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)^ `> XifQ ` Advanced Legal WordPerfect II Learning Guide   x )^ `> XifQ Advanced Legal WordPerfect II Learning Guide   j-n )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988`6 >Page  jBX )^ `> XifQ    Page ` Copyright  Portola Systems, Inc. 1987, 1988 Style 3oDutch Roman 11.5 with Margins/Tabs )a [ PfQO  ddn  # c0*b, oT9 !Style 4 PSwiss 8 Point with MarginsDq Co> PfQ  dddd  #  Style 1.5Dutch Roman 11.5 Font4h )a [ PfQO  dddn 2G|gStyle 2Dutch Italic 11.5$ )^ `> XifQ Style 5Dutch Bold 18 Point$RH$L T~> pfQ_  )a [ PfQO Style 7Swiss 11.5$$V )ao> PfQ ]  )a [ PfQO Style 6Dutch Roman 14 Point$$N w [ PfQ   )a [ PfQO 2ayK K KStyle 10oInitial Codes for Advanced U )a [ PfQK  dddn  ##  [[ b, oT9 !b, oT9 !n )^ `> XifQ ` Advanced Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   f )^ `> XifQ Advanced Legal WordPerfect Learning Guide   Q" )^ `> XifQ    Copyright  Portola Sys"i~'^"(22TN"""28"2222222222888,\HBBH>8HH"&H>XHH8HB8>HH^HH>"".2",2,2,"222N2222"&22H22,006"6."""""""""2"2H,H,H,H,H,XAB,>,>,>,>,""""H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H,H2H1H2H2H282H,H,H,B,B,B6B,H?>,>,>,>,H2H2H2H6H2H6H2""2"""2F866H2>>(>">">H2;H2H2H2H2XHB"B"B"8&8&8&86>*>>.H2H2H2H2H2H2^HH6>,>,>,H2>"H28&>"H2?22!!WFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN$<<$.2",2222`2 LL2 LL2L"",,2d""8HH"&H>XHH8HB8>HH^HH>"".2",2,2,"222N2222"&22H22,006"6."""""""""""2H,H,H,H,H,XAB,>,>,>,>,""""H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H2H,H2H1H2H2H282H,H,H,B,B,B6B,H?>,>,>,>,H2H2H2H6H2H6H2""2"""2F866H2>>(>">">H2;H2H2H2H2XHB"B"B"8&8&8&86>*>>.H2H2H2H2H2H2^HH6>,>,>,H2>"H28&>"H2?22!!WFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxN$<<$.2",2222`2 LL2 LL2L"",,2d"" pfQ_  )a [ PO 22 S-  E S- Federal Communications Commission`}(#<DA 981170  yxdddy  S-  1I #&a\  P6G;u&P#Before the Federal Communications Commission  S-""Washington, D.C. 20554 ă  Q-  S`-In rej) j)  S-Jordan E. Louriej)CSR 5185O j) j) Petition for Declaratory Rulingj) Under 47 C.F.R.  1.4000j)  SJ - $YA   $YA   S -  MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER lU  S - Adopted: June 16, 1998hh,Vpp Released: June 18, 1998 By the Acting Chief, Cable Services Bureau:  S - EIntroduction ă  " S-  "1.` ` Petitioner Jordan E. Lourie ("Lourie") filed a Petition for Declaratory Ruling ("Petition")   seeking a determination that Article VII, Section 9 of the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and   Restrictions of Roxbury Run Corporation ("Roxbury Restrictions") applicable in Roxbury Run Village   located in Delaware County New York, is prohibited by 47 C.F.R.  1.4000, the Commission's Overthe S-  Air Reception Devices Rule ("Rule"). =Xr yO-  ԍThe Rule provides that parties may petition the Commission for a declaratory ruling under Section 1.2 of the   Commission's rules to determine whether a particular restriction is permissible or prohibited under the Rule. 47 C.F.R.  1.4000(d).= RR Village Association, Inc. ("Association") filed a response to   ?the petition, and Lourie filed a reply. For the reasons discussed below, we find that the Roxbury   yRestrictions are prohibited and unenforceable to the extent that they impair the installation, maintenance, or use of overtheair video programming reception antennas as proposed by Lourie.  SR-G Background ă  S-  22.` ` On August 5, 1996, the Commission adopted the Rule, which prohibits governmental and   private restrictions that impair the ability of antenna users to install, maintain, or use overtheair reception  S-  jdevices.r {O:"-  ԍSee In re Preemption of Local Zoning Regulation of Satellite Earth Stations and In re Implementation of Section   207 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996; Restrictions on OvertheAir Reception Devices: Television Broadcast  {O#-  Service and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service, IB Docket No. 9559 and CS Docket No. 9683, Report  {O$-  iand Order, Memorandum Opinion and Order, and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ("Report and Order"),  yO`%-  Y11 FCC Rcd 19276 (1996) (consolidated). The Rule became effective on October 14, 1996. Public Notice DA 961755 (Oct. 23, 1996). The Rule implemented Section 207 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (the "Act"), which"f 0*''88"   [requires the Commission to "promulgate regulations to prohibit restrictions that impair a viewer's ability   to receive video programming services through devices designed for overtheair reception of . . . direct  S-  broadcast satellite services. . . ."2 yO-ԍTelecommunications Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104104,  207, 110 Stat. 56, 114 (1996). The Congressional directive to the Commission promotes one of the   primary objectives of the Communications Act of 1934: "to make available, so far as possible, to all the   "people of the United States . . . a rapid, efficient, nationwide, and worldwide wire and radio  S8-communication service with adequate facilities at reasonable charges. . . ."l8X2 yO0-ԍCommunications Act of 1934,  1 as amended, 47 U.S.C.  151.l  S-  3.` ` The Rule applies to antennas designed to receive direct broadcast satellite ("DBS") services   that are one meter or less in diameter; antennas designed to receive video programming services through   \multipoint distribution services, including multichannel multipoint distribution services, instructional   television fixed services, and local multipoint distribution services that are one meter or less in diameter   or diagonal measurement; and antennas designed to receive television broadcast signals "on property   within the exclusive use or control of an antenna user where the user has a direct or indirect ownership  S -  interest in the property" upon which the antenna is to be located.A 2 yO-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(a).A The Rule provides that a restriction   [impairs installation, maintenance, or use of a protected antenna if it: (1) unreasonably delays or prevents   =installation, maintenance, or use; (2) unreasonably increases the cost of installation, maintenance, or use;  S -  >or (3) precludes reception of an acceptable quality signal.C x2 yO-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(a). C There are exceptions to the Rule for valid   safety or historic preservation restrictions, which must be as narrowly tailored as possible, impose as little  S0-burden as possible, and apply in a nondiscriminatory manner throughout the regulated area.C02 yO-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(b). C  S-  4.` ` The Rule provides that parties who are affected by antenna restrictions may petition the  S-  .Commission to determine if the restrictions are permissible or prohibited by the Rule.A2 yO-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(d).A The Rule places   the burden of demonstrating that a challenged restriction complies with the Rule on the party seeking to  Sh-impose the restriction.A h( 2 yO0-ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(e).A  S- Allegations of Fact And Argument ă  S-  Q5.` ` The Roxbury Restrictions provide: "No exterior television or radio antenna of any sort   shall be placed, allowed or maintained upon any portion of the improvements to be placed upon the" 0*&&88"  S-  property, nor upon any structure situated upon the property."M 2 {Oh-ԍSee Lourie petition, Exhibit B.M Lourie states that he owns a home in   Roxbury Run Village which is subject to the Roxbury Restrictions. Lourie further states that the Roxbury   Restrictions prohibit an owner from installing an exterior antenna on portions of the dwelling units which   jthe Association is obligated to maintain. Since the Association is obligated to maintain the entire exterior   of any dwelling unit, Lourie contends that any installation of any antenna would be prohibited. Lourie   contends further that a notice to the Association of his intention to install an antenna resulted in a letter   informing him that homeowners are prohibited by the Roxbury Restrictions from installing an exterior   antenna on portions of their units which the Association is obligated to maintain, including on the chimney  S-  surface where Lourie proposes to install an 18" antenna. Z2 yO -ԍLourie petition, Exhibits D and J. An 18" antenna is less that one meter in diameter and subject to the Rule. Lourie later received notice that the   Association had adopted a resolution imposing a fine of $25 per day for the installation of any exterior  Sp-  appliance. p2 yO -  ԍLourie petition, Exhibit E. Upon advice from his attorney, Lourie has not made the proposed antenna installation. Lourie petition, p. 23. After a meeting for the purpose of resolving the matter had been arranged, the Association   Linformed Lourie that the issue of satellite antennas had been placed on the upcoming annual membership   meeting for the purpose of ascertaining the will of the membership concerning the matter, and that any  S -meeting with Lourie must wait until after the membership meeting.C B2 yO-ԍLourie petition, Exhibit I.C  S -  6.` ` Lourie argues that the Association's referral of the antenna matter to its membership for   [a vote vitiated any claim that an antenna installation subject to the Roxbury Restrictions created a safety   =hazard. Lourie also provided an affidavit of the person who would install the antenna if permitted to do   kso, who stated that the antenna presented no safety concerns and could be removed easily during any   needed maintenance or painting by the removal of four attaching screws and one wire connector. Lourie   [takes the position that he should not be required to shoulder the burden of proving his right to install the antenna.  Sh-  p7.` ` The Association concedes that Lourie is the owner of a townhouse in Roxbury Run   Village. However, the Association contends that Article VI of the Roxbury Restrictions imposes on it the   responsibility for repair, replacement and maintenance of exterior building surfaces and that Article IX,   [Section 4 grants the Association an easement to enter any dwelling unit for inspections, maintenance and   krepairs. The Association contends further that owners are prohibited by Article VII, Section 7 of the   Roxbury Restrictions from using any of the property outside the exterior of the building lines, except that   Lowners may use roadways, parking areas, and common areas in the manner allowed by the Association's   Krules. The Association contends it has consistently prohibited using exterior wall surfaces for any purpose,   including attaching fixtures of any kind, and expresses a concern for being held responsible if any object attached to a wall surface should fall or blow off and injure someone. " 0*&&88="Ԍ S-  2Ԋ8.` ` The Association contends that the chimney surface area, where Lourie proposes to install   an antenna, is not within Lourie's exclusive use or control. Instead, the Association asserts that, under   the above mentioned provisions of the Roxbury Restrictions, the chimney surface area is area which the   =Association controls and for which it holds responsibility for repair, replacement and maintenance. The   Association argues therefore that the chimney surface area is not property covered by 47 C.F.R.  1.4000.   jIn this connection, the Association points out that the Commission declined to adopt a rule regarding the   application of Section 207 to situations in which the viewer does not have exclusive use or control and   a direct or indirect ownership interest in the property where the antenna is to be installed, used, and  S-  maintained, and held such situations over for consideration in further rulemaking proceedings. See Report  S-  and Order, at  59 and 66. Finally, the Association notes that Lourie has proposed locating the antenna   =only on the chimney surface area, and that it has neither considered nor rejected any other location. The  SL -  Association also argues that the instant installation may be distinguished from that considered in In re  S& -  Victor Frankfurt, 12 FCC Rcd 17631 (CSB 1997) by virtue of its responsibility for repair, replacement and maintenance of the surface on which the antenna would be installed.  S -4! Discussion and Analysis ă  S`-  ~9.` ` The record shows that Lourie is an owner of a townhouse in Roxbury Run Village and   .that he proposes to install an exterior overtheair video programming reception antenna on the chimney   =of his townhouse. The Association has notified Lourie that the Roxbury Restrictions prohibit him from   making the antenna installation, and they threaten to fine him $25 per day if the installation is made.   .Under the Rule, the Association, as the restricting entity, has the burden to show that its restrictions do   not impair the installation, maintenance, or use of overtheair reception antennas or that its restrictions   qualify for either the safety or historic preservation exceptions to the Rule. We find that the Association has not met its burden.  S-  _10.` ` We reject the Association's argument that the Rule does not apply in this instance because   the Association has responsibility for repairs, replacements and maintenance of the exterior of Lourie's   townhouse and of the chimney surface where the antenna would be mounted. The fact that the   Association has responsibility for the repairs, replacements and maintenance of the exterior of Lourie's   townhouse where the antenna would be mounted is not controlling in the circumstance presented here.   Lourie is the owner with exclusive use of the townhouse, including its chimney. As the exclusive user   of the chimney, Lourie's use of his dish clearly falls within the ambit of the Rule. In this regard, the   Association also argues that Lourie no more uses his chimney than an "insect sunning itself " on it. We   reject this assertion. One need not physically occupy something to use it. The determination of exclusive   use is not dependant on actual use. In any event, Lourie uses his chimney to form the outer surface of his   flue. However, because the Association has responsibility for the chimney's maintenance, it can require   LLourie to remove the dish temporarily if necessary to perform normal maintenance. Furthermore, we do   not believe it inappropriate for the Association to take reasonable steps to protect itself from liability   \stemming from the installation of the subject antenna, provided that indemnification is not used as an  S!-equivalent for prior approval.!3 {O0$-  ԍSee In re Star Lambert et al., 12 FCC Rcd 10424 (1997) and In re Michael MacDonald, 13 FCC Rcd 4844 (1997)."!"0*&&88(#"Ԍ S-  }ԙ11.` ` We also reject the Association's argument that the instant installation may be distinguished  S-  from that considered in In re Victor Frankfurt, 12 FCC Rcd 17631 (CSB 1997). The Association's   obligation to repair and maintain the chimney detracts in no way from Lourie's exclusive use of the  S-  chimney any more than was the case of the balcony considered in Victor Frankfurt. Furthermore, contrary   jto the Association's assertions, the townhouse which Lourie owns does not present one of the situations   reserved for further rulemaking. The situations which the Commission reserved for consideration in  S-  further rulemaking involved the placement of antennas on common areas or rental properties.b3 {O|-ԍSee Report and Order paragraphs 59 through 65.b Lourie's chimney in not a common area nor is Lourie's townhouse a rental property.  S-  312.` ` The Association's written restrictions, and the implementation thereof with respect to   Lourie, create an outright prohibition of antennas covered by the Rule. By definition, restrictions and  SL -  implementation such as present here impair the installation, maintenance, or use of covered antennas.AL Z3 yOF -ԍ47 C.F.R.  1.4000(a).A   Furthermore, there is nothing in the record to show that the prohibition is necessary for valid safety or   .historic preservation reasons. Accordingly, we find that the Roxbury Restrictionsand the preclusion of  S -Lourie's proposed antenna are prohibited by the Rule. G& 3 {O^-  ZԍSee In re Wireless Broadcasting Systems of Sacramento, Inc. ("Wireless Broadcasting"), 12 FCC Rcd 19746,   (1997). (The Association's "prohibition violates the Rule because it `prevents' installation, maintenance, or use of  {O-  jthe antennas and, thereby, `precludes reception of an acceptable quality signal'.") Id. at  9 citing 47 C.F.R.   {O-1.4000(a). See also In re Victor Frankfurt, 12 FCC Rcd 17631, (CSB 1997), at  17.G  S - 35Ordering Clauses ă  S4-  313.` ` Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED , pursuant to Section 1.4000(d) of the OvertheAir   Reception Devices Rule, 47 C.F.R.  1.4000(d), and Section 1.2 of the Commission's rules, 47 C.F.R.    =1.2, that Article VII, Section 9 of the Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions of Roxbury   yRun Corporation of the RR Village Association, Inc. is hereby prohibited and unenforceable to the extent   that it impairs the installation, maintenance, or use of overtheair reception antennas protected by 47 C.F.R.  1.4000 as discussed herein.  S-  B14. ` ` This action is taken by the Acting Chief, Cable Services Bureau, pursuant to authority delegated by Section 0.321 of the Commission's rules. 47 C.F.R.  0.321. ` `  hh,VFEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION  $YA   $YA  ` `  hh,VJohn E. Logan ` `  hh,VActing Chief, Cable Services BureauX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8: