Index of /ftp/ndp058
Name Last modified Size Description
![[DIR]](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20080920190214im_/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/icons/back.gif)
Parent Directory -
![[ ]](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20080920190214im_/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/icons/unknown.gif)
ALL.SAS 06-May-1997 13:16 2.7K
![[IMG]](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20080920190214im_/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/icons/image2.gif)
AMAP50.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:15 17K
AMAP60.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:14 18K
AMAP70.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:14 19K
AMAP80.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:14 19K
AMAP90.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:15 19K
BMAP50.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:16 16K
BMAP60.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:17 16K
BMAP70.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:17 16K
BMAP80.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:19 16K
BMAP90.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:18 16K
CNTRY1X1.COD 19-Sep-1996 17:06 28K
CNTYMOD.DAT 19-Sep-1996 17:06 443K
GISSUN.COD 19-Sep-1996 17:06 14K
![[ ]](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20080920190214im_/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/icons/compressed.gif)
GRIDALL.50.Z 25-Oct-1996 16:51 631K
GRIDALL.60.Z 25-Oct-1996 16:52 634K
GRIDALL.70.Z 25-Oct-1996 16:52 634K
GRIDALL.80.Z 25-Oct-1996 16:52 634K
GRIDALL.90.Z 25-Oct-1996 16:53 633K
GRIDCAR.50 19-Sep-1996 17:04 1.2M
GRIDCAR.60 19-Sep-1996 17:03 1.2M
GRIDCAR.70 19-Sep-1996 17:03 1.2M
GRIDCAR.80 19-Sep-1996 17:03 1.2M
GRIDCAR.90 19-Sep-1996 17:03 1.2M
INTEGRAT.F 06-May-1997 13:15 14K
LAT.TAB 09-Dec-1996 10:11 11K
LAT.gif 09-Dec-1996 09:20 17K
POPMOD.DAT 19-Sep-1996 17:19 696K
READALL.F 06-May-1997 13:15 1.7K
READCODE.F 06-May-1997 13:16 966
READGRID.F 06-May-1997 13:17 1.9K
READMOD.F 09-Dec-1996 10:01 956
![[TXT]](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20080920190214im_/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/icons/text.gif)
ndp058.doc 06-May-1997 13:10 48K
![[ ]](https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20080920190214im_/http://cdiac.ornl.gov/icons/layout.gif)
ndp058.pdf 18-Nov-2003 16:25 2.5M
ndp058.txt 06-May-1997 13:10 48K
ORNL/CDIAC-97
NDP-058
Geographic Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from
Fossil-Fuel Burning, Hydraulic Cement Production, and Gas Flaring
on a One Degree by One Degree Grid Cell Basis: 1950 to 1990
Contributed by
Robert J. Andres
Institute of Northern Engineering, School of Engineering
University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
Gregg Marland
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Inez Fung *
University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Elaine Matthews *
Columbia University, New York, New York
* National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Goddard Institute for Space Studies
New York, New York
Prepared by Antoinette L. Brenkert
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Environmental Sciences Division, Publication No. 4646
Date Published: March 1997
Prepared for the
Global Change Research Program
Environmental Sciences Division
Office of Health and Environmental Research
U.S. Department of Energy
Budget Activity Number KP 12 04 01 0
Prepared by the
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335
managed by
LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY RESEARCH CORP.
for the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
under contract DE-AC05-96OR22464
ABSTRACT
Data sets of one degree latitude by one degree longitude carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions in units of thousand metric tons of carbon (C) per year from
anthropogenic sources have been produced for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and
1990 (Andres et al., 1996). Detailed geographic information on CO2 emissions
can be critical in understanding the pattern of the atmospheric and biospheric
response to these emissions. Global, regional and national annual estimates
for 1950 through 1992 were published previously (Boden et al., 1996). Those
national, annual CO2 emission estimates were based on statistics on fossil-fuel
burning, cement manufacturing and gas flaring in oil fields as well as energy
production, consumption and trade data, using the methods of Marland and
Rotty (1984). The national annual estimates were combined with gridded
one-degree data on political units and 1984 human populations (Andres et al .,
1996) to create the new gridded CO2 emission data sets. The same population
distribution was used for each of the years as proxy for the emission
distribution within each country. The implied assumption for that procedure
was that per capita energy use and fuel mix is uniform over a political unit.
The consequence of this first-order procedure is that the spatial changes
observed over time are solely due to changes in national energy consumption
and nation-based fuel mix. Increases in emissions over time are apparent for
most areas, e.g., from 1980 and 1990, a 63% increase in CO2 emissions (based
on 1980 emissions) occurred in mainland China and a 95% increase in India.
However, actual decreases from 1980 to 1990 occurred in Western Europe, i.e.,
30% in Sweden, 27% in France, and 23% in Belgium. Latitudinal summations of
emissions show a slow southerly shift (in the Northern Hemisphere) in the bulk
of emissions over time. The large increases, from 1950 to 1990, in China's
and India's contribution s to anthropogenic CO2 emissions compared to those by
the United States are, for example, very apparent at the latitudinal band
around 25.5 degrees North.
The digital data sets are available without charge, on a variety of
media and via the Internet from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
(CDIAC). Each decadal CO2-emission data file requires around 1.2 megabytes
of disk storage; each decadal data file that has additional country code
information requires around 7.6 megabytes of disk storage, and the graphics
image format (gif) map files each require around 0.02 megabytes of disk
storage.
OUTLINE OF THE DATABASE DOCUMENTATION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE DATABASE, DATA SOURCES AND GRID CELL DISTRIBUTION
3. GLOBAL TOTALS, LATITUDINAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND CHANGES OVER TIME IN CO2
EMISSIONS.
4. FILE DESCRIPTIONS
4.1 GRIDDED CO2 EMISSIONS
4.2 GRID CELL INFORMATION ON CO2 EMISSION, LOCATION, AND POLITICAL UNIT
4.3 UNDERLYING DATABASES AND CODES TO CREATE THE EXTENDED GRIDDED CO2
EMISSIONS FILES
4.4 LATITUDINAL SUMMARY AND MAPS
5. CDIAC'S QUALITY ASSURANCE CHECKS
6. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATABASE AND DOCUMENTATION
7. REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION
------------
Annual, global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from
fossil-fuel burning, cement production and gas flaring show
a steady increase from 1950 to 1990 (Boden et al., 1994 p.
508; Boden et al., 1996 p. 24). From 1959 through 1990 the
global atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased from 316
ppm to 354 ppm. The global, regional and national annual
estimates of anthropogenic CO2 emissions expressed in units
of thousand metric tons carbon (C) per year have been
documented by Boden et al. (1996). The 1992 United
Nations Energy Statistics Database (U.N.,1994), the hydraulic
cement production estimates compiled by the U.S.
Department of Interior's Bureau of Mines (Solomon, 1993),
and supplemental data on gas flaring obtained from the U.S.
Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration
were processed for this purpose following the methods of
Marland and Rotty (1984). Estimates of anthropogenic
emissions released to the atmosphere as CO2 in 1860 amount
to 93.3 million metric tons C (Keeling, 1973), in 1950 to
1638 million metric tons C and in 1990 to 6099 million
metric tons C (Boden et al., 1996).
The database documented here presents decadal (1950,
1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990) estimates of gridded fossil-fuel
CO2 emissions, expressed in 1000 metric tons C per year per
one degree latitude by one degree longitude. The CO2
emissions are the summed emissions from fossil-fuel burning,
hydraulic cement production and gas flaring. The national
annual estimates (Boden et al., 1996) were allocated to one
degree grid cells based on gridded information on national
boundaries and political units, and a 1984 gridded human
population map (Andres et al., 1996). Marland et al. (1985)
note that using population distribution as a proxy for the
distribution of CO2 emissions within a country offers a
reasonable initial approximation but carries two implied
assumptions that are clearly not filled: a) that per capita
energy use is uniform over a political unit, and b) that the fuel
mix is constant throughout a political unit. In addition, it was
assumed that the 1984 population distribution provides a
useful first approximation of the within-country distribution
of the CO2 emissions for each of the years between 1950 and
1990. (Note: the national CO2 emissions are U.N.-
statistics-based). The consequence of this first-order
procedure is that the spatial changes observed are solely due
to changes over time in national energy consumption and the
nation-based fuel mix.
The global CO2 emissions in this database are compared
with previously published estimates. Latitudinal summations
are presented in a table and graph. Maps of emission patterns
are added as graphics image format (gif) files. The database
is part of an attempt by CDIAC to compile an integrated
network of global gridded carbon flux and carbon storage
information. Locally specific information on fossil-fuel
emissions might aid in analyzing global sources and sinks of
CO2.
In the future we hope to have more and different
information available on energy use and population density,
besides the 1984 population at a one degree grid resolution,
so that CO2 emission estimates can be differently distributed
over grid cells than presently. Population changes at national
levels and urbanization might be incorporated to get better
insight into geographical shifts in fossil-fuel consumption,
such that observational data on CO2-fertilization versus air
pollution can be better analyzed. The available fossil-fuel
emission data, broken down in consumption sectors, as in
Boden et al. (1996), might be put in geographic context, and
then analyzed for purposes of potential policy decisions for
curtailing emissions. Previously, (Marland et al., 1985)
estimated fossil-fuel emissions for 1980 at a 5 degree grid cell
resolution. Fung et al. (1987; http://www.giss.nasa.gov)
generated publicly available databases: a one degree gridded
database from the 1987 fossil-fuel emissions (after Marland
et al., 1985), a one degree gridded database from 1980
land-use change emissions (after Houghton et al., 1987), and
a 4 by 5 degree gridded database of CO2 exchange of the
oceans (Broecker et al., 1986). The database documented
here (NDP058) handles, as the previous ones, annual
information. Seasonal fossil-fuel emission might be put in a
geographic referencable detailed database, both for carbon
flux modeling and data analysis purposes, e.g., Fung et al.
(1987) used their 4 by 5 degree gridded database of monthly
CO2 exchange in their GISS 3-D global tracer transport
model. Carbon isotope signatures (13C/12C and 14C/12C data)
can be incorporated as verification of fossil-fuel emission
fate. Ocean isotope signature data are available, as are CO2
concentrations; these data put in a geographic grid, and
analyzed could aid in the understanding of the temporal and
spatial scales of the impacts of fossil-fuel emissions.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE DATABASE, DATA SOURCES AND GRID CELL DISTRIBUTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------
This database (NDP058) consists of 33 files, 22 in
ASCII text format and 11 in gif format listed in Tables 4.1,
4.2, 4.3 and 4.4. The database consists of this documentation
file (the ndp058.doc or README file) and the files
described below.
The GRIDCAR.year data consist of (five) single-field
files for the years 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 with
gridded CO2 emissions from anthropogenic sources (Table
4.1). The '1992 UN revision' data (U.N., 1994) of fossil-fuel
CO2 emissions (units as 1000 metric tons C per year per
one*one degree grid cell) are arranged sequentially as one
record per line in bands starting with grid cells centered at
179.5 degrees West through grid cells centered at 179.5
degrees East, and from grid cells centered at 89.5 degrees
North to grid cells centered at 89.5 degrees South. The
FORTRAN code READGRID.F is provided to read the
GRIDCAR.year data files and sum the emissions to global
totals.
The GRIDALL.year data consist of (five) nine-field
files for the years 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 (Table
4.2). Records in these files are arranged similarly from West
to East and North to South. They provide the same fossil-fuel
emission information but have additional location and
country-code information. Grid cells are identified by the
latitude and longitude coordinates of the midpoint of the grid
cell and a Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA)-id
code. The effort to put the national annual emissions on a
one degree gridded basis was a contribution to GEIA. The
GEIA-id code equals [(j*1000)+i], where 'j' is a row number
starting at 1 for the grid cell between 90 and 89 degrees South
('j' equals 180 for the grid cell between 89 and 90 degrees
North) and 'i' is a column number starting at 1 for the grid cell
between 180 and 179 degrees West ('i' equals 360 for the grid
cell between 179 and 180 degrees East). In other words,
latitude equals [(j-91)+0.5] and longitude equals
[(i-181)+0.5]. Analogous to the national annual CO2
emission database (Boden et al., 1996: CDIAC NDP030/R6,
Table 1 and Table 2), the gridded emission database has
national identifiers in the form of the United Nations
recognized country's name and the United Nations 3-digit
country code for each grid cell.
A gridded population data set, with population estimates
for the year 1984 was used to allocate the national annual
emissions over the grid cells. The population and political
unit data sets were obtained from the Goddard Institute of
Space Studies (GISS). The initial NASA-GISS gridded
population data set (POP1X1.1984) and the initial
NASA-GISS gridded political unit data set
(CNTRY1X1.1993) were adjusted by Andres et al. (1996) to
ensure that for each of the dates (1950, 1960, 1970, 1980,
1990) existing countries were represented, the populations
were associated with the proper political units, and the
available national emission estimates were properly
distributed over that country's area using population.
The initial one degree gridded NASA-GISS population
density data set (POP1X1.1984) describes the 1984
worldwide distribution of human population densities. It was
constructed, following a method identical to Lerner et al.
(1988), placing all urban centers with more than 100,000
inhabitants into the appropriate grid cells. Then, the sum of
the urban populations for a political unit was subtracted from
the total population for that political unit. The remaining
rural and smaller urban populations were evenly distributed
among cells showing human land use as defined by Matthews
(1983). The aim of the NASA-GISS population density data
set was to yield a geographically correct, rather than a
politically correct population distribution (POP1X1.HELP).
This population density data set was first converted by
Andres et al. (1996) to total population per grid cell by
multiplying the population density with the cell surface area.
The data set was then modified by relocating 43 border urban
area populations into the nearest cell identified with the
correct political unit. In addition 95 coastal urban areas were
reassigned from ocean to the correct political unit (but not
moved to the nearest cell) (see also CNTRY1X1.HELP).
Andres' modifications resulted in the POPMOD.DAT data
file. Thus, no geographical changes of populations over time
within a country or political unit were taken into account.
The initial one degree gridded NASA-GISS political unit
data set (CNTRY1X1.1993) contains 186 countries, with 9 of
these further subdivided into 168 provinces, states, or
regions. Each grid cell was assigned to the spatially dominant
political unit, with the exception that small countries and
island nations were assigned a grid cell, even when not
dominant. Andres et al. (1996) added 15 political units and
10 subdivisions (e.g., Bangladesh and Pakistan were the
combined E&W Pakistan before 1972) that occur in the U.N.
energy statistics but not in the original GISS data set. Andres'
changes resulted in the CNTYMOD.DAT data file.
The GRIDALL.year files contain most supporting
information discussed above, that is, information for each
grid cell on the GEIA-id code, the latitude and longitude
coordinates of the center of the grid cell, the CO2 emissions,
the date-dependent information on the U.N. country-id, the
U.N. country name, the NASA-GISS country-id, the
NASA-GISS country/state/province-id and the NASA-GISS
country/state/province name. The gridded population data
were kept as a separate available file. The FORTRAN code
READALL.F and the SASTM code ALL.SAS are provided
to read the GRIDALL.year data files.
Background data sets (Table 4.3) in this database include
the POPMOD.DAT data file and for the political unit
information the CNTYMOD.DAT data file. Both files are
arranged similarly to the GRIDCAR.year data files in that
they are arranged sequentially as one record per line in bands
starting with grid cells centered at 179.5 degrees West to grid
cells centered at 179.5 degrees East, and from grid cells
centered at 89.5 degrees North to grid cells centered at 89.5
degrees South (64800 lines). The CNTRY1X1.COD file
identifies the NASA-GISS country/state or province names
and their NASA-GISS-id country/state or province code (355
lines). The GISSUN.COD file translates the NASA-GISS-id
country code to the UN-id/UN country name and codes (217
lines).
The remaining background files are the FORTRAN files
to read the POPMOD.DAT and CNTYMOD.DAT files (READMOD.F), and
the CNTRY1X1.COD and GISSUN.COD files (READCODE.F). Lastly,
the FORTRAN program INTEGRAT.F shows how the background files
(GRIDCAR.year, CNTYMOD.DAT, CNTRY1X1.COD and GISSUN.COD) were
incorporated when combined with the changes over time in the
political unit names. Executing the INTEGRAT.F code results in
the GRIDALL.year files. The README file comprises this
documentation.
Summary data sets (Table 4.4) in this database are (a) an
ASCII file of the latitudinal summations of the gridded CO2
emissions for the different years (LAT.TAB) and a graphic
representation (LAT.gif) of the same information, and (b)
world maps of the gridded CO2 emissions for the different
years in gif formats. The AMAP files (AMAP90.gif, AMAP80.gif,
AMAP70.gif, AMAP60.gif, and AMAP50.gif) are very similar to the
by Andres et al. (1996) published maps, but revised for the
Puerto Rico and Unites States emissions (see sections 3 and 5).
The AMAP maps are based on CO2 emissions in units of million
metric tons C/year/gridcell. The BMAP maps (BMAP90.gif,
BMAP80.gif, BMAP70.gif, BMAP60.gif and BMAP50.gif)
are based on CO2 emissions that are standardized for grid cell
area (g C/year/m2).
3. GLOBAL TOTALS, LATITUDINAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND CHANGES OVER TIME IN CO2
EMISSIONS
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Reported estimates of global totals of CO2 emissions and
globally summed national CO 2 emissions differ (Table 3.1).
Boden et al. (1996) present four reasons why the sums of the
estimated emissions from all countries (columns 3 and 4,
Table 3.1) are not equal to the estimates given for global total
emissions (column 2, Table 3.1):
1) Global totals include emissions from bunker fuels
whereas these are not included in any national totals.
Bunker fuels are fuels consumed by ships and aircraft
engaged in international transportation.
2) Global totals include estimates for the oxidation of
non-fuel hydrocarbon products whereas national totals
do not.
3) Global totals do not include annual changes in fuel
stocks whereas annual changes in fuel stocks are
included in national totals.
4) There are statistical anomalies in the international
statistics: for example, the sum of exports from all
exporters is not identical to the sum of imports for all
importers.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3.1 CO2 Emissions in million metric tons of C per year
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
YEAR Global Totals Summed National Emissions Summed National Emissions
NDP030/R6 p 24 from NATIONS92.EMS file from Gridded Files
from NDP030/R6 (+ Bunkers)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1950 1638 a 1587 (+ 35) a 1589 b
1960 2586 2505 (+ 65) 2505
1970 4084 3861 (+120) 3861
1980 5290 5043 (+125) 5043
1990 6099 5811 (+115) 5812 c
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
With regard to Table 3.1 three more points have to be
made. References to the points are marked in the table.
(a) Emissions from bunker fuels are included in the global
totals (second column) and are listed within parenthesis under
the summed national emissions (third column). The bunkers
can be added to the summed national emissions (columns
three and four) to compare those with the global totals listed
in the second column. Bunker fuel consumption generally
accounts for roughly half the difference between the global
totals and the sum of the national emissions.
(b) The difference in 1950 for the summed national emissions
(columns three and four) is because calculating national
emissions for Iran yields negative numbers (export is 1.5
units more than production); this negative number is set to
zero in the gridded data file.
(c) The difference in 1990 for the summed national emissions
(columns three and four) is because the Netherlands Antilles
exported 0.3 units more than production, resulting in a
negative value that is incorporated in column three and set to
zero in the gridded database.
Andres et al. (1996) summed the gridded emissions over
the latitudinal bands (file 22) and noted changes in the
prominent peaks, e.g., the peak at 51.5 degrees
North shows a constant increase of 40 million metric tons C
per decade up to 1980, while a decrease of 10 million metric
tons occurs between 1980 and 1990. Table 3.2 quantifies the
shifts in the peaks over time for the major contributing
countries as percent contribution of the CO2 emissions of the
summed latitudinal emissions. The graphs and tables
presented in this database are, however, revised for Puerto
Rico's emission, which Andres et al. (1996) based on the U.S.
per capita emissions while here it is based on Puerto Rico's
U.N. emission estimates (Boden et al., 1996). The emission
levels of the 50 states of the United States were revised
accordingly.
The latitudinal CO2 emission distribution shows a continuous
slow shift southward towards mid-northern latitudes. The general
latitudinal shift is due to different growth rates in emissions
in different countries. It does not contain any changes within
countries because the within-country population distribution is
always based on the 1984 data. Decreasing relative contributions
to the summed latitudinal CO2 emissions (Table 3.2) are in general
due to the relative slower increase in emissions of certain countries
compared to other countries. Actual decreases occur between
northern latitudes 54 to 47 (file 22). These actual decreases
in CO2 emissions took place between 1980 and 1990 mainly
in Western Europe and Poland, and to a slight degree in
Canada. In the Southern Hemisphere the only and very minor
decrease (less than 4% of the latitudinal sum) took place
between 13 and 15 degrees South, because of fluctuating
Uruguay emissions.
It has to be noted that the changes listed for the
latitudinal summations, and the changes for countries, listed
in tables 3.3 and 3.4 are dependent on what years the
emissions are compared. Differences might be larger or
smaller for other 10-year comparisons (see Boden et al., 1996
for yearly national emissions).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3.2 Latitudinal emissions in units of thousand metric tons C
per year and the percent contribution by the major CO2 emitting
countries relative to the total latitudinal CO2 emissions.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Latitude/ 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
countries
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
52-51 degrees N 87276 129250 169181 198685 188591
U.K. 39% 31% 26% 20% 20%
E. Germany 18% 20% 20% 18% 17%
W. Germany 13% 15% 12% 11% 12%
U.S.S.R. 11% 16% 19% 24% 27%
Poland 8% 10% 11% 15% 12%
42-41 degrees N 104848 138532 212429 253227 287932
U.S.A. 88% 77% 73% 65% 61%
U.S.S.R. 7% 9% 10% 12% 11%
China 1% 5% 4% 6% 8%
35-34 degrees N 55068 83560 135136 167200 205633
U.S.A. 87% 66% 59% 51% 44%
Japan 8% 13% 25% 24% 23%
China 3% 18% 11% 17% 22%
26-25 degrees N 12673 24652 37188 61846 88474
U.S.A. 70% 41% 40% 25% 19%
India 11% 10% 11% 12% 16%
China 7% 36% 24% 27% 31%
Mexico 5% 6% 6% 9% 8%
19-18 degrees N 2395 6152 13973 24305 30166
India 36% 25% 18% 18% 29%
Puerto Rico 28% 32% 23% 16% 11%
Mexico 21% 17% 12% 17% 17%
U.S. Virg.Isl. 0% 1% 19% 17% 7%
11-10 degrees N 5291 8390 13909 18078 25188
Venezuela 81% 77% 65% 56% 51%
India 10% 11% 11% 15% 21%
Nigeria 1% 1% 5% 12% 11%
33-34 degrees S 6636 10702 17228 23607 30883
Australia 51% 51% 51% 53% 53%
South Africa 30% 30% 29% 30% 31%
Chile 14% 14% 16% 13% 13%
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Changes from 1980 to 1990 in total emissions of the top
emitting countries are listed in Table 3.3. In addition, the
increase as percent from 1980 emissions over 10 years are
listed as are net per capita changes. The per capita values are
obtained from Boden et al. (1996) and can not be calculated
from this database. Boden et al. (1996) used annual
population data provided by the United Nations, not the 1984
population database.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3.3 Changes in fossil-fuel CO2 emissions from 1980 to 1990 in the top
emitting countries
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country Emission increase % increase Per capita change
in 1000 metric tons C from 1980 to 1990 in metric tons C
per year per year
from 1980 to 1990 from 1980 to 1990
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
China 254297 63% +0.16
India 90640 95% +0.08
U.S.S.R. 89982 10% +0.02
U.S.A. 85915 7% -0.13
Japan 40683 16% +0.21
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Major emission changes between the years 1980 and 1990
in other countries are listed in Table 3.4. These listings,
ordered according to the magnitude of total change, might aid
in the interpretation of the latitudinal emission distribution,
and in changes that occur in the mapped emissions.
Andres et al. (1996) published maps of the gridded
fossil-fuel emission rates in units of million tons C per grid
cell per year. These maps, corrected for the Puerto Rico and
U.S.A emissions, are available in this database (Table 4.4:
AMAP*.*.gif) as are maps based on log transformed emission
rates that are standardized for grid cell area [log (g C/m2);
BMAP*.*.gif]. Grid cell surface areas for those maps were
calculated based on latitude following NASA-GISS' grid cell
calculations. Because of the differences in processing and the
selection of scale break-points and colors, differences over
time in the maps are visualized somewhat differently. For
example, a greater visual differentiation in emissions in the
Southern Hemisphere occurs at the cost of less visual
differentiation in emissions in the Northern Hemisphere in the
second set of maps.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3.4 Major changes in fossil-fuel emissions from 1980 to 1990 in other
countries
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country Change in emissions % change
in 1000 metric tons C from 1980 to 1990
per year
from 1980 to 1990
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dem. P. Rep. of Korea +32847 + 96%
Republic of Korea +31683 + 92%
Iran +26125 + 82%
South Africa +21062 + 36%
Turkey +18939 + 91%
Australia +17260 + 31%
Indonesia +16574 + 64%
Thailand +15058 +138%
Mexico +15910 + 23%
-----------------------
France -35527 - 27%
Poland -30252 - 24%
Federal Rep. Germany -23952 - 12%
Romania - 9920 - 19%
Czechoslovakia - 8458 - 13%
Belgium - 8150 - 23%
Sweden - 5857 - 30%
U.K. - 5085 - 3%
Hungary - 4486 - 20%
Netherlands - 3669 - 9%
Denmark - 3335 - 19%
Canada - 3239 - 3%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. FILE DESCRIPTIONS
-----------------
This section describes the content and format of each of the
33 files comprising this NDP (Tables 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4).
File names and a brief description of the files are given.
4.1 GRIDDED CO2 EMISSIONS
---------------------
The five single-field GRIDCAR.year data files are the
'1992 UN revision' (U.N., 1994) data of fossil-fuel CO2
emissions (1000 metric tons C/one*one degree grid cell/year)
arranged sequentially as one record per line in bands starting
with grid cells centered at 179.5 degrees West to grid cells
centered at 179.5 degrees East, and from grid cells centered
at 89.5 degrees North to grid cells centered at 89.5 degrees
South.
The FORTRAN 77 code (READGRID.F) is provided to
read the GRIDCAR.year data files.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4.1 Single-field CO2 emission file names, sizes, types and format
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
File names file size data type format
and description (bytes)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. GRIDCAR.90 1231200
1990 CO2 emissions estimates for real f18.6
one degree by one degree grid cells
(thousand metric tons C per year)
2. GRIDCAR.80 1231200
1980 CO2 emissions estimates real f18.6
(thousand metric tons C per year)
3. GRIDCAR.70 1231200
1970 CO2 emissions estimates real f18.6
(thousand metric tons C per year)
4. GRIDCAR.60 1231200
1960 CO2 emissions estimates real f18.6
(thousand metric tons C per year)
5. GRIDCAR.50 1231200
1950 CO2 emissions estimates real f18.6
(thousand metric tons C per year)
6. READGRID.F 1902
FORTRAN code to read files 1 through 5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2 GRID CELL INFORMATION ON CO2 EMISSION, LOCATION AND POLITICAL UNIT
------------------------------------------------------------------
The five nine-field GRIDALL.year data files, provide the
same information on the CO2 emissions due to fossil-fuel
burning, gas flaring and cement production as the GRIDCAR
files, but also information on the grid cell with regard to the
latitude and longitude coordinates, the GEIA-id code, the
UN-id and accompanying country name, and the NASA-GISS
country and political unit codes and name. The FORTRAN
77 code (READALL.F) and SASTM code (ALL.SAS) are
provided to read the GRIDALL files.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4.2 Nine-field file names, sizes, types and format
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
File names file size data type format
and description (bytes)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. GRIDALL.90 7646400
Files 7 through 11 contain the following
information for each grid cell:
GEIA-cell-id character a6
latitude (degrees) real f6.1
longitude (degrees) real f6.1
CO2 emissions (1000 metric tons C per year) real g12.6
and date-dependent information:
U.N. country-id integer i3
U.N. country name character a40
NASA-GISS country-id integer i6
NASA-GISS country/state,province-id integer i6
NASA-GISS country/state,province name character a14
8. GRIDALL.80 7646400
Same content as file 7, except 1980 data
9. GRIDALL.70 7646400
Same content as file 7, except 1970 data
10. GRIDALL.60 7646400
Same content as file 7, except 1960 data
11. GRIDALL.50 7646400
Same content as file 7, except 1950 data
12. READALL.F 1487
FORTRAN code to read files 7 through 11
13. ALL.SAS 2770
SAS* code to process files 7 through 11
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.3 UNDERLYING DATABASES AND CODES TO CREATE THE EXTENDED GRIDDED
CO2 EMISSION FILES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4.3 lists the files and information used to create the
GRIDALL.year files from the GRIDCAR.year files. The FORTRAN 77
code INTEGRAT.F uses the GRIDCAR.year files, the CNTYMOD.DAT, the
CNTRY1X1.COD and the GISSUN.COD as input and generates the GRIDALL.year
files. The POPMOD.DAT and CNTYMOD.DAT files can be read by the
READMOD.F FORTRAN 77 code; the CNTRY1X1.COD and GISSUN.COD files can
be read by the READCODE.F FORTRAN 77 code. The README file is
very similar to this document.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4.3 Background File Names, Sizes, Types and Format
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
File names File size data type format
and description (bytes)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. POPMOD.DAT 712800
The 1984 population per grid cell integer i10
15. CNTYMOD.DAT 453600
NASA-GISS country/state,province-id integer i6
16. CNTRY1X1.COD 28755
NASA-GISS country-id and
country/state,province-id integer i6
NASA-GISS country and
country/state,province name character a14
17. GISSUN.COD 13888
UN-id integer i3
NASA-GISS country-id integer i6
UN country name character a42
18. READMOD.F 569
FORTRAN code to read files 14 and 15
19. READCODE.F 968
FORTRAN code to read files 16 and 17
20. INTEGRATE.F 14171
FORTRAN 77 code to integrate background files
21. ndp058.doc (README)
This document
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.4 LATITUDINAL SUMMARY AND MAPS
----------------------------
Table 4.4 lists the summary files in this database. The
LAT.TAB is an ASCII file with the summed fossil-fuel emissions
for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 of each latitudinal band
(thousand metric tons C/year/latitudinal band). The LAT.gif
file is a visual representation of the same information. The
AMAP90.gif, AMAP80.gif, AMAP70.gif, AMAP60.gif and AMAP50.gif
files are Andres et al.'s (1996) gridded fossil-fuel CO2 emission
maps (million metric tons C/year/grid cell); the BMAP90.gif,
BMAP80.gif, BMAP70.gif, BMAP60.gif and BMAP50.gif files are the
log transformed, standardized for grid cell area emission rate
maps (log(C emission/year/unit area)) which after transformation
are expressed in units of grams C per square meter (g C/year/m2).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4.4 Summary File Names, Sizes and Types
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
File names File size File Type
and description (bytes)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
22. LAT.TABLE 11235 ASCII
(thousand metric tons C/latitudinal band/yr)
23. LAT.gif 17827 gif
(thousand metric tons C/latitudinal band/yr)
24. AMAP90.gif 19548 gif
1990 world map of gridded CO2 emissions
(million metric tons C/grid cell/yr))
25. AMAP80.gif 19534 gif
1980 world map
(million metric tons C/grid cell/yr))
26. AMAP70.gif 19198 gif
1970 world map
(million metric tons C/grid cell/yr))
27. AMAP60.gif 18328 gif
1960 world map
(million metric tons C/grid cell/yr))
28. AMAP50.gif 17378 gif
1950 world map
(million metric tons C/grid cell/yr))
29. BMAP90.gif 16804 gif
1990 world map of gridded CO2 emissions
(log(C/unit area) >> g C/m2/yr)
30. BMAP80.gif 16614 gif
1980 world map
(log(C/unit area) >> g C/m2/yr)
31. BMAP70.gif 16735 gif
1970 world map
(log(C/unit area) >> g C/m2/yr)
32. BMAP60.gif 16671 gif
1960 world map
(log(C/unit area) >> g C/m2/yr)
33. BMAP50.gif 16700 gif
1950 world map
(log(C/unit area) >> g C/m2/yr)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4.5 summarizes the number of countries and political units
involved in the database and the number of countries and political units
without information on CO2 emissions, e.g., Namibia and Lesotho.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4.5 Overview of number of countries and political units involved.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# of countries identified # of political units identified
with a UN-id with a NASA-GISS-id
(# without CO2 emissions) (# without CO2 emissions)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1950 180 (28) 344 (33)
1960 196 (16) 360 (21)
1970 196 (5) 359 (10)
1980 195 (3) 358 (8)
1990 196 (4) 360 (8)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. CDIAC QUALITY ASSURANCE CHECKS
------------------------------
An important part of the data packaging process at CDIAC involves the
quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution. To guarantee data of the
highest possible quality, CDIAC performs extensive QA checks, examining the
data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy.
However, QA on the national CO2 emissions had been performed by CDIAC
(NDP030/R6) prior to processing these emissions as a gridded database. The
following data checks were specifically performed for NDP058:
1) National totals were compared to reported global totals:
a) Grid cell values of fossil-fuel emissions were summed by country name in
SAS and the resulting national emissions were compared to a previously
published database of national emissions (NDP030/R6). Summed gridded
national totals check out exactly with NDP030/R6's national totals, but:
b) Andres et al. (1996) allocated to Puerto Rico a population-based fraction of
the total US emissions (UN code 840) (i.e., C emissions of 18786 thousand
metric tons for 1990), while the national emissions in NDP030/R6 had for
Puerto Rico (UN code 630) a separately calculated emission of ~6-fold less
than the population based fraction (i.e., 3193 thousand metric tons for
1990). This population based fraction, allocated to Puerto Rico, was in
the NDP030/R6 appropriately allocated to the 50 states of the U.S.A. (total
of 1322212 thousand metric tons for 1990). This has now been corrected,
based on the NDP030/R6 data, for each of gridded database files.
c) The national total emissions reported in NDP030/R6 had failed to
replace UN code 887 by UN code 886 for 1990's cement production (113
thousand metric tons C per year (Yemen). Democratic Yemen (UN code 720) and
Yemen (UN code 886) merged on 22 May, 1990 to form a single state (UN code
887). For 1990, the separation between Democratic Yemen and former Yemen
should have been maintained for all emissions and UN code 887 should not
have been in the database. Therefore, the 1990 cement emission allocation
of Yemen was not incorporated in the gridded database of Andres et al.
(1996). This has now been corrected.
2) Converting negative emission values to zero:
Fossil fuel emissions for Iran for 1950 and for the Netherlands Antilles
for 1990 were set to zero. Negative emissions were calculated and reported
for these two instances in NDP030/R6 because exports of fossil fuels were
larger than the sum of gross production and imports.
3) Bunker Summations:
An additional QA was performed on the NDP30/R6 while collecting information
for Table 3.1. Due to SAS not performing any calculations when missing
values occur as any of the elements in an equation, the summation of bunkers
could not be performed correctly using the SAS program in the NDP030/R6.
Replacement of missing values by zeros has corrected this potential error
in using the NDP030/R6 database.
6. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATABASE AND DOCUMENTATION
--------------------------------------------
This database (NDP058) and the related NDP030/R6 database are available
free of charge from CDIAC. The files are available from CDIAC's anonymous FTP
(file transfer protocol) area via the Internet. Obtaining the data from
CDIAC's anonymous FTP area requires a computer with FTP software and access
to the Internet. Commands used to obtain the database are shown below. For
additional information, contact CDIAC.
>ftp cdiac.esd.ornl.gov or >ftp 128.219.24.36
Login: anonymous
Password: YOU@your internet address
Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
ftp> cd pub/ndp058
ftp> dir
ftp> mget files
ftp> quit
Uncompress files on workstation
CDIAC's World Wide Web home page's address: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov
For non-FTP data acquisitions (e.g., IBM- or MacIntosh-formatted floppy
diskettes; 8200 or 8500 format 8-mm tape), users may request data from
CDIAC using the following information:
Address: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
P.O. Box 2008
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, U.S.A.
Telephone: (423) 574-3645 (Voice)
(423) 574-2232 (Fax)
Electronic mail: cdiac@ornl.gov
All GEIA information is available through anonymous FTP:
ftp ncardata.ucar.edu.
cd pub/GEIA
All NASA-GISS referenced information is available through anonymous FTP:
ftp nasagiss.giss.nasa.gov.
7. REFERENCES
----------
Andres, R.J., G. Marland, I. Fung, and E. Matthews. 1996. A one degree by one
degree distribution of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel consumption
and cement manufacture, 1950-1990. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10:3:419-429
Boden, T.A., G. Marland, and R.J. Andres, 1996. Estimates of global, regional,
and national annual CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement
production, and gas flaring: 1950-1992, Rep. ORNL/CDIAC-90, NDP-030/R6,
600 pp., Oak Ridge Nat. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Boden, T.A., D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski and F.W. Stoss, 1994. Trends '93, A
Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis
Center, World Data Center-A for Atmospheric Trace Gases. Environmental
Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37831-6335.
Broecker, W.S. et al., 1986. Isotopic versus micrometeorological ocean CO2
fluxes: A serious conflict. J. Geophys. Res. 91:10517-10527.
Fung, I., C.J. Tucker and K.C. Prentice, 1987. Application of AVHRR
vegetation index to study atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2. J. Geophys.
Res. 92:2999-3015.
Houghton, R.A. et al., 1987. The flux of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems
to the atmosphere in 1980 due to changes in land use: geographic distribution
of global flux. Tellus 39B:122-139.
Keeling, C.D., 1973. Industrial production of carbon dioxide from fossil-fuels
and limestone. Tellus 25:174-198.
Lerner, J., E. Matthews and I. Fung, 1988. Methane emissions from animals: A
global high-resolution database. Global Biochemical Cycles, 2:139-156.
Marland, G., and R.M. Rotty, 1984. Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuels:
A procedure for estimation and results for 1950-1982. Tellus 36(B):232-261.
Marland, G, R.M. Rotty and N.L. Treat, 1985. CO2 from fossil fuel burning:
Global distribution of emissions. Tellus 37(B):243-258.
Matthews, E. 1983. Global vegetation and land use: New high-resolution data
bases for climate studies. J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22:474-487.
Solomon, C., 1993. Cement. In Cement Minerals Yearbook-1992. U.S. Department
of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.
United Nations, 1994. 1992 Energy Statistics Yearbook. United Nations
Statistical Division (UNSTAT), 2 United Nations Plaza, New York. N.Y. 10017
_______________________________________________________________________________