chlordane on clothing that was not removed began having convulsions 40 minutes later and died shortly thereafter [ACGIH 1991]. Case reports have linked chlordane exposure with the development of neuroblastoma, aplastic anemia, and acute leukemia [Hathaway et al. 1991]. However, a recent study of 800 workers employed at a chlordane production plant for 3 months or more during the period 1946-1985 showed a slightly lower than expected overall death rate and an inverse relationship between cancer mortality and length of employment at the plant [Hathaway et al. 1991]. In the 1987 report, IARC concluded that there is insufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of chlordane in humans[IARC 1987].

* Signs and symptoms of exposure

1. Acute exposure: Inhalation and skin absorption of chlordane have caused blurred vision, cough, confusion, muscular incoordination and delirium in workers; ingestion has caused mouth burns, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; severe intoxication has caused blurred vision, irritability, tremor, staggering, convulsions, psychoses, central nervous system depression, bronchopneumonia, anuria, and death[Patnaik 1992; Genium 1993].

2. Chronic exposure: Prolonged exposure has been linked with neuroblastoma and acute leukemias [IARC 1987].

EMERGENCY MEDICAL PROCEDURES

* Emergency medical procedures: [NIOSH to supply]

5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]). All workers should be familiar with emergency procedures, the location and proper use of emergency equipment, and methods of protecting themselves during rescue operations.

EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS

The following operations may involve chlordane and lead to worker exposures to this substance:

* The manufacture and transportation of chlordane

Note: The U.S. EPA cancelled the registration for commercial production, delivery, sale, and use of chlordane in April of 1988

Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to chlordane, depending on the feasibility of implementation, are as follows:

Process enclosure Local exhaust ventilation General dilution ventilation Personal protective equipment

Workers responding to a release or potential release of a hazardous substance must be protected as required by paragraph (q) of OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard [29 CFR

Good sources of information about control methods are as follows:

1. ACGIH [1992]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended practice. 21st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.

4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

OSHA is currently developing requirements for medical surveillance. When these requirements are promulgated, readers should refer to them for additional information and to determine whether employers whose employees are exposed to chlordane are required to implement medical surveillance procedures.

* Medical Screening

Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent occupational injury and disease. The program should include

education of employers and workers about work-related hazards, early detection of adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work- related adverse health effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures (e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment). A medical surveillance program is intended to supplement, not replace, such measures. To detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations should be performed (1) before job placement, periodically during the term of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.

* Preplacement medical evaluation

Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to chlordane, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and integrity of the eyes, skin, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, and lungs. Medical surveillance for respiratory disease should be conducted using the principles and methods recommended by the American Thoracic Society.

A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to chlordane at or below the prescribed exposure limit. The health care professional should consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition. Such conditionswhich should not be regarded as absolute contraindications to job placement) include a history and other findings consistent with diseases of the eyes, skin, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, or lungs.

* Periodic medical evaluations

Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to chlordane exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests should focus on identifying the adverse effects of chlordane on the eyes, skin, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, or lungs. Current health status should be compared with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with expected values for a suitable reference population.

* Termination medical evaluations

The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a suitable reference population. Because occupational exposure to chlordane may cause diseases with prolonged latent periods, the need for medical surveillance may extend well beyond the termination of employment.

* Biological monitoring

Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or metabolite. By analogy to other chlorinated pesticides, chlordane levels in the blood should be a useful indicator for determining worker exposures. However, no biological monitoring test acceptable for routine use has yet been developed for chlordane.

WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT

Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne chlordane is made using an OSHA Versatile Sampler (OVS-2) 13 mm XAD-2 tube (270/140 mg sections, 20/60 mesh) with a glass fiber filter enclosed. Samples are collected at a maximum flow rate of 1.0 liter/minute until a maximum collection volume of liters is reached. The sample is then treated with toluene. Analysis is conducted by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector (GC/ECD). This method (OSHA 67) is described in the OSHA Computerized Information System [OSHA 1994] and is fully validated. NIOSH Method No. for chlordane) also relies on GC/ECD for sample analysis, but involves sample collection with a mixed cellulose ester filter (MCEF) and chromosorb 102 tube [NIOSH 1994b].

PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES

If chlordane contacts the skin, workers should immediately rinse with flooding amounts of water for at least 15 minutes followed by washing the affected areas with soap and water. Do not scrub because this will increase dermal absorption.

Clothing contaminated with chlordane should be removed immediately, and provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the hazardous properties of chlordane, particularly its potential for causing systemic poisoning by dermal absorption.

A worker who handles chlordane should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and face with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, using toilet facilities, applying cosmetics, or taking medication.

Workers should not eat, drink, use tobacco products, apply cosmetics, or take medication in areas where chlordane or a solution containing chlordane is handled, processed, or stored.

STORAGE

Chlordane should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200]. Aluminum, aluminum-clad, or high-baked phenolic enamel-lined metal containers should be used for storage. Containers of chlordane should be protected from physical damage and should be stored separately from strong oxidizers and alkaline reagents.

SPILLS AND LEAKS

In the event of a spill or leak involving chlordane, persons not wearing protective equipment and fully-encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be restricted from contaminated areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be undertaken following a spill or leak:

1. Notify safety personnel.

2. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.

3. Issue a warning as to the toxic nature of chlordane.

4. Ventilate potentially explosive atmospheres.

5. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to do so without risk.

6. Water spray may be used to reduce vapors, but the spray may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

7. For small liquid spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into closed containers for later disposal.

8. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain the chlordane for later reclamation or disposal.

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements for emergency planning, reportable quantities of hazardous releases, community right-to-know, and hazardous waste management may change over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically whether new information is available.

* Emergency planning requirements

Employers owning or operating a facility at which there are 1,000 pounds or more of chlordane must comply with EPA's emergency planning requirements [40 CFR Part 355.30].

* Reportable quantity requirements for hazardous releases

A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment including the abandonment or discarding of contaminated containers) of hazardous substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable quantity for that chemical, employers are required to notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities [40 CFR

The reportable quantity of chlordane is 1 pound. If an amount equal to or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period in a manner that will expose persons outside the facility, employers are required to do the following:

Notify the National Response Center immediately at (800) 424- or at (202) 426-2675 in Washington, D.C. [40 CFR 302.6]. Notify the emergency response commission of the State likely to be affected by the release [40 CFR 355.40]. Notify the community emergency coordinator to the local emergency planning committee (or relevant local emergency response personnel) of any area likely to be affected by the release [40 CFR 355.40].

* Community right-to-know requirements

Employers who own or operate facilities in SIC codes 20 to 39 that employ 10 or more workers and that manufacture 25,000 pounds or more of chlordane per calendar year or otherwise use 10,000 pounds or more of chlordane per calendar year are required by EPA [40 CFR Part to submit a Toxic Chemical Release Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of chlordane emitted or released from their facility annually.

* Hazardous waste management requirements

EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) [40 USC 6901 et seq.], EPA has specifically listed many chemical wastes as hazardous. Chlordane is listed as a hazardous waste under RCRA and has been assigned EPA Hazardous Waste No. U036. It is approved for land disposal after treatment and only if the concentration of chlordane in the waste or treatment residual does not exceed .13 mg/kg.

Providing detailed information about the removal and disposal of specific chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. The U.S. Department of Transportation, EPA, and State and local regulations should be followed to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C. area) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington, D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the waste removal and disposal of this substance.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

* Conditions for respirator use

Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators must be worn if the ambient concentration of chlordane exceeds prescribed exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures, (3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and (4) during emergencies. Workers should only use respirators that have been approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).

* Respiratory protection program

Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard [29 CFR 1910.134]. Such a program must include respirator selection, an evaluation of the worker's ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular training of personnel, respirator fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program (including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator users, consult the latest edition of the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987b] and the NIOSH Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection [NIOSH 1987a].

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Workers should use appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment that must be carefully selected, used, and maintained to be effective in preventing skin contact with chlordane. The selection of the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, sleeves, encapsulating suits) should be based on the extent of the worker's potential exposure to chlordane. The resistance of one type of PPE material to permeation by chlordane >70 percent is shown below:

Material Breakthrough time (hr) teflon

To evaluate the use of this or other PPE materials with chlordane, users should consult the best available performance data and manufacturers' recommendations. Significant differences have been demonstrated in the chemical resistance of generically similar PPE materials (e.g., butyl) produced by different manufacturers. In addition, the chemical resistance of a mixture may be significantly different from that of any of its neat components.

Any chemical-resistant clothing that is used should be periodically evaluated to determine its effectiveness in preventing dermal contact. Safety showers and eye wash stations should be located close to operationsthat involve chlordane.

Splash-proof chemical safety goggles or face shields (20 to 30 cm long, minimum) should be worn during any operation in which a solvent, caustic, or other toxic substance may be splashed into the eyes.

In addition to the possible need for wearing protective outer apparel e.g., aprons, encapsulating suits), workers should wear work uniforms, coveralls, or similar full-body coverings that are laundered each day. Employers should provide lockers or other closed areas to store work and street clothing separately. Employers should collect work clothing at theend of each work shift and provide for its laundering. Laundry personnel should be informed about the potential hazards of handling contaminated clothing and instructed about measures to minimize their health risk.

Protective clothing should be kept free of oil and grease and should be inspected and maintained regularly to preserve its effectiveness.

Protective clothing may interfere with the body's heat dissipation, especially during hot weather or during work in hot or poorly ventilated work environments.

REFERENCES

ACGIH [1991]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

ACGIH [1994]. 1994-1995 Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

ATS [1987]. Standardization of spirometry -- 1987 update. American Thoracic Society. Am Rev Respir Dis

Baselt RC [1980]. Biological monitoring methods for industrial chemicals. Davis, CA: Biomedical Publications.

CFR. Code of Federal regulations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.

DOT [1993]. 1993 Emergency response guidebook, guide 28. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Hazardous Materials Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration.

Forsberg K, Mansdorf SZ [1993]. Quick selection guide to chemical protective clothing. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Genium [1993]. Material safety data sheet No. 877. Schenectady, NY: Genium Publishing Corporation.

Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC [1984]. Clinical toxicology of commercialproducts. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, Hughes JP, and Fischman ML [1991]. Proctor and Hughes' chemical hazards of the workplace. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Hayes WJ, Laws ER [1991]. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. San Diego,CA: Academic Press, Inc.

IARC [1987]. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. Supplement 7. Lyon, France: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer.

Lewis RJ, ed. [1993]. Lewis condensed chemical dictionary. 12th ed. NewYork, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Mickelsen RL, Hall RC [1987]. A breakthrough time comparison of nitrile and neoprene glove materials produced by different glove manufacturers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J

Mickelsen RL, Hall RC, Chern RT, Myers JR [1991]. Evaluation of a simple weight-loss method for determining the permeation of organic liquids through rubber films. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J

NIOSH [1987a]. NIOSH guide to industrial respiratory protection. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-116.

NIOSH [1987b]. NIOSH respirator decision logic. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-108.

NIOSH [1992]. Recommendations for occupational safety and health: Compendium of policy documents and statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 92-100.

NIOSH [1994a]. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-116.

NIOSH [1994b]. NIOSH manual of analytical methods. 4th ed. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 94-113.

NIOSH [1995]. Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances: Chlordane. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, Technical Information Branch.

NJDH [1987]. Hazardous substance fact sheet: Chlordane. Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Department of Health.