During the first few minutes of this
(May 18, 1980) eruption,
parts of the blast cloud
surged over the newly formed crater rim and down the west, south,
and east sides of the volcano. The hot rocks and gas quickly melted
some of the snow and ice capping the volcano, creating surges of water
that eroded and mixed with loose rock debris to form
volcanic mudflows (lahars).
Several lahars poured down the volcano into river valleys,
ripping trees from their roots and destroying roads and bridges.
The largest and most destructive lahar was formed by water seeping
from inside the huge
landslide deposit
through most of the day. This
sustained flow of water eroded material from both the landslide deposit
and channel of the North Fork Toutle River. The lahar increased in
size as it traveled downstream, destroying bridges and homes and eventually
flowing into the Cowlitz River. It reached its maximum size at about
midnight in the Cowlitz River about 50 miles downstream from the volcano.
Velocity:
About 10 to 25 miles per hour (over 50 miles per hour on steep flanks of volcano)
Damaged:
27 bridges, nearly 200 homes.
Effects on Cowlitz River:
Reduced carrying capacity at flood stage at Castle Rock from 76,000 cfs (cubic
feet per second) to less than 15,000 cfs
Effects on Columbia River:
Reduced channel depth from 40 to 14 feet; stranded 31 ships in upstream ports