The Dutch United Provinces declared their independence from Spain in 1579; during the 17th century, they became a leading seafaring and commercial power, with settlements and colonies around the world. After a 20-year French occupation, a Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained neutral in World War I, but suffered invasion and occupation by Germany in World War II. A modern, industrialized nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products. The country was a founding member of NATO and the EEC (now the EU), and participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999.

Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

52 30 N, 5 45 E

Europe

slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey

451 km

temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters

mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast

natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land

5,650 sq km (2003)

89.7 cu km (2005)

flooding

water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse, and Schelde)

16,715,999 (July 2009 est.)

0.412% (2009 est.)

10.4 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)

8.74 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)

2.46 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

1.66 children born/woman (2009 est.)

0.2% (2007 est.)

18,000 (2007 est.)

fewer than 200 (2007 est.)

Dutch 80.7%, EU 5%, Indonesian 2.4%, Turkish 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccan 2%, Netherlands Antilles & Aruba 0.8%, other 4.8% (2008 est.)

Roman Catholic 30%, Dutch Reformed 11%, Calvinist 6%, other Protestant 3%, Muslim 5.8%, other 2.2%, none 42% (2006)

Dutch (official), Frisian (official)

5.3% of GDP (2005)

constitutional monarchy

12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland (Fryslan), Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant (North Brabant), Noord-Holland (North Holland), Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (Zealand), Zuid-Holland (South Holland)

Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

23 January 1579 (the northern provinces of the Low Countries conclude the Union of Utrecht breaking with Spain; on 26 July 1581 they formally declared their independence with an Act of Abjuration; however, it was not until 30 January 1648 and the Peace of Westphalia that Spain recognized this independence)

Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX), 30 April (1909 and 1980)

adopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002

based on civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

18 years of age; universal

bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of the First Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly elected by the country's 12 provincial councils to serve four-year terms) and the Second Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for life by the monarch)

Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Pieter VAN GEEL]; Christian Union Party [Arie SLOB]; Democrats 66 or D66 [Alexander PECHTOLD]; Green Left Party [Femke HALSEMA]; Labor Party or PvdA [Mariette HAMER]; Party for Freedom or PVV [Geert WILDERS]; Party for the Animals or PvdD [Marianne THIEME]; People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Mark RUTTE]; Reformed Political Party of SGP [Bas VAN DER VLIES]; Socialist Party [Agnes KANT]; plus a few minor parties

Christian Trade Union Federation or CNV [Rene PAAS]; Confederation of Netherlands Industry and Employers or VNO-NCW [Bernard WIENTJES]; Federation for Small and Medium-sized businesses or MKB [Loek HERMANS]; Netherlands Trade Union Federation or FNV [Agnes JONGERIUS]; Social Economic Council or SER [Alexander RINNOOY KAN]; Trade Union Federation of Middle and High Personnel or MHP [Ad VERHOEVEN]

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer; the colors were those of WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, who led the Dutch Revolt against Spanish sovereignty in the latter half of the 16th century; originally the upper band was orange, but because it tended to fade to red over time, the red shade was eventually made the permanent color; the banner is perhaps the oldest tricolor in continuous use

The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which depends heavily on foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable industrial relations, moderate unemployment and inflation, a sizable current account surplus, and an important role as a European transportation hub. Industrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 3% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Netherlands, along with 11 of its EU partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 January 2002. The country has been one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the four largest investors in the US. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007, but economic growth fell sharply in 2008 as fallout from the world financial crisis constricted demand and raised the specter of a recession in 2009.

$670.2 billion (2008 est.)

$658.4 billion (2007)

$636.1 billion (2006)

$909.5 billion (2008 est.)

1.8% (2008 est.)

3.5% (2007 est.)

3.4% (2006 est.)

$40,300 (2008 est.)

$39,700 (2007 est.)

$38,600 (2006 est.)

7.75 million (2008 est.)

4.5% (2008 est.)

4.6% (2007 est.)

10.5% (2005)

30.9 (2007)

20.3% of GDP (2008 est.)

43% of GDP (2008 est.)

1.5% (2008 est.)

1.6% (2007 est.)

3% (31 December 2008)

5% (31 December 2007)

NA% (31 December 2008)

8.72% (31 December 2007)

$1.616 trillion (31 December 2008)

$1.684 trillion (31 December 2007)

$456.2 billion (31 December 2008)

grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; livestock

agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction, microelectronics, fishing

2.1% (2008 est.)

105.2 billion kWh (2007)

122.8 billion kWh (2007)

5.48 billion kWh (2007)

23.09 billion kWh (2007)

88,950 bbl/day (2007 est.)

984,200 bbl/day (2007 est.)

1.639 million bbl/day (2005)

2.648 million bbl/day (2005)

100 million bbl (1 January 2008 est.)

76.33 billion cu m (2007 est.)

46.42 billion cu m (2007 est.)

55.66 billion cu m (2007 est.)

25.73 billion cu m (2007 est.)

1.416 trillion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)

$47 billion (2008 est.)

$537.5 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs

Germany 24.4%, Belgium 13.6%, UK 9.1%, France 8.5%, Italy 5.1%, US 4.3% (2007)

$485.3 billion f.o.b. (2008 est.)

machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing

Germany 17.7%, China 10.5%, Belgium 9.3%, US 7.3%, UK 5.8%, Russia 5.1%, France 4.4% (2007)

$24.28 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

$2.277 trillion (30 June 2007)

$726.9 billion (2008 est.)

$872.5 billion (2008 est.)

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

7.334 million (2007)

17.3 million (2006)

AM 4, FM 567, shortwave 1 (2008)

342 (2008)

.nl

10.983 million (2008)

15 million (2007)

27 (2008)

1 (2007)

gas 3,816 km; oil 365 km; refined products 716 km (2008)

6,215 km (navigable for ships of 50 tons) (2007)

Amsterdam, IJmuiden, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Vlissingen

Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force (Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu), Royal Military Police (2009)

20 years of age for an all-volunteer force (2004)

1.6% of GDP (2005 est.)

none

major European producer of synthetic drugs, including ecstasy, and cannabis cultivator; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering; significant consumer of ecstasy