Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
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Measuring Pesticides and How They Transform in the EnvironmentNew and innovative pesticides are being developed and are applied in the environment every year. In many cases, methods to assess the fate of these new pesticides and their degradates in the environment are not available. The Toxic Substances Hydrology (Toxics) Program develops methods to measure a variety of pesticides and their degradates, and assesses their environmental transport. Degradates are the product of environmental transformation of the parent pesticide and can have similar properties. (More information on the significance of degradates in streams and ground water is available.) The methods are effective at low but environmentally significant levels, enabling determination of the potential for, and circumstances of, harmful effects. This information is used for pesticide registration, resource management, and manufacturing decisions. For example:
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ReferencesBattaglin, W.A., Furlong, E.T., Burkhardt, M.R., and Peter, C.J., 2000, Occurrence of sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, and other herbicides in rivers, reservoirs and ground water in the Midwestern United States, 1998: The Science of the Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 123-133. Furlong, E.T., Burkhardt, M.R., Gates, P.M., Werner, S.L., and Battaglin, W.A., 2000, Routine determination of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides at nanogram-per-liter concentrations by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: The Science of the Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 135-146. Battaglin, W.A., Furlong, E.T., Burkhardt, M.R., and Peter, C.J., 1999, Occurrence of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and other herbicides in Midwestern rivers, reservoirs, and ground water, 1998, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 2 of 3--Contamination of Hydrologic Systems and Related Ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018B, p. 215-226. Battaglin, W.A., Furlong, E.T., and Burkhardt, M.R. 2001, Concentration of selected sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, and imidazolinone herbicides, other pesticides, and nutrients in 71 streams, 5 reservoir outflows, and 25 wells in the midwestern United States, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4225, 123 p. Battaglin, W.A., Furlong, E.T., and Peter, C.J., 1998, A reconnaissance for sulfonylurea herbicides in waters of the Midwestern USA--An example of collaboration between the public and private sectors: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-046-98, 4 p. Bastian, K.C., Thurman, E.M., and Rebich, R.A., 1998, Comparison of enzyme-linked immunoassay with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for analysis of the cotton herbicide fluometuron, in 28th Mississippi Water Resources Conference, Raymond, Mississippi, April 7-8, 1998: Starkville, Mississippi, Mississippi State University, p. 45-55. Coupe, R.H., Thurman, E.M., and Zimmerman, L.R., 1998, Relation of usage to the occurrence of cotton and rice herbicides in three streams of the Mississippi Delta: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 32, no. 23, p. 3673-3680. E.A. Lee, J.L. Kish, L.R. Zimmerman, and E.M. Thurman, 2001, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group--Update and additions to the determination of chloroacetanilide herbicide degradation compounds in water using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 01-10. Furlong, ET, Burkhardt, M.R., Gates, P.M., Werner, S.L., and Battaglin, WA, 1999, Routine determination of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides at nanogram-per-liter concentrations by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 2 of 3--Contamination of Hydrologic Systems and Related Ecosystems: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018B, p. 275-288. Steinheimer, T.R., Pfeiffer, R.L., Scoggin, K.D., and Battaglin, W.A., 2000, Reconnaissance survey of sulfonamide, sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides in surface streams and groundwater of the Midwestern United States, in Steinheimer, T.R., Ross, L.J., and Spittler, T.D., eds., Agrochemical Fate and Movement--Perspective and Scale of Study: American Chemical Society Symposium series 751, p. 248-271. Thurman, E.M., Zimmerman, L.R., Scribner, E.A., and Coupe, R.H., Jr.. 1998, Occurrence of cotton pesticides in surface water of the Mississippi Embayment: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-022-98, 4 p. Zimmerman, L.R. and Thurman, E.M., 1999, Method of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group--Determination of triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides in water by solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-634, 21 p. Zimmerman, L.R., Hostetler, K.A., and Thurman, E.M., 2000, Methods of Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group - Determination of Chloroacetanilide Herbicide degradates in Water Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 00-182. |
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