Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2008
Tables 1 - 10
Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage, 2008 annual averages:
- by selected characteristics
- by census region and division
- by State
- by major occupation group
- by major industry group
- by educational attainment
- by age and sex
- by marital status, age, and sex
- by usual hours worked per week
- by sex (1979-2008 annual averages)
| Characteristic | Number of workers (in thousands) |
Percent distribution | Percent of workers paid hourly rates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
| Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | |||
| AGE AND SEX | |||||||||||
Total, 16 years and over |
75,305 | 2,226 | 286 | 1,940 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
16 to 24 years |
15,680 | 1,122 | 161 | 961 | 20.8 | 50.4 | 56.3 | 49.5 | 7.2 | 1.0 | 6.1 |
16 to 19 years |
5,137 | 545 | 108 | 437 | 6.8 | 24.5 | 37.8 | 22.5 | 10.6 | 2.1 | 8.5 |
25 years and over |
59,626 | 1,104 | 125 | 979 | 79.2 | 49.6 | 43.7 | 50.5 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.6 |
Men, 16 years and over |
37,334 | 728 | 90 | 638 | 49.6 | 32.7 | 31.5 | 32.9 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 |
16 to 24 years |
7,978 | 384 | 58 | 326 | 10.6 | 17.3 | 20.3 | 16.8 | 4.8 | 0.7 | 4.1 |
16 to 19 years |
2,478 | 194 | 39 | 155 | 3.3 | 8.7 | 13.6 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 1.6 | 6.3 |
25 years and over |
29,356 | 345 | 32 | 313 | 39.0 | 15.5 | 11.2 | 16.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 |
Women, 16 years and over |
37,972 | 1,498 | 196 | 1,302 | 50.4 | 67.3 | 68.5 | 67.1 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 3.4 |
16 to 24 years |
7,701 | 738 | 103 | 635 | 10.2 | 33.2 | 36.0 | 32.7 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 8.2 |
16 to 19 years |
2,660 | 351 | 70 | 281 | 3.5 | 15.8 | 24.5 | 14.5 | 13.2 | 2.6 | 10.6 |
25 years and over |
30,270 | 759 | 93 | 666 | 40.2 | 34.1 | 32.5 | 34.3 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 2.2 |
| RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY | |||||||||||
White (1) |
60,464 | 1,783 | 215 | 1,568 | 80.3 | 80.1 | 75.2 | 80.8 | 2.9 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
Men |
30,533 | 560 | 65 | 495 | 40.5 | 25.2 | 22.7 | 25.5 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 |
Women |
29,931 | 1,224 | 151 | 1,073 | 39.7 | 55.0 | 52.8 | 55.3 | 4.1 | 0.5 | 3.6 |
Black or African American (1) |
9,866 | 308 | 49 | 259 | 13.1 | 13.8 | 17.1 | 13.4 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 2.6 |
Men |
4,408 | 122 | 17 | 105 | 5.9 | 5.5 | 5.9 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 2.4 |
Women |
5,457 | 186 | 32 | 154 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 11.2 | 7.9 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 2.8 |
Asian (1) |
2,844 | 69 | 11 | 58 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 2.0 |
Men |
1,301 | 27 | 3 | 24 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 |
Women |
1,543 | 42 | 8 | 34 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 2.2 |
Hispanic or Latino (1) |
13,070 | 324 | 39 | 285 | 17.4 | 14.6 | 13.6 | 14.7 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 2.2 |
Men |
7,756 | 132 | 15 | 117 | 10.3 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
Women |
5,313 | 191 | 23 | 168 | 7.1 | 8.6 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 3.2 |
| FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS AND SEX | |||||||||||
Full-time workers (2) |
56,837 | 873 | 95 | 778 | 75.5 | 39.2 | 33.2 | 40.1 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.4 |
Men |
31,363 | 340 | 27 | 313 | 41.6 | 15.3 | 9.4 | 16.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
Women |
25,474 | 532 | 68 | 464 | 33.8 | 23.9 | 23.8 | 23.9 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 1.8 |
Part-time workers (2) |
18,334 | 1,353 | 191 | 1,162 | 24.3 | 60.8 | 66.8 | 59.9 | 7.4 | 1.0 | 6.3 |
Men |
5,903 | 388 | 63 | 325 | 7.8 | 17.4 | 22.0 | 16.8 | 6.6 | 1.1 | 5.5 |
Women |
12,431 | 965 | 128 | 837 | 16.5 | 43.4 | 44.8 | 43.1 | 7.8 | 1.0 | 6.7 |
1 Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
2 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
| Region and division | Number of workers (in thousands) |
Percent distribution | Percent of workers paid hourly rates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
| Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | |||
Total, 16 years and over |
75,305 | 2,226 | 286 | 1,940 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
Northeast |
13,303 | 318 | 21 | 297 | 17.3 | 14.3 | 7.3 | 15.3 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 2.3 |
New England |
3,690 | 81 | 4 | 77 | 4.9 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.1 |
Middle Atlantic |
9,342 | 238 | 17 | 221 | 12.4 | 10.7 | 5.9 | 11.4 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 2.4 |
Midwest |
18,567 | 522 | 47 | 475 | 24.7 | 23.5 | 16.4 | 24.5 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 2.6 |
East North Central |
12,740 | 347 | 26 | 321 | 16.9 | 15.6 | 9.1 | 16.5 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
West North Central |
5,827 | 175 | 21 | 154 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 7.9 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
South |
25,942 | 1,092 | 187 | 905 | 34.4 | 49.1 | 65.4 | 46.6 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 3.5 |
South Atlantic |
13,461 | 488 | 54 | 434 | 17.9 | 21.9 | 18.9 | 22.4 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 3.2 |
East South Central |
4,419 | 221 | 47 | 174 | 5.9 | 9.9 | 16.4 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 1.1 | 3.9 |
West South Central |
8,061 | 384 | 86 | 298 | 10.7 | 17.3 | 30.1 | 15.4 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 3.7 |
West |
17,764 | 292 | 30 | 262 | 23.6 | 13.1 | 10.5 | 13.5 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
Mountain |
5,571 | 166 | 19 | 147 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 2.6 |
Pacific |
12,193 | 127 | 11 | 116 | 16.2 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
The four major regions and nine census divisions of the United States are as follows:
- Northeast:
- New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont
- Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania
- Midwest:
- East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin
- West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota
- South:
- South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia
- East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee
- West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
- West:
- Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming
- Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington
| State | Number of workers (in thousands) |
Percent distribution | Percent of workers paid hourly rates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
| Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | |||
Total, 16 years and over |
75,305 | 2,226 | 286 | 1,940 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
Alabama |
1,119 | 47 | 17 | 30 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 5.9 | 1.5 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 2.7 |
Alaska |
204 | 2 | - | 2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | 0.1 | 1.0 | - | 1.0 |
Arizona |
1,533 | 46 | 5 | 41 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 2.7 |
Arkansas |
703 | 26 | 5 | 21 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 3.0 |
California |
8,778 | 86 | 6 | 80 | 11.7 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 4.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
Colorado |
1,211 | 48 | 1 | 47 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 2.4 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 3.9 |
Connecticut |
892 | 16 | 1 | 15 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.7 |
Delaware |
220 | 6 | - | 6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | 2.7 | - | 2.7 |
District of Columbia |
110 | 3 | - | 3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | - | 0.2 | 2.7 | - | 2.7 |
Florida |
4,058 | 127 | 5 | 122 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 1.7 | 6.3 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 3.0 |
Georgia |
2,084 | 76 | 13 | 63 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 3.0 |
Hawaii |
338 | 5 | - | 5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | - | 0.3 | 1.5 | - | 1.5 |
Idaho |
412 | 15 | 4 | 11 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 2.7 |
Illinois |
3,211 | 80 | - | 80 | 4.3 | 3.6 | - | 4.1 | 2.5 | - | 2.5 |
Indiana |
1,812 | 64 | 10 | 54 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 0.6 | 3.0 |
Iowa |
927 | 21 | 1 | 20 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 2.2 |
Kansas |
791 | 31 | 5 | 26 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 3.3 |
Kentucky |
1,101 | 45 | 9 | 36 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 4.1 | 0.8 | 3.3 |
Louisiana |
953 | 48 | 9 | 39 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 0.9 | 4.1 |
Maine |
397 | 7 | - | 7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | - | 0.4 | 1.8 | - | 1.8 |
Maryland |
1,339 | 37 | 5 | 32 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 2.4 |
Massachusetts |
1,543 | 35 | 2 | 33 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 2.1 |
Michigan |
2,641 | 73 | 2 | 71 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 2.7 |
Minnesota |
1,511 | 40 | 6 | 34 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 0.4 | 2.3 |
Mississippi |
667 | 40 | 9 | 31 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 3.1 | 1.6 | 6.0 | 1.3 | 4.6 |
Missouri |
1,592 | 50 | 4 | 46 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 2.9 |
Montana |
287 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Nebraska |
551 | 20 | 3 | 17 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 3.1 |
Nevada |
736 | 16 | 2 | 14 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 1.9 |
New Hampshire |
380 | 11 | - | 11 | 0.5 | 0.5 | - | 0.6 | 2.9 | - | 2.9 |
New Jersey |
1,781 | 53 | 5 | 48 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 2.7 |
New Mexico |
495 | 13 | - | 13 | 0.7 | 0.6 | - | 0.7 | 2.6 | - | 2.6 |
New York |
4,105 | 100 | 6 | 94 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 2.1 | 4.8 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 2.3 |
North Carolina |
2,235 | 78 | 11 | 67 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 3.0 |
North Dakota |
199 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 3.5 |
Ohio |
3,329 | 77 | 5 | 72 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 2.2 |
Oklahoma |
878 | 48 | 19 | 29 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 6.6 | 1.5 | 5.5 | 2.2 | 3.3 |
Oregon |
999 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Pennsylvania |
3,457 | 85 | 6 | 79 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 2.3 |
Rhode Island |
296 | 6 | - | 6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | - | 0.3 | 2.0 | - | 2.0 |
South Carolina |
1,111 | 66 | 6 | 60 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 5.9 | 0.5 | 5.4 |
South Dakota |
256 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 2.0 |
Tennessee |
1,533 | 89 | 12 | 77 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 5.8 | 0.8 | 5.0 |
Texas |
5,527 | 262 | 54 | 208 | 7.3 | 11.8 | 18.9 | 10.7 | 4.7 | 1.0 | 3.8 |
Utah |
736 | 18 | 5 | 13 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 1.8 |
Vermont |
183 | 4 | - | 4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | 2.2 | - | 2.2 |
Virginia |
1,809 | 70 | 5 | 65 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 0.3 | 3.6 |
Washington |
1,875 | 26 | 3 | 23 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
West Virginia |
494 | 26 | 10 | 16 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 5.3 | 2.0 | 3.2 |
Wisconsin |
1,748 | 53 | 9 | 44 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 2.5 |
Wyoming |
160 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 4.4 | 0.6 | 3.8 |
NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Users are reminded that these data are based on a sample and are therefore subject to sampling error; the degree of error may be quite large for less populous States. It is not possible to determine clearly whether workers surveyed in the CPS are actually covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or by individual State minimum wage laws. Thus, some workers reported as earning the prevailing Federal minimum wage may not in fact be covered by Federal or State minimum wage laws. Also, there are a number of States that have minimum wages that exceed the Federal minimum wage. At the same time, the presence of a sizable number of workers with wages below the prevailing Federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the FLSA or applicable State laws, because there are numerous exclusions and exemptions to these minimum wage statutes. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
| Occupation | Number of workers (in thousands) |
Percent distribution | Percent of workers paid hourly rates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
| Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | |||
Total, 16 years and over |
75,305 | 2,226 | 286 | 1,940 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
14,774 | 114 | 25 | 89 | 19.6 | 5.1 | 8.7 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
4,118 | 30 | 2 | 28 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
Professional and related occupations |
10,656 | 84 | 23 | 61 | 14.2 | 3.8 | 8.0 | 3.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Service occupations |
17,261 | 1,541 | 143 | 1,398 | 22.9 | 69.2 | 50.0 | 72.1 | 8.9 | 0.8 | 8.1 |
Healthcare support occupations |
2,564 | 57 | 3 | 54 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 0.1 | 2.1 |
Protective service occupations |
1,895 | 46 | 5 | 41 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 2.2 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
6,649 | 1,170 | 83 | 1,087 | 8.8 | 52.6 | 29.0 | 56.0 | 17.6 | 1.2 | 16.3 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
3,627 | 106 | 19 | 87 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 6.6 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 2.4 |
Personal care and service occupations |
2,526 | 162 | 34 | 128 | 3.4 | 7.3 | 11.9 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 1.3 | 5.1 |
Sales and office occupations |
20,563 | 363 | 91 | 272 | 27.3 | 16.3 | 31.8 | 14.0 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.3 |
Sales and related occupations |
7,713 | 224 | 58 | 166 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 20.3 | 8.6 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 2.2 |
Office and administrative support occupats |
12,850 | 138 | 32 | 106 | 17.1 | 6.2 | 11.2 | 5.5 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
9,434 | 52 | 6 | 46 | 12.5 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
636 | 13 | - | 13 | 0.8 | 0.6 | - | 0.7 | 2.0 | - | 2.0 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
5,388 | 29 | 5 | 24 | 7.2 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
3,410 | 10 | - | 10 | 4.5 | 0.4 | - | 0.5 | 0.3 | - | 0.3 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
13,273 | 157 | 22 | 135 | 17.6 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 |
Production occupations |
7,191 | 44 | 7 | 37 | 9.5 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
6,082 | 113 | 15 | 98 | 8.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.6 |
NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
| Industry | Number of workers (in thousands) |
Percent distribution | Percent of workers paid hourly rates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
| Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | |||
Total, 16 years and over |
75,305 | 2,226 | 286 | 1,940 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
Private sector |
65,758 | 2,093 | 261 | 1,832 | 87.3 | 94.0 | 91.3 | 94.4 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 2.8 |
Agriculture and related industries |
692 | 12 | - | 12 | 0.9 | 0.5 | - | 0.6 | 1.7 | - | 1.7 |
Nonagricultural industries |
65,066 | 2,080 | 260 | 1,820 | 86.4 | 93.4 | 90.9 | 93.8 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 2.8 |
Mining |
471 | 1 | - | 1 | 0.6 | 0.0 | - | 0.1 | 0.2 | - | 0.2 |
Construction |
5,392 | 29 | 5 | 24 | 7.2 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Manufacturing |
9,557 | 62 | 7 | 55 | 12.7 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
Durable goods |
6,034 | 46 | 2 | 44 | 8.0 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
Nondurable goods |
3,523 | 15 | 4 | 11 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
Wholesale and retail trade |
12,437 | 271 | 64 | 207 | 16.5 | 12.2 | 22.4 | 10.7 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
Wholesale trade |
1,752 | 12 | 2 | 10 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
Retail trade |
10,685 | 260 | 63 | 197 | 14.2 | 11.7 | 22.0 | 10.2 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 1.8 |
Transportation and utilities |
3,193 | 37 | 6 | 31 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 |
Information |
1,475 | 21 | 2 | 19 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 |
Financial activities |
3,338 | 33 | 8 | 25 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
Professional and business services |
5,688 | 56 | 8 | 48 | 7.6 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
Education and health services |
11,895 | 203 | 38 | 165 | 15.8 | 9.1 | 13.3 | 8.5 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
Leisure and hospitality |
8,642 | 1,247 | 101 | 1,146 | 11.5 | 56.0 | 35.3 | 59.1 | 14.4 | 1.2 | 13.3 |
Other services |
2,978 | 119 | 21 | 98 | 4.0 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 3.3 |
Public sector |
9,547 | 133 | 25 | 108 | 12.7 | 6.0 | 8.7 | 5.6 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 |
Federal |
1,844 | 16 | 1 | 15 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
State |
2,490 | 47 | 12 | 35 | 3.3 | 2.1 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
Local |
5,213 | 70 | 12 | 58 | 6.9 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
| Educational attainment | Number of workers (in thousands) |
Percent distribution | Percent of workers paid hourly rates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
| Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | |||
Total, 16 years and over |
75,305 | 2,226 | 286 | 1,940 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
Less than a high school diploma |
11,253 | 578 | 114 | 464 | 14.9 | 26.0 | 39.9 | 23.9 | 5.1 | 1.0 | 4.1 |
Less than 1 year of high school |
3,108 | 93 | 12 | 81 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
1 to 3 years of high school |
6,974 | 450 | 94 | 356 | 9.3 | 20.2 | 32.9 | 18.4 | 6.5 | 1.3 | 5.1 |
4 years of high school, no diploma |
1,171 | 35 | 7 | 28 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 0.6 | 2.4 |
High school graduates or more |
64,053 | 1,648 | 172 | 1,476 | 85.1 | 74.0 | 60.1 | 76.1 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 2.3 |
High school graduates, no college |
27,163 | 709 | 89 | 620 | 36.1 | 31.9 | 31.1 | 32.0 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 2.3 |
Some college or associate degree |
25,267 | 753 | 75 | 678 | 33.6 | 33.8 | 26.2 | 34.9 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 2.7 |
Some college, no degree |
17,267 | 634 | 63 | 571 | 22.9 | 28.5 | 22.0 | 29.4 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 3.3 |
Associate degree |
8,001 | 119 | 11 | 108 | 10.6 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.3 |
Occupational program |
3,800 | 46 | 5 | 41 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 |
Academic program |
4,201 | 74 | 7 | 67 | 5.6 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 |
Bachelor's degree and higher |
11,622 | 187 | 9 | 178 | 15.4 | 8.4 | 3.1 | 9.2 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.5 |
Bachelor's degree |
9,215 | 161 | 8 | 153 | 12.2 | 7.2 | 2.8 | 7.9 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.7 |
Master's degree |
1,903 | 18 | - | 18 | 2.5 | 0.8 | - | 0.9 | 0.9 | - | 0.9 |
Professional degree |
314 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.3 |
Doctoral degree |
190 | 3 | - | 3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | 0.2 | 1.6 | - | 1.6 |
NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
| Age and sex | Number of workers (in thousands) |
Percent distribution | Percent of workers paid hourly rates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
| Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | |||
| BOTH SEXES | |||||||||||
Total, 16 years and over |
75,305 | 2,226 | 286 | 1,940 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
Under 25 years |
15,680 | 1,122 | 161 | 961 | 20.8 | 50.4 | 56.3 | 49.5 | 7.2 | 1.0 | 6.1 |
16 to 19 years |
5,137 | 545 | 108 | 437 | 6.8 | 24.5 | 37.8 | 22.5 | 10.6 | 2.1 | 8.5 |
20 to 24 years |
10,542 | 577 | 53 | 524 | 14.0 | 25.9 | 18.5 | 27.0 | 5.5 | 0.5 | 5.0 |
25 years and over |
59,626 | 1,104 | 125 | 979 | 79.2 | 49.6 | 43.7 | 50.5 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.6 |
25 to 34 years |
16,893 | 482 | 41 | 441 | 22.4 | 21.7 | 14.3 | 22.7 | 2.9 | 0.2 | 2.6 |
25 to 29 years |
9,309 | 292 | 22 | 270 | 12.4 | 13.1 | 7.7 | 13.9 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 2.9 |
30 to 34 years |
7,584 | 190 | 19 | 171 | 10.1 | 8.5 | 6.6 | 8.8 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 2.3 |
35 to 44 years |
15,478 | 242 | 23 | 219 | 20.6 | 10.9 | 8.0 | 11.3 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.4 |
35 to 39 years |
7,683 | 127 | 11 | 116 | 10.2 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 6.0 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.5 |
40 to 44 years |
7,795 | 114 | 11 | 103 | 10.4 | 5.1 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.3 |
45 to 54 years |
15,625 | 201 | 29 | 172 | 20.7 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
45 to 49 years |
8,246 | 126 | 20 | 106 | 11.0 | 5.7 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
50 to 54 years |
7,379 | 76 | 10 | 66 | 9.8 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
55 to 64 years |
8,987 | 106 | 23 | 83 | 11.9 | 4.8 | 8.0 | 4.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
55 to 59 years |
5,660 | 67 | 11 | 56 | 7.5 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 |
60 to 64 years |
3,327 | 40 | 13 | 27 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
65 years and over |
2,642 | 72 | 9 | 63 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 2.4 |
65 to 69 years |
1,465 | 37 | 4 | 33 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 2.3 |
70 years and over |
1,177 | 35 | 5 | 30 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.5 |
| MEN | |||||||||||
Total, 16 years and over |
37,334 | 728 | 90 | 638 | 49.6 | 32.7 | 31.5 | 32.9 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 |
Under 25 years |
7,978 | 384 | 58 | 326 | 10.6 | 17.3 | 20.3 | 16.8 | 4.8 | 0.7 | 4.1 |
16 to 19 years |
2,478 | 194 | 39 | 155 | 3.3 | 8.7 | 13.6 | 8.0 | 7.8 | 1.6 | 6.3 |
20 to 24 years |
5,500 | 190 | 20 | 170 | 7.3 | 8.5 | 7.0 | 8.8 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 3.1 |
25 years and over |
29,356 | 345 | 32 | 313 | 39.0 | 15.5 | 11.2 | 16.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 |
25 to 34 years |
9,029 | 150 | 9 | 141 | 12.0 | 6.7 | 3.1 | 7.3 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.6 |
25 to 29 years |
4,963 | 86 | 5 | 81 | 6.6 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.6 |
30 to 34 years |
4,066 | 64 | 4 | 60 | 5.4 | 2.9 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.5 |
35 to 44 years |
7,696 | 71 | 5 | 66 | 10.2 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
35 to 39 years |
3,885 | 42 | 4 | 38 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
40 to 44 years |
3,810 | 30 | 1 | 29 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
45 to 54 years |
7,365 | 68 | 7 | 61 | 9.8 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
45 to 49 years |
3,899 | 39 | 2 | 37 | 5.2 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
50 to 54 years |
3,467 | 28 | 4 | 24 | 4.6 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
55 to 64 years |
4,092 | 35 | 9 | 26 | 5.4 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
55 to 59 years |
2,593 | 18 | 1 | 17 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
60 to 64 years |
1,499 | 16 | 8 | 8 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
65 years and over |
1,174 | 22 | 3 | 19 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 1.6 |
65 to 69 years |
645 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 |
70 years and over |
529 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
| WOMEN | |||||||||||
Total, 16 years and over |
37,972 | 1,498 | 196 | 1,302 | 50.4 | 67.3 | 68.5 | 67.1 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 3.4 |
Under 25 years |
7,701 | 738 | 103 | 635 | 10.2 | 33.2 | 36.0 | 32.7 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 8.2 |
16 to 19 years |
2,660 | 351 | 70 | 281 | 3.5 | 15.8 | 24.5 | 14.5 | 13.2 | 2.6 | 10.6 |
20 to 24 years |
5,042 | 387 | 33 | 354 | 6.7 | 17.4 | 11.5 | 18.2 | 7.7 | 0.7 | 7.0 |
25 years and over |
30,270 | 759 | 93 | 666 | 40.2 | 34.1 | 32.5 | 34.3 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 2.2 |
25 to 34 years |
7,864 | 332 | 32 | 300 | 10.4 | 14.9 | 11.2 | 15.5 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 3.8 |
25 to 29 years |
4,346 | 207 | 18 | 189 | 5.8 | 9.3 | 6.3 | 9.7 | 4.8 | 0.4 | 4.3 |
30 to 34 years |
3,518 | 127 | 15 | 112 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 3.2 |
35 to 44 years |
7,783 | 170 | 17 | 153 | 10.3 | 7.6 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 2.0 |
35 to 39 years |
3,798 | 86 | 7 | 79 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 2.1 |
40 to 44 years |
3,985 | 84 | 10 | 74 | 5.3 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 1.9 |
45 to 54 years |
8,260 | 134 | 23 | 111 | 11.0 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 5.7 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.3 |
45 to 49 years |
4,347 | 86 | 17 | 69 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.6 |
50 to 54 years |
3,913 | 49 | 6 | 43 | 5.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
55 to 64 years |
4,895 | 72 | 15 | 57 | 6.5 | 3.2 | 5.2 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
55 to 59 years |
3,067 | 48 | 10 | 38 | 4.1 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
60 to 64 years |
1,828 | 24 | 5 | 19 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
65 years and over |
1,469 | 50 | 6 | 44 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 0.4 | 3.0 |
65 to 69 years |
820 | 25 | 2 | 23 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 2.8 |
70 years and over |
648 | 25 | 3 | 22 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 3.4 |
NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
| Marital status, age and sex | Number of workers (in thousands) |
Percent distribution | Percent of workers paid hourly rates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
| Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | |||
| BOTH SEXES | |||||||||||
Total, 16 years and over |
75,305 | 2,226 | 286 | 1,940 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
Never married |
26,790 | 1,388 | 173 | 1,215 | 35.6 | 62.4 | 60.5 | 62.6 | 5.2 | 0.6 | 4.5 |
16 to 24 years |
13,876 | 1,034 | 145 | 889 | 18.4 | 46.5 | 50.7 | 45.8 | 7.5 | 1.0 | 6.4 |
25 years and over |
12,914 | 355 | 29 | 326 | 17.1 | 15.9 | 10.1 | 16.8 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
25 to 54 years |
12,122 | 332 | 23 | 309 | 16.1 | 14.9 | 8.0 | 15.9 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 2.5 |
Married, spouse present |
35,783 | 532 | 76 | 456 | 47.5 | 23.9 | 26.6 | 23.5 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
16 to 24 years |
1,335 | 61 | 12 | 49 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 3.7 |
25 years and over |
34,448 | 471 | 64 | 407 | 45.7 | 21.2 | 22.4 | 21.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
25 to 54 years |
27,060 | 387 | 51 | 336 | 35.9 | 17.4 | 17.8 | 17.3 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
Other marital status |
12,732 | 305 | 36 | 269 | 16.9 | 13.7 | 12.6 | 13.9 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 2.1 |
16 to 24 years |
468 | 28 | 4 | 24 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 6.0 | 0.9 | 5.1 |
25 years and over |
12,263 | 278 | 32 | 246 | 16.3 | 12.5 | 11.2 | 12.7 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 2.0 |
25 to 54 years |
8,815 | 207 | 19 | 188 | 11.7 | 9.3 | 6.6 | 9.7 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 2.1 |
| MEN | |||||||||||
Total, 16 years and over |
37,334 | 728 | 90 | 638 | 49.6 | 32.7 | 31.5 | 32.9 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 |
Never married |
14,258 | 510 | 64 | 446 | 18.9 | 22.9 | 22.4 | 23.0 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 3.1 |
16 to 24 years |
7,213 | 363 | 54 | 309 | 9.6 | 16.3 | 18.9 | 15.9 | 5.0 | 0.7 | 4.3 |
25 years and over |
7,046 | 147 | 10 | 137 | 9.4 | 6.6 | 3.5 | 7.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 1.9 |
25 to 54 years |
6,691 | 134 | 6 | 128 | 8.9 | 6.0 | 2.1 | 6.6 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 1.9 |
Married, spouse present |
18,134 | 152 | 17 | 135 | 24.1 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
16 to 24 years |
582 | 14 | 3 | 11 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 1.9 |
25 years and over |
17,552 | 138 | 14 | 124 | 23.3 | 6.2 | 4.9 | 6.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
25 to 54 years |
13,666 | 109 | 11 | 98 | 18.1 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
Other marital status |
4,941 | 67 | 9 | 58 | 6.6 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
16 to 24 years |
184 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 3.8 | 0.5 | 3.3 |
25 years and over |
4,758 | 60 | 8 | 52 | 6.3 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
25 to 54 years |
3,733 | 46 | 4 | 42 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.1 |
| WOMEN | |||||||||||
Total, 16 years and over . |
37,972 | 1,498 | 196 | 1,302 | 50.4 | 67.3 | 68.5 | 67.1 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 3.4 |
Never married |
12,532 | 878 | 109 | 769 | 16.6 | 39.4 | 38.1 | 39.6 | 7.0 | 0.9 | 6.1 |
16 to 24 years |
6,663 | 671 | 91 | 580 | 8.8 | 30.1 | 31.8 | 29.9 | 10.1 | 1.4 | 8.7 |
25 years and over |
5,869 | 208 | 18 | 190 | 7.8 | 9.3 | 6.3 | 9.8 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 3.2 |
25 to 54 years |
5,431 | 198 | 17 | 181 | 7.2 | 8.9 | 5.9 | 9.3 | 3.6 | 0.3 | 3.3 |
Married, spouse present |
17,649 | 381 | 60 | 321 | 23.4 | 17.1 | 21.0 | 16.5 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 1.8 |
16 to 24 years |
753 | 47 | 9 | 38 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 6.2 | 1.2 | 5.0 |
25 years and over |
16,896 | 333 | 50 | 283 | 22.4 | 15.0 | 17.5 | 14.6 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 1.7 |
25 to 54 years |
13,394 | 277 | 40 | 237 | 17.8 | 12.4 | 14.0 | 12.2 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 1.8 |
Other marital status |
7,790 | 239 | 27 | 212 | 10.3 | 10.7 | 9.4 | 10.9 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 2.7 |
16 to 24 years |
285 | 21 | 3 | 18 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 7.4 | 1.1 | 6.3 |
25 years and over |
7,505 | 218 | 24 | 194 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 8.4 | 10.0 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 2.6 |
25 to 54 years |
5,082 | 161 | 15 | 146 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 7.5 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 2.9 |
NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
| Usual hours worked per week on primary job | Number of workers (in thousands) |
Percent distribution | Percent of workers paid hourly rates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates | At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
| Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | Total | At minimum wage | Below minimum wage | |||
Total, 16 years and over |
75,305 | 2,226 | 286 | 1,940 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
Hours vary |
4,938 | 303 | 29 | 274 | 6.6 | 13.6 | 10.1 | 14.1 | 6.1 | 0.6 | 5.5 |
0 to 34 hours |
16,457 | 1,169 | 168 | 1,001 | 21.9 | 52.5 | 58.7 | 51.6 | 7.1 | 1.0 | 6.1 |
0 to 4 hours |
316 | 22 | 4 | 18 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 7.0 | 1.3 | 5.7 |
5 to 9 hours |
892 | 58 | 10 | 48 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 1.1 | 5.4 |
10 to 14 hours |
1,473 | 119 | 20 | 99 | 2.0 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 5.1 | 8.1 | 1.4 | 6.7 |
15 to 19 hours |
2,221 | 166 | 21 | 145 | 2.9 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 0.9 | 6.5 |
20 to 24 hours |
4,935 | 355 | 62 | 293 | 6.6 | 15.9 | 21.7 | 15.1 | 7.2 | 1.3 | 5.9 |
25 to 29 hours |
2,331 | 177 | 14 | 163 | 3.1 | 8.0 | 4.9 | 8.4 | 7.6 | 0.6 | 7.0 |
30 to 34 hours |
4,289 | 273 | 38 | 235 | 5.7 | 12.3 | 13.3 | 12.1 | 6.4 | 0.9 | 5.5 |
35 hours or more |
53,910 | 753 | 88 | 665 | 71.6 | 33.8 | 30.8 | 34.3 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
35 to 39 hours |
5,550 | 230 | 34 | 196 | 7.4 | 10.3 | 11.9 | 10.1 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 3.5 |
40 hours or more |
48,360 | 525 | 55 | 470 | 64.2 | 23.6 | 19.2 | 24.2 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
40 hours |
41,843 | 439 | 47 | 392 | 55.6 | 19.7 | 16.4 | 20.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
41 hours or more |
6,517 | 86 | 8 | 78 | 8.7 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.2 |
41 to 44 hours |
819 | 12 | 2 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
45 to 48 hours |
2,235 | 15 | 3 | 16 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
49 to 59 hours |
2,433 | 37 | 1 | 36 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
60 hours or more |
1,030 | 17 | 1 | 16 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.6 |
NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
| Year and sex | Total wage and salary workers | Workers paid hourly rates | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Percent of total wage and salary workers | Below prevailing Federal minimum wage | At prevailing Federal minimum wage | Total at or below prevailing Federal minimum wage | |||
| Number | Percent of hourly paid workers | ||||||
| BOTH SEXES | |||||||
1979 |
87,529 | 51,721 | 59.1 | 2,916 | 3,997 | 6,912 | 13.4 |
1980 |
87,644 | 51,335 | 58.6 | 3,087 | 4,686 | 7,773 | 15.1 |
1981 |
88,516 | 51,869 | 58.6 | 3,513 | 4,311 | 7,824 | 15.1 |
1982 |
87,368 | 50,846 | 58.2 | 2,348 | 4,148 | 6,496 | 12.8 |
1983 |
88,290 | 51,820 | 58.7 | 2,077 | 4,261 | 6,338 | 12.2 |
1984 |
92,194 | 54,143 | 58.7 | 1,838 | 4,125 | 5,963 | 11.0 |
1985 |
94,521 | 55,762 | 59.0 | 1,639 | 3,899 | 5,538 | 9.9 |
1986 (1) |
96,903 | 57,529 | 59.4 | 1,599 | 3,461 | 5,060 | 8.8 |
1987 |
99,303 | 59,552 | 60.0 | 1,468 | 3,229 | 4,698 | 7.9 |
1988 |
101,407 | 60,878 | 60.0 | 1,319 | 2,608 | 3,927 | 6.5 |
1989 |
103,480 | 62,389 | 60.3 | 1,372 | 1,790 | 3,162 | 5.1 |
1990 (1) |
104,876 | 63,172 | 60.2 | (2)2,132 | (2)1,096 | (2)3,228 | (2)5.1 |
1991 |
103,723 | 62,627 | 60.4 | (2)2,377 | (2)2,906 | (2)5,283 | (2)8.4 |
1992 |
104,668 | 63,610 | 60.8 | 1,939 | 2,982 | 4,921 | 7.7 |
1993 |
106,101 | 64,274 | 60.6 | 1,707 | 2,625 | 4,332 | 6.7 |
1994 (1) |
107,989 | 66,549 | 61.6 | 1,995 | 2,132 | 4,128 | 6.2 |
1995 |
110,038 | 68,354 | 62.1 | 1,699 | 1,956 | 3,656 | 5.3 |
1996 |
111,960 | 69,255 | 61.9 | (2)1,863 | (2)1,861 | (2)3,724 | (2)5.4 |
1997 (1) |
114,533 | 70,735 | 61.8 | (2)2,990 | (2)1,764 | (2)4,754 | (2)6.7 |
1998 (1) |
116,730 | 71,440 | 61.2 | 2,834 | 1,593 | 4,427 | 6.2 |
1999 (1) |
118,963 | 72,306 | 60.8 | 2,194 | 1,146 | 3,340 | 4.6 |
2000 (1) |
122,089 | 73,496 | 60.2 | 1,752 | 898 | 2,650 | 3.6 |
2001 |
122,229 | 73,392 | 60.0 | 1,518 | 656 | 2,174 | 3.0 |
2002 |
121,826 | 72,508 | 59.5 | 1,579 | 567 | 2,146 | 3.0 |
2003 (1) |
122,358 | 72,946 | 59.6 | 1,555 | 545 | 2,100 | 2.9 |
2004 (1) |
123,554 | 73,939 | 59.8 | 1,483 | 520 | 2,003 | 2.7 |
2005 |
125,889 | 75,609 | 60.1 | 1,403 | 479 | 1,882 | 2.5 |
2006 |
128,237 | 76,514 | 59.7 | 1,283 | 409 | 1,692 | 2.2 |
2007 |
129,767 | 75,873 | 58.5 | (2)1,462 | (2)267 | (2)1,729 | (2)2.3 |
2008 (1) |
129,377 | 75,305 | 58.2 | (2)1,940 | (2)286 | (2)2,226 | (2)3.0 |
| MEN | |||||||
1979 |
49,400 | 28,392 | 57.5 | 846 | 1,353 | 2,199 | 7.7 |
1980 |
48,700 | 27,709 | 56.9 | 983 | 1,696 | 2,678 | 9.7 |
1981 |
48,844 | 27,576 | 56.5 | 1,119 | 1,533 | 2,652 | 9.6 |
1982 |
47,591 | 26,481 | 55.6 | 697 | 1,587 | 2,284 | 8.6 |
1983 |
47,856 | 26,831 | 56.1 | 585 | 1,658 | 2,243 | 8.4 |
1984 |
50,022 | 28,140 | 56.3 | 490 | 1,626 | 2,116 | 7.5 |
1985 |
51,015 | 28,893 | 56.6 | 440 | 1,544 | 1,984 | 6.9 |
1986 (1) |
51,942 | 29,666 | 57.1 | 408 | 1,336 | 1,743 | 5.9 |
1987 |
52,938 | 30,474 | 57.6 | 364 | 1,283 | 1,647 | 5.4 |
1988 |
53,912 | 31,058 | 57.6 | 311 | 1,066 | 1,377 | 4.4 |
1989 |
54,789 | 31,687 | 57.8 | 379 | 733 | 1,112 | 3.5 |
1990 (1) |
55,553 | 32,104 | 57.8 | (2)712 | (2)385 | (2)1,097 | (2)3.4 |
1991 |
54,618 | 31,639 | 57.9 | (2)795 | (2)1,114 | (2)1,909 | (2)6.0 |
1992 |
54,826 | 32,155 | 58.6 | 653 | 1,231 | 1,885 | 5.9 |
1993 |
55,475 | 32,337 | 58.3 | 573 | 1,091 | 1,664 | 5.1 |
1994 (1) |
56,570 | 33,528 | 59.3 | 674 | 891 | 1,565 | 4.7 |
1995 |
57,669 | 34,420 | 59.7 | 542 | 796 | 1,338 | 3.9 |
1996 |
58,473 | 34,838 | 59.6 | (2)619 | (2)755 | (2)1,374 | (2)3.9 |
1997 (1) |
59,825 | 35,521 | 59.4 | (2)1,147 | (2)673 | (2)1,820 | (2)5.1 |
1998 (1) |
60,973 | 35,761 | 58.7 | 1,039 | 628 | 1,667 | 4.7 |
1999 (1) |
61,914 | 36,073 | 58.3 | 768 | 446 | 1,214 | 3.4 |
2000 (1) |
63,662 | 36,720 | 57.7 | 582 | 319 | 901 | 2.5 |
2001 |
63,647 | 36,544 | 57.4 | 497 | 247 | 744 | 2.0 |
2002 |
63,272 | 36,000 | 56.9 | 582 | 217 | 799 | 2.2 |
2003 (1) |
63,236 | 35,853 | 56.7 | 493 | 213 | 706 | 2.0 |
2004 (1) |
64,145 | 36,806 | 57.4 | 470 | 210 | 680 | 1.8 |
2005 |
65,466 | 37,652 | 57.5 | 459 | 189 | 648 | 1.7 |
2006 |
66,811 | 38,193 | 57.2 | 422 | 146 | 568 | 1.5 |
2007 |
67,468 | 37,790 | 56.0 | (2)460 | (2)86 | (2)546 | (2)1.4 |
2008 (1) |
66,846 | 37,334 | 55.9 | (2)638 | (2)90 | (2)728 | (2)1.9 |
| WOMEN | |||||||
1979 |
38,129 | 23,329 | 61.2 | 2,070 | 2,644 | 4,714 | 20.2 |
1980 |
38,944 | 23,626 | 60.7 | 2,104 | 2,990 | 5,095 | 21.6 |
1981 |
39,672 | 24,294 | 61.2 | 2,394 | 2,778 | 5,172 | 21.3 |
1982 |
39,777 | 24,365 | 61.3 | 1,651 | 2,561 | 4,212 | 17.3 |
1983 |
40,433 | 24,989 | 61.8 | 1,492 | 2,603 | 4,095 | 16.4 |
1984 |
42,172 | 26,003 | 61.7 | 1,348 | 2,499 | 3,847 | 14.8 |
1985 |
43,506 | 26,869 | 61.8 | 1,198 | 2,356 | 3,554 | 13.2 |
1986 (1) |
44,961 | 27,863 | 62.0 | 1,192 | 2,125 | 3,317 | 11.9 |
1987 |
46,365 | 29,078 | 62.7 | 1,105 | 1,946 | 3,051 | 10.5 |
1988 |
47,495 | 29,820 | 62.8 | 1,008 | 1,542 | 2,550 | 8.6 |
1989 |
48,691 | 30,702 | 63.1 | 994 | 1,056 | 2,050 | 6.7 |
1990 (1) |
49,323 | 31,069 | 63.0 | (2)1,420 | (2)711 | (2)2,131 | (2)6.9 |
1991 |
49,105 | 30,988 | 63.1 | (2)1,582 | (2)1,792 | (2)3,374 | (2)10.9 |
1992 |
49,842 | 31,454 | 63.1 | 1,286 | 1,751 | 3,036 | 9.7 |
1993 |
50,626 | 31,937 | 63.1 | 1,133 | 1,534 | 2,667 | 8.4 |
1994 (1) |
51,419 | 33,021 | 64.2 | 1,322 | 1,241 | 2,563 | 7.8 |
1995 |
52,369 | 33,934 | 64.8 | 1,157 | 1,161 | 2,318 | 6.8 |
1996 |
53,488 | 34,418 | 64.3 | (2)1,244 | (2)1,106 | (2)2,350 | (2)6.8 |
1997 (1) |
54,708 | 35,214 | 64.4 | (2)1,843 | (2)1,092 | (2)2,935 | (2)8.3 |
1998 (1) |
55,757 | 35,680 | 64.0 | 1,794 | 965 | 2,760 | 7.7 |
1999 (1) |
57,050 | 36,233 | 63.5 | 1,426 | 700 | 2,126 | 5.9 |
2000 (1) |
58,427 | 36,777 | 62.9 | 1,170 | 579 | 1,749 | 4.8 |
2001 |
58,582 | 36,848 | 62.9 | 1,021 | 409 | 1,430 | 3.9 |
2002 |
58,555 | 36,508 | 62.3 | 997 | 350 | 1,347 | 3.7 |
2003 (1) |
59,122 | 37,093 | 62.7 | 1,062 | 332 | 1,394 | 3.8 |
2004 (1) |
59,408 | 37,133 | 62.5 | 1,013 | 310 | 1,323 | 3.6 |
2005 |
60,423 | 37,957 | 62.8 | 944 | 290 | 1,234 | 3.3 |
2006 |
61,426 | 38,321 | 62.4 | 861 | 263 | 1,124 | 2.9 |
2007 |
62,299 | 38,082 | 61.1 | (2)1,002 | (2)181 | (2)1,183 | (2)3.1 |
2008 (1) |
62,532 | 37,972 | 60.7 | (2)1,302 | (2)196 | (2)1,498 | (2)3.9 |
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability section of the Household Data technical documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
2 Data for 1990-91, 1996-97, and 2007-08 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.
NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $2.90 in 1979, $3.10 in 1980, and $3.35 in 1981-89. The minimum wage rose to $3.80 on April 1, 1990, to $4.25 on April 1, 1991, to $4.75 on October 1, 1996, to $5.15 on September 1, 1997, to $5.85 on July 24, 2007, and to $6.55 on July 24, 2008. Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. The presence of a sizable number of workers with reported wages below the minimum does not necessarily indicate violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are numerous exemptions to the minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, the relatively large number of workers with reported wages below the minimum in some years may reflect rounding on the part of survey respondents.
Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers: 2008
Last Modified Date: March 11, 2009
