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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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In the Matter of : Spear, Leeds & Kellogg Specialists LLC, : Respondent. |
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ORDER INSTITUTING ADMINISTRATIVE AND CEASE-AND-DESIST PROCEEDINGS, MAKING FINDINGS, AND IMPOSING REMEDIAL SANCTIONS AND A CEASE-AND-DESIST ORDER PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 15(b)(4) AND 21C OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
I.
The Securities and Exchange Commission ("Commission") deems it appropriate and in the public interest that administrative and cease-and-desist proceedings be, and hereby are, instituted pursuant to Sections 15(b)(4) and 21C of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act") against Spear, Leeds & Kellogg Specialists LLC ("SLKS" or "Respondent").
II.
In anticipation of the institution of these proceedings, SLKS has submitted an offer of settlement ("Offer"), which the Commission has determined to accept. Solely for the purposes of these proceedings, and any other proceeding brought by or on behalf of the Commission, or in which the Commission is a party, and prior to a hearing pursuant to the Commission's Rules of Practice, 17 C.F.R. § 201.100 et seq., and without admitting or denying the findings set forth herein, except that SLKS admits the jurisdiction of the Commission over it and over the subject matter of these proceedings, SLKS consents to the entry of this Order Instituting Administrative and Cease-and-Desist Proceedings, Making Findings, and Imposing Remedial Sanctions and a Cease-and-Desist Order Pursuant to Sections 15(b)(4) and 21C of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Order"), as set forth below.
III.
On the basis of this Order and the Offer submitted by SLKS, the Commission finds1 that:
A. RESPONDENT
1. SLKS is a broker-dealer registered with the Commission, pursuant to Section 15(b) of the Exchange Act, since December 1996. On October 31, 2000, SLKS was acquired by and became an indirect subsidiary of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.2, the securities of which are registered with the Commission pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and traded on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"), the American Stock Exchange ("AMEX"), and the Chicago Board Options Exchange. SLKS is a NYSE member organization and acts as the registered specialist for approximately 568 NYSE-listed securities, which, as of August 31, 2003, accounted for about 25% and 22%, respectively, of the dollar and share volume traded on the NYSE. SLKS's parent, Spear, Leeds & Kellogg L.P., also functions as a specialist on the AMEX. During the period relevant to this Order, SLKS acquired or merged with other specialist firms. Some of the conduct that is the basis of the findings herein took place at those predecessor entities. As used herein, SLKS refers to SLKS and its predecessor entities.
B. FACTS
Summary
2. This matter involves violations by SLKS of its basic obligation to serve public customer orders over its own proprietary interests. As a specialist firm on the NYSE, SLKS had a general duty to match executable public customer or "agency" buy and sell orders and not to fill customer orders through trades from the firm's own account when those customer orders could be matched with other customer orders. Through various forms of improper conduct, SLKS violated this obligation by filling orders through proprietary trades rather than through other customer orders, thereby causing customer orders to be disadvantaged by approximately $28.7 million from 1999 through 2003.
3. By effecting proprietary transactions that were not part of a course of dealings reasonably necessary to maintain a fair and orderly market, SLKS violated Section 11(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 11b-1 thereunder. In addition, with certain transactions in six particular stocks, certain specialists at SLKS engaged in unlawful proprietary trades with scienter, violating their implied representations to public customers that they were limiting dealer transactions to those reasonably necessary to maintain a fair and orderly market. In those instances, individual specialists at SLKS violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder. Under Section 15(b)(4)(E) of the Exchange Act, SLKS failed reasonably to supervise those individual specialists with a view to preventing their violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder. SLKS also violated NYSE Rules 92, 104, 123B, 342, 401 and 476.
Overview of Specialists' Obligations
4. In the NYSE's continuous two-way agency auction market, specialist firms are responsible for the quality of the markets in the securities in which individual specialists are registered. A specialist is expected to maintain, insofar as reasonably practicable, a "fair" and "orderly" market. A "fair" market is free from manipulative and deceptive practices, and affords no undue advantage to any participant. An "orderly" market is characterized by regular, reliable operation, with price continuity and depth, in which price movements are accompanied by appropriate volume, and unreasonable price variations between sales are avoided.
5. Specialists have two primary duties: performing their "negative obligation" to execute customer orders at the most advantageous price with minimal dealer intervention, and fulfilling their "affirmative obligation" to offset imbalances in supply and demand. Specialists participate as both broker (or agent), absenting themselves from the market to pair executable customer orders against each other, and as dealer (or principal), trading for the specialists' dealer or proprietary accounts when needed to facilitate price continuity and fill customer orders when there are no available contra parties to those orders.
6. Whether acting as brokers or dealers, specialists are required to hold the public's interests above their own and, as such, are prohibited from trading for their dealers' accounts ahead of pre-existing customer buy or sell orders that are executable against each other. When matchable customer buy and sell orders arrive at specialists' trading posts - generally either through the NYSE's Super Designated Order Turnaround System ("DOT")3 to an electronic display book (the "Display Book")4, or by floor brokers gathered in front of the specialists' trading posts ("the crowd") - specialists are required to act as agent and cross or pair off those orders and to abstain from participating as principal or dealer.
Unlawful Proprietary Trading by SLKS
7. During the period January 1999 through 2003, SLKS breached its duty to refrain from dealing for its own account while in possession of executable buy and sell customer orders. Instead, SLKS effected improper proprietary trades at the expense of customer orders.
8. Through the Display Book, the specialist reports trade executions electronically, and can view all the incoming DOT market and limit orders on both sides of the market.5 Executable buy and sell customer orders can appear on the Display Book at the same time. In such instances, specialists should simply "pair off" or cross the buy and sell orders. In numerous instances, however, SLKS specialists improperly chose not to "pair off" or cross these buy and sell orders with each other. Sometimes, SLKS specialists did this by effecting proprietary trades with orders that arrived electronically through the DOT system to the Display Book. At other times, SLKS specialists effected improper proprietary trades with orders that came in from the crowd. In either case, the disadvantaged order was a DOT order visible on the Display Book that the SLKS specialist should have paired with the other order, instead of filling that other order through a proprietary trade.
9. From 1999 through 2003, this conduct at SLKS resulted in customer disadvantage of $28,776,072. The conduct basically fell within three categories, described in paragraphs 10 through 12 below.
10. Interpositioning.
Display Book for the SLKS specialist
The SLKS specialist should have paired the market orders to buy 3,300 shares with the orders to sell 2,100 shares, and could have satisfied the remaining 1,200 shares of the buy market orders through a proprietary trade. Instead, at 11:04:25, the specialist stepped in front of the orders to sell 2,100 shares and sold 3,300 shares to the buy market orders in a proprietary trade at $41.10 per share. Next, SLKS' specialist lowered the price to $41.00 and, in a separate trade reported at 11:04:32, bought back 5,200 shares for the firm's dealer account, thereby filling several sell orders, including the market orders to sell 2,100 shares he had traded in front of as described above. By buying back, at $41.00, all of the 3,300 VZ shares he had sold just moments earlier at $41.10, the SLKS specialist made a profit of $330 for SLKS' dealer account (3,300 shares x $.10/share = $330) through a riskless transaction.
11. Trading Ahead.
12. Unexecuted Limit Orders.
Interpositioning in Six Particular Stocks
13. SLKS' improper interpositioning transactions, in particular, were heavily concentrated in a few stocks traded by a small number of specialists. Specifically, from 1999 through 2003, 75.08% of SLKS' customer disadvantage from interpositioning occurred in just six stocks - AOL Time Warner ("AOL"), International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM"), Micron Technology, Inc. ("MU"), American International Group, Inc. ("AIG"), Teradyne, Inc. ("TER"), and VZ.7
14. The interpositioning violations with respect to certain transactions in the six stocks listed above were done by certain SLKS specialists with scienter. In such instances, certain SLKS specialists disadvantaged a market buy order (i.e., a purchaser) and/or a sell order (i.e., a seller) because the specialist sold to the purchaser at one price and then bought from the seller at a lower price (or, alternatively, the specialist bought from the seller at one price and then sold to the purchaser at a higher price) instead of matching the purchaser and seller at a better market price for each.
15. Certain senior executives at SLKS knew about the illicit trading because certain of the specialists who were engaged in some of the most egregious cases of violative conduct in the six stocks were among the most senior executives at SLKS, including managing directors and team captains.
16. In June 2002, the NYSE issued a $1,000 summary fine against a predecessor firm of SLKS because 5 specialists at the predecessor firm, including the specialist in TER, traded ahead of agency orders, resulting in inferior price executions of such agency orders, during the period of March 2 through April 18, 2001. This action was an indication to SLKS of improper trading by specialists.
17. SLKS did not have in place reasonable systems or procedures to monitor, detect, or prevent interpositioning by certain individual specialists.
C. APPLICABLE LAW
Section 11(b) and Rule 11b-1 of the Exchange Act
18. Section 11(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 11b-1 thereunder require various limitations on the operations of specialists, including limiting a specialist's dealer transactions to those "reasonably necessary to permit him to maintain a fair and orderly market." Section 11(b) and Rule 11b-1 require a national securities exchange to promulgate rules that allow a member to register as a specialist and to act as a dealer. Under Rule 11b-1(b), if the Commission finds, after appropriate notice and opportunity for hearing, that a specialist has for any account in which he has an interest "effected transactions... which were not part of a course of dealings reasonably necessary to permit such specialist to maintain a fair and orderly market," the Commission may order the exchange to suspend or cancel the specialist's registration.
19. Where specialists effect trades for their accounts that are not "reasonably necessary to permit [such specialists] to maintain a fair and orderly market," they have violated Section 11(b) and Rule 11b-1 of the Exchange Act. See In the Matter of Weiskopf, Silver & Co., 1980 WL 22091, SEC Release No. 34-17361 (Dec. 10, 1980); In the Matter of Albert Fried & Co. and Albert Fried, Jr., 1978 WL 196046, S.E.C. Release No. 34-15293 (Nov. 3, 1978).8
20. Here, SLKS violated its negative obligation by engaging in the three types of conduct described in paragraphs 7 through 12 above. Accordingly, SLKS willfully9 violated Section 11(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 11b-1 thereunder.
NYSE Rules
21. Several NYSE rules prohibit the same conduct as is prohibited by Section 11(b) and Rule 11b-1 thereunder. These NYSE rules effectively prohibit a specialist from trading ahead of a customer order, as well as from engaging in interpositioning, and require agency orders to be matched whenever possible.
22. NYSE Rule 104 (Dealings by Specialists) places a negative obligation on specialists by prohibiting a specialist from trading for his own account unless it is reasonably necessary to maintain a fair and orderly market. Rule 104 states in relevant part: "No specialist shall effect... purchases or sales of any security in which such specialist is registered ..., unless such dealings are reasonably necessary to permit such specialist to maintain a fair and orderly market."10
23. NYSE Rule 92, as amended, provides that "no member or member organization shall cause the entry of an order to buy (sell) any Exchange-listed security for any account in which such member or member organization . . . is directly or indirectly interested (a `proprietary order'), if the person responsible for the entry of such order has knowledge of any particular unexecuted customer's order to buy (sell) such security which could be executed at the same price."
24. Similarly, NYSE Rule 92 also applies to the specialist buying or selling a security while holding an unexecuted customer market buy or sell order, as well as to circumstances where the specialist holds unexecuted customer limit orders at a price that could be satisfied by the proprietary transaction effected by the specialist.
25. NYSE Rule 123B (Exchange Automated Order Routing Systems) requires specialists to cross orders received over the DOT system. Rule 123B(d) states in relevant part: "a specialist shall execute System orders in accordance with the Exchange auction market rules and procedures, including requirements to expose orders to buying and selling interest in the trading crowd and to cross orders before buying or selling from his own account." (Emphasis added).
26. NYSE Rule 401 requires NYSE member organizations to "adhere to the principles of good business practice in the conduct of his or its business affairs." Similarly, NYSE Rule 476(a)(6) provides sanctions if NYSE member organizations engage in conduct "inconsistent with just and equitable principles of trade." Pursuant to NYSE Rule 476(a)(7), member organizations must also refrain from engaging in "acts detrimental to the interest or welfare of the Exchange."
27. NYSE Rule 342 provides that "[e]ach office, department or business activity of a member or member organization ... shall be under the supervision and control of the member or member organization establishing it and of the personnel delegated such authority and responsibility."
28. SLKS violated each of the aforementioned NYSE rules by reason of the activities set forth in paragraphs 7 through 17 above.
SLKS's Failure Reasonably to Supervise Under Section 15(b)(4)(E) of the Exchange Act
29. Section 15(b)(4)(E) of the Exchange Act authorizes the Commission to sanction a broker or dealer if that broker or dealer, or any "person associated with [the] broker or dealer,"11 has "fail[ed] reasonably to supervise, with a view toward preventing securities law violations, a person subject to its supervision who commits [a violation of, among other statutes, any provision of the Exchange Act]." In the Matter of Dean Witter Reynolds Inc., et al., Initial Decision, Admin. Proc. File No. 3-9686 (Jan. 22, 2001), Finality Order, SEC Release No. 34-44012 (February 27, 2001) . Such sanction must be in the public interest. To prove a failure to supervise claim against a broker or dealer, the Commission must establish: (i) an underlying securities law violation; (ii) association of the registered representative or person who committed the violation; (iii) supervisory jurisdiction over that person; and (iv) failure reasonably to supervise the person committing the violation. See In re Philadelphia Investors, Ltd. and Clarence Z. Wurts, Initial Decision, SEC Admin. Proc. File No. 3-9114 (March 20, 1998), Finality Order, SEC Release No. 34-40525 (October 6, 1998). Here, the conduct meets each of those elements.
30. Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder prohibit a person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security, from employing any device, scheme or artifice to defraud, making false or misleading statements, or engaging in any act, practice or course of business which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person.
31. To violate Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, one must have acted with scienter. Aaron v. SEC, 446 U.S. 680, 691 (1980). Scienter may be established by proof of conscious behavior or recklessness. In re Scholastic Corp. Sec. Litig., 252 F.3d 63, 74 (2d Cir. 2001); SEC v. U.S. Environmental, 155 F.3d 107, 111 (2d Cir. 1998).
32. Specialists impliedly represent to their customers that they are dealing fairly with the public in accordance with the standards and practices applicable to specialists, namely, that they are limiting their dealer transactions to those "reasonably necessary to maintain a fair and orderly market." A specialist's failure to comply with this implied representation, if done with scienter, can constitute a violation of the antifraud provisions of the securities laws. See, e.g., Newton, et al. v. Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, et al., 135 F.3d 266 (3d Cir. 1998) (en banc); see also Market Street Ltd. Partners v. Englander Capital Corp., 1993 WL 212817 (S.D.N.Y. June 14, 1993).
33. From January 1999 through 2003, 75.08% of SLKS's customer disadvantage from interpositioning occurred in the following NYSE-listed securities: AOL, IBM, MU, AIG, TER, and VZ. Moreover, interpositioning disadvantages a market buy order (i.e., a purchaser) and/or a market sell order (i.e., a seller) because the specialist sells to the purchaser at one price and then buys from the seller at a lower price (or, alternatively, the specialist buys from the seller at one price and then sells to the purchaser at a higher price) instead of matching the purchaser and seller at a better market price for each.
34. The interpositioning conduct by certain SLKS specialists with respect to certain transactions in the above six stocks evidences scienter. Accordingly, those SLKS specialists violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder.
35. Each of the specialists who violated Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder was associated with SLKS. Moreover, SLKS had supervisory jurisdiction over each of these individual specialists.
36. SLKS failed reasonably to supervise its specialists engaged in fraudulent trading with a view to preventing their violations of the Exchange Act. First, SLKS failed to establish policies or procedures, or a system to implement such policies or procedures, that would reasonably be expected to detect the individual specialist's fraudulent conduct. Second, senior executives at SLKS including managing directors and floor captains with supervisory responsibility were themselves engaged in some of the most egregious cases of violative conduct. Finally, the June 2002 summary fine by the NYSE was an indication of misconduct and should have prompted SLKS to inquire whether the improper trading was more widespread and serious. In large organizations such as SLKS, it is especially imperative that those in authority exercise particular vigilance when indications of irregularity reach their attention. See Wedbush Securities, Inc., 48 S.E.C. 963, 967 (1988) (citations omitted). SLKS did not take adequate steps in response to the NYSE action. Accordingly, SLKS failed reasonably to supervise its specialists who, through certain transactions in six stocks identified above, committed willful violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, with a view toward preventing violations of the federal securities laws within the meaning of Section 15(b)(4)(E) of the Exchange Act.
D. CONCLUSIONS
37. SLKS willfully committed violations of Section 11(b) and Rule 11b-1 of the Exchange Act.
38. SLKS failed reasonably to supervise certain of its specialists who, through certain transactions in the six stocks identified above, committed willful violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, with a view toward preventing violations of the federal securities laws within the meaning of Section 15(b)(4)(E) of the Exchange Act.
E. UNDERTAKINGS
Respondent has undertaken to:
IV.
In view of the foregoing, the Commission finds that it is appropriate and in the public interest to impose the sanctions specified in the Offer submitted by SLKS.
Accordingly, it is ORDERED that:
By the Commission.
_______________________
1 | The findings herein are made pursuant to SLKS's Offer and are not binding on any other person or entity in this or any other proceeding. |
2 | Approximately 73% of the customer disadvantage resulting from the conduct alleged herein occurred before October 31, 2000. |
3 | The DOT system is the NYSE's primary order processing system, supporting equity trading on the trading floor and providing the NYSE with the current status of any equity order. Customers can transmit orders through NYSE member organizations electronically to the floor through the DOT system. |
4 | The Display Book is an electronic workstation provided by the NYSE to the firm for use by its specialists at their post panels, operated by means of a customized keyboard containing function, letter, number and arrow keys. The Display Book allows specialists to, among other things, receive and process orders, disseminate trade and quote information, report trade executions, research order and execution status, manage positions and view profit and loss in the dealer account. |
5 | During the trading day, the specialist can cause the Display Book to be "frozen" in a particular security. During the time that the Display Book is frozen, no new DOT orders in that security can be viewed on the Display Book's display screen, although they continue to queue in "order time" priority. When the Display Book is "unfrozen," DOT orders that queued during the freeze are immediately displayed and viewable on the Display Book's display screen. |
6 | Approximately 82% of the customer disadvantage from interpositioning occurred before October 31, 2000. |
7 | The customer disadvantage from interpositioning in these six stocks for 1999-2003, and the percentage that represents of all of the interpositioning disadvantage at SLKS during that five-year period, are as follows:
TER was a specialty stock at a specialist firm that became part of SLKS in June 2002, and VZ was a specialty stock at a specialist firm that became part of SLKS in March 2001. |
8 | The obligation to maintain a fair and orderly market "has a broader reach than the prohibition of `fraud' and, thereby, imposes stricter standards of integrity and performance on specialists." Albert Fried & Co., 1978 WL 196046, at *5. A transaction not reasonably necessary to maintain a fair and orderly market has been defined as one "`not reasonably calculated to contribute to the maintenance of price continuity [on the exchange] and to minimize the effects of temporary disparity between supply and demand.'" Weiskopf, 1980 WL 22091, at *2 fn5 (quoting SEC Release No. 1117 at 2 (March 30, 1937)). |
9 | "Willfully" as used in this Order means intentionally committing the act which constitutes the violation. See Wonsover v. SEC, 205 F.3d 408, 414 (D.C. Cir. 2000); Tager v. SEC, 344 F.2d 5, 8 (2d Cir. 1965). There is no requirement that the actor also be aware that he is violating one of the Rules or Acts. |
10 | NYSE Rule 104.10(3) expands on this obligation:
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11 | Section 3(a)(18) of the Exchange Act defines the term "person associated with a broker or dealer" as "any partner, officer, director, or branch manager of such broker or dealer (or any person occupying a similar status or performing similar functions), or any person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by or under common control with such broker or dealer or any employee of such broker or dealer." |
12 | In October 2003, the NYSE modified the operation of the Display Book to include an automated "Principal Inhibitor" function, which is an electronic default that blocks certain specialist dealer trades unless the dealer overrides the default by inputting information representing that the trade is proper. The NYSE advises firms on a daily basis whenever one of its specialists has overridden the Principal Inhibitor. |
13 | The disgorgement and civil penalties to be paid by SLKS in this proceeding are also made in satisfaction of payments ordered in a related proceeding being simultaneously instituted by the NYSE. |
http://www.sec.gov/litigation/admin/34-49501.htm
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