What Would have Happened to the Ozone Layer if Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been Regulated?
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Led by NASA Goddard scientist Paul Newman, a team of atmospheric chemists simulated 'what might have been' if chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and similar ozone-depleting chemicals were not banned through the Montreal Protocol. The comprehensive model -- including atmospheric chemical effects, wind changes, and solar radiation changes -- simulated what would happen to global concentrations of stratospheric ozone if CFCs were continually added to the atmosphere. The visualizations below present two cases, from several different viewing positions: the 'world avoided' case, where the rate of CFC emission into the atmosphere is assumed to be that of the period before regulation, and the 'projected' case, which assumes the current rate of emission, post-regulation. Both cases extrapolate to the year 2065.
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Side-by-side comparison
Duration: 2.0 minutes
Available formats:
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(Side by side)
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62 MB
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15 MB
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15 MB
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170 KB
160x80
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48 KB
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13 KB
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World avoided, North Pole
Duration: 2.0 minutes
Available formats:
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Frames
(Wa NP)
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-2
109 MB
512x288 (30 fps)
MPEG-1
24 MB
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-4
28 MB
320x180
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175 KB
160x80
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43 KB
80x40
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12 KB
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Projected, North Pole
Duration: 2.0 minutes
Available formats:
1280x720 (30 fps)
Frames
(F1 NP)
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-2
123 MB
512x288 (30 fps)
MPEG-1
28 MB
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-4
33 MB
320x180
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174 KB
160x80
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43 KB
80x40
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12 KB
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World avoided, whole Earth
Duration: 2.0 minutes
Available formats:
1280x720 (30 fps)
Frames
(Wa hemisphere)
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-2
44 MB
512x288 (30 fps)
MPEG-1
8 MB
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-4
11 MB
320x180
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98 KB
160x80
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27 KB
80x40
PNG
7 KB
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Projected, whole Earth
Duration: 2.0 minutes
Available formats:
1280x720 (30 fps)
Frames
(F1 hemisphere)
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-2
45 MB
512x288 (30 fps)
MPEG-1
9 MB
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-4
12 MB
320x180
PNG
98 KB
160x80
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27 KB
80x40
PNG
7 KB
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World avoided, mid-latitude
Duration: 2.0 minutes
Available formats:
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Frames
(Wa midlat)
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-2
107 MB
512x288 (30 fps)
MPEG-1
23 MB
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MPEG-4
24 MB
320x180
PNG
239 KB
160x80
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59 KB
80x40
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16 KB
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Projected, mid-latitude
Duration: 2.0 minutes
Available formats:
1280x720 (30 fps)
Frames
(F1 midlat)
1280x720 (30 fps)
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115 MB
512x288 (30 fps)
MPEG-1
25 MB
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-4
27 MB
320x180
PNG
238 KB
160x80
PNG
60 KB
80x40
PNG
16 KB
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World avoided, Antarctica
Duration: 2.0 minutes
Available formats:
1280x720 (30 fps)
Frames
(Wa SP)
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-2
71 MB
512x288 (30 fps)
MPEG-1
16 MB
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-4
20 MB
320x180
PNG
169 KB
160x80
PNG
44 KB
80x40
PNG
12 KB
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Projected, Antarctica
Duration: 2.0 minutes
Available formats:
1280x720 (30 fps)
Frames
(F1 SP)
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-2
73 MB
512x288 (30 fps)
MPEG-1
16 MB
1280x720 (30 fps)
MPEG-4
20 MB
320x180
PNG
170 KB
160x80
PNG
44 KB
80x40
PNG
12 KB
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Dates, with alpha
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(Dates)
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3 KB
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Interview with the scientist, Paul Newman. For complete transcript, click here.
Duration: 3.5 minutes
Available formats:
512x288 (29.97 fps)
MPEG-1
31 MB
1280x720 (30 fps)
QT
130 MB
1280x720 (59.94 fps)
QT
3 GB
320x180
PNG
147 KB
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Color bar, with alpha
Available formats:
1200 x 250
PNG
18 KB
320 x 66
PNG
10 KB
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