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Home > Speed Management Safety > Reference Materials
Engineering Countermeasures for Reducing Speeds
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A Desktop Reference of Potential Effectiveness
May 2009
Countermeasure |
Area |
Road Environment |
Reference # (Year) |
Sample Size (# of Sites) |
After Measurement |
Average Daily Volumes |
85th Percentile Speeds |
Before (veh) |
After (veh) |
Before(mph) |
After (mph) |
Change (mph) |
%Change |
GEOMETRIC FEATURES |
Speed Hump-rounded raised area across the road, typically 12 to 14 feet in
length and 3 to 4 inches high |
Urban |
Local Street |
1 (1999) |
178 |
|
48 to 11544 |
46 to 11043 |
35 (4) |
27 (4) |
-8 (3) |
-22% (9%) |
|
Local Street |
2 (2005) |
7 |
|
400 to 4362 |
401 to 3384 |
32 (3) |
26 (2) |
-6 (2) |
-20% (6%) |
|
Local Street |
4 (2000) |
4 |
|
475 to 1506 |
433 to 1343 |
36 (2) |
31 (2) |
-5 (1) |
-15% (3%) |
Speed Cushion-speed hump typically 6 to 7 feet wide that allows most emergency vehicles to straddle the hump. |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
1 |
|
3323 |
2321 |
35 (-) |
28 (-) |
-7 (-) |
-20% (-) |
|
|
2 (2005) |
2 |
|
1042 to 1556 |
693 to 1563 |
31 to 37 |
26 to 30 |
-5 to -7 |
-16% to 19% |
Speed Table-a long speed hump typically 22 feet in length with a flat section in
the middle and ramps on the ends |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
72 |
|
198 to 14500 |
242 to 14400 |
37 (3) |
31 (3) |
-6 (3) |
-16% (9%) |
Rural |
Small town |
3 (2008) |
2 |
12 month |
1480 |
|
33 (1) |
29 (2) |
-4 (1) |
-14% (3%) |
|
Residential Streets |
18 (2003) |
19 |
|
198 to 2102 |
364 to 2061 |
38 (n/a) |
29 (n/a) |
-9 (n/a) |
-24% (n/a) |
Raised Intersection-a raised plateau, with ramps on all approaches, where roads intersect |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
2 |
|
|
|
37 (1) |
38 (4) |
1 (4) |
3% (11%) |
Urban |
Local Street |
5 (2004) |
1 |
|
|
|
30 (-) |
30 (-) |
0 (-) |
0% (-) |
Choker-mid-block curb extensions that narrow a road by extending the
sidewalk or widening the planting strip |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
4 |
|
770 to 6150 |
331 to 5040 |
34 (2) |
30 (2) |
-4 (1) |
-3% (3%) |
Urban |
Residential Area |
51 (1977) |
6 |
|
|
|
30 (4)95%tile |
29 (3) 95%tile |
-1 (2) 95%tile |
-3% (7%) 95%tile |
Neckdown-intersection curb extensions that narrow a road by extending the
width of a sidewalk |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
3 |
|
2800 to 8110 |
4660 to 5660 |
29 (9) |
30 (3) |
1 (7) |
3% (30%) |
Urban |
Local Street |
5 (2004) |
2 |
|
|
|
28 (3) |
31 (4) |
3 (7) |
12% (27%) |
Chicane-curb extensions that alternate from one side of the street to the
other, forming S-shaped curves. |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
2 |
|
1380 to 3200 |
790 to 2400 |
33 (4) |
27 (4) |
-6 (1) |
-16% (4%) |
|
|
4 (2000) |
4 |
at least 4 years |
1380 to 1965 |
790 to 1993 |
31 (6) |
22 (4) |
-9 (4) |
-29% (8%) |
Urban |
School Zone |
42
(1998) |
1 |
|
8000 |
|
31 (-) |
28 (-) |
-3 (-) |
-10% (-) |
Lateral Shift-curb extension that shifts travel lanes to one side of road for
extended distance and then back to the other side |
Urban |
Local Street |
5 (2004) |
1 |
|
|
|
36 (-) |
33 (-) |
-3 (-) |
-8% (-) |
Rural |
At City Limits |
19
(1999) |
5 |
|
|
|
44 (4) |
33 (4) |
-11 (7) |
-25% (9%) |
Center Island-a raised island along the centerline of a street that narrows the
travel lanes |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
1 |
|
3500 |
2800 |
33 (-) |
29 (-) |
-4 (-) |
-12% (-) |
Traffic Circle-circular, raised island placed within the middle of an intersection |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
45 |
|
240 to 10910 |
269 to 8280 |
34 (5) |
30 (4) |
-4 (3) |
-11% (9%) |
Roundabout-large, raised, circular islands at the middle of major intersections,
around which all oncoming vehicles must travel until reaching their
destination street, where they then turn off. |
|
Transition from High to Low Speed |
36
(2005) |
1 |
|
|
|
48 (-) |
28 (-) |
-20 (-) |
-42% (-) |
Suburban |
Y Intersection of two-lane
roads |
37
(2005) |
1 |
|
|
|
32 (-) |
24 (-) |
-8 (-) |
-25% (-) |
Urban |
|
38
(2004) |
1 |
|
|
|
47 (-) |
33 (-) |
-14 (-) |
-30% (-) |
Urban & Rural |
Intersection entry |
54
(2007) |
55 |
|
|
|
|
20 (4) |
|
|
SURFACE TREATMENTS AND MARKINGS |
Transverse Rumble Strips-raised or grooved patterns installed on the roadway travel lane or
shoulder pavements, perpendicular to the direction of travel. |
Rural |
Posted Speed Limit=70mph |
17
(2007) |
3 |
5 months |
|
|
|
|
-0.6 (0.4) |
|
Rural |
Intersection |
23
(2003) |
11 |
At least 1 month |
|
|
|
|
-1 to -2 |
|
Converging Chevron Marking Pattern-a type of transverse pavement markings forming chevron shape to create the illusion of traveling faster as well as the impression of narrower lanes. |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
2 |
12 months |
2300 |
|
36 (1) |
33 (1) |
-3 (2) |
-7% (6%) |
|
Double S-Curve On A Two- Lane Roadway |
7 (2006) |
1 |
15 months |
|
|
37 (-) |
33 (-) |
-4 (-) |
-11% (-) |
Urban |
Exit Ramps |
12
(2003) |
1 |
20 months |
|
|
70 (-) |
53 (-) |
-17 (-) |
-24% (-) |
|
Community Collector Street |
13
(2001) |
1 |
2 years |
|
|
41 (-) |
39 (-) |
-2 (-) |
-5% (-) |
|
Freeway-to-Freeway Connector Curve |
48
(2008) |
1 |
6 months |
18000 |
|
53.4 (-) |
52.8 (-) |
-0.6 (-) |
-1% (-) |
Transverse Markings-a series of white lines placed across the center of the lane and
spaced progressively closer to create the illusion of traveling faster |
Rural |
Horizontal Curves |
20
(2005) |
3 |
5 days |
|
|
49 (3) |
50 (3) |
0.2 (1.7) |
0.3% (3%) |
Rural |
Interstate Work Zone |
46
(2001) |
1 |
|
18000 |
|
68 (-) |
67 (-) |
-1 (-) |
-1% (-) |
Optical Speed Bars-a series of white rectangular markings typically 1 foot wide placed
just inside both edges of the lane and spaced progressively closer to create
the illusion of traveling faster as well as the impression of narrower lane. |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
1 |
12 months |
|
|
46 (-) |
45 (-) |
-1 (-) |
-2% (-) |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
2 |
3 months |
1000 |
|
47 (8) |
46 (-) |
-1 (0) |
-2% (0) |
Rural |
Curve |
11 (2004) |
3 |
|
|
|
37 (6) |
36 (10) |
-1 (4) |
-2% (8%) |
Rural |
Two-Lane Highway; Tourist
Traffic |
45
(2009) |
1 |
3 months |
|
|
71 (-) |
66 (-) |
-5 (-) |
-7% (-) |
Rural |
Freeway Curves |
53
(2008) |
1 |
6 months |
63,072 |
57,948 |
61 (-) |
60 (-) |
-1 (-) |
-2% (-) |
Speed Limit Pavement
Legend |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
4 |
12 months |
|
|
34 (3) |
33 (2) |
-1 (1) |
-1% (4%) |
Enhanced Speed Limit
Legend with Colored Surfacing |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
3 |
12 months |
1000 |
|
46 (6) |
44 (6) |
-2 (2) |
-4% (4%) |
In-Roadway Warning Lights |
Urban |
Residential Area; Pedestrian Crossing |
15
(2000) |
2 |
1 month |
30,000 |
|
46 (0) |
39 (1) |
-7 (1) |
-15% (1%) |
|
School Zone |
33 |
|
1 year |
|
|
58 (-) |
53 (-) |
-5 (-) |
-9% (-) |
Urban |
Central Business District; Pedestrian Crossing |
34
(2004) |
1 |
2 weeks |
25,000 |
|
21 (-) |
22 (-) |
1 (-) |
5% (-) |
|
Freeway Off-Ramp |
39 (2008) |
1 |
14 months |
|
|
57 (-) |
53 (-) |
-4 (-) |
-7% (-) |
Delineator Post |
Rural |
Horizontal Curves |
20
(2005) |
3 |
5 days |
|
|
49 (3) |
50 (3) |
0.5 (0.4) |
1% (1%) |
“Slow” Pavement Legend |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
3 |
9 months |
2940 |
|
40 (6) |
41 (8) |
1 (2) |
1% (4%) |
Suburban |
Curve on Two-Lane Road |
47
(1998) |
1 |
2 weeks |
5000 |
|
39 (-) |
37 (-) |
-2 (-) |
-5% (-) |
SIGNS |
Speed Feedback Sign-sign that dynamically displays speed of passing vehicles with the
message “YOUR SPEED XX” |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
1 |
3 months |
2870 |
|
37 (-) |
30 (-) |
-7 (-) |
-19% (-) |
|
15mph School Zone |
8 (2002) |
1 |
|
|
|
48 (-) |
15 (-) |
-33 (-) |
-69% (-) |
|
School Zone |
8 (2002) |
1 |
|
|
|
32 (-) |
25 (-) |
-7 (-) |
-22% (-) |
|
School Zone |
14 (2005) |
1 |
2 to 4 months |
|
|
50 (-) |
42 (-) |
-8 (-) |
-16% (-) |
|
Advance of School Zone |
14 (2005) |
2 |
2 to 4 months |
|
|
57 (6) |
56 (7) |
-1 (1) |
-2% (3%) |
|
Advance of Signalized Intersection |
14 (2005) |
2 |
2 to 4 months |
|
|
57 (10) |
56 (12) |
-1 (2) |
-3% (4%) |
|
Non-freeway |
9 (2005) |
20 |
6 to 39 months |
|
|
35 (3) |
32 (2) |
-3 (2) |
-7% (4%) |
|
Collector Street/Residential Cross Street |
10 (2007) |
6 |
3 years |
|
|
37 (2) |
33 (1) |
-4 (2) |
-11% (4%) |
|
School Zone |
26 (2006) |
8 |
6 months |
|
|
25 (2) |
24 (2) |
-1 (2) |
-5% (7%) |
Rural |
Work Zone on Interstate Highway |
27 (2001) |
3 |
5 weeks |
38000 |
|
65 (2) |
60 (2) |
-5 (1) |
-8% (1%) |
|
School Zone |
28 (2003) |
2 |
2 months |
8000 to 9200 |
|
30 (5) |
28 (4) |
-2 (1) |
-7% (1%) |
|
School Zone |
28 (2003) |
2 |
2 months |
11800 to 29200 |
|
43 (1) |
34 (0) |
-9 (1) |
-22% (1%) |
|
Two-Lane Collector Arterial, Near to School Zone |
29 (2005) |
4 |
7 months |
1486 to 2794 |
1270 to 2533 |
34 (2) |
32 (3) |
-2 (1) |
-3% (4%) |
Rural |
Interstate Highway Work Zone |
32 (2006) |
1 |
1 week |
|
|
65 (-) |
63 (-) |
-2 (-) |
-3% (-) |
Speed Activated Warning
Sign-sign that displays warning messages to speeding drivers |
|
Posted Speed Limit=50/55mph |
17 (2007) |
4 |
at least 3 months |
|
|
|
|
-1.4 (0.1) |
|
|
Work Zone at State Route |
25 (2007) |
3 |
|
122 to 250 |
|
|
|
-1 to -6.5 |
|
Multilane US Highway |
25 (2007) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
-1.6 to -4.7 |
|
Multilane Interstate |
25 (2007) |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
-3.0 to -11.2 |
|
Urban |
U.S. Highway Work Zone |
32 (2006) |
1 |
1 week |
|
|
67 (-) PC;65 (-) Truck |
64 (-) PC;63 (-) Truck |
-3 (-) PC;-2 (-) Truck |
-4% (-) PC;-3% (-) Truck |
Urban & Rural |
Work Zone |
35 (2007) |
2 |
|
|
|
54 (4) |
49 (6) |
-5 (3) |
-10% (5%) |
Rural |
Four-Lane Divided Highway |
43 (1999) |
1 |
|
7000 |
|
73 (-) |
69 (-) |
-4 (-) |
-5% (-) |
|
Curve on Interstate Freeway |
44 (2003) |
1 |
|
65000 |
|
63 (-) |
62 (-) |
-1 (-) |
-2% (-) |
Speed Activated Speed
Limit Reminder Sign |
|
Major Road |
6 (2005) |
1 |
|
|
|
42 (-) |
37 (-) |
-5 (-) |
-12% (-) |
|
School Zone |
24 (2001) |
1 |
2 months |
|
|
43 (-) |
37 (-) |
-6 (-) |
-14% (-) |
Variable Speed Limit Sign |
Rural |
Finland, weather-controlled |
31 (1999) |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
-4.7 to -8 |
|
Rural |
Freeway |
40 (2005) |
2 |
|
|
|
82 (1) |
77 (6) |
-5 (5) |
-6% (6%) |
Lower Speed Limit by 15+
mi/h |
Urban & Rural |
2 lane roads |
21 (1997) |
9 |
12-24 months |
|
|
49 (5) |
49 (4) |
-0.1 (1) |
-0.1% (3%) |
Lower Speed Limit by 10
mi/h |
Urban & Rural |
2 & 4 lane roads |
21 (1997) |
34 |
12-24 months |
|
|
50 (5) |
50 (5) |
-0.1 (1) |
-0.6% (2%) |
Lower Speed Limit by 5
mi/h |
Urban & Rural |
2 lane roads |
21 (1997) |
14 |
12-24 months |
|
|
51 (6) |
50 (6) |
-0.3 (1) |
-0.1% (2%) |
Red Border Speed Limit
Sign |
Rural |
Two-Lane highway |
30 (2007) |
3 |
8 to 14 months |
|
|
|
|
-3 (4) |
|
One-Direction Large Arrow
(W1-6) sign |
Rural |
Horizontal Curves |
20 (2005) |
1 |
5 days |
|
|
47 (-) |
47 (-) |
0 (-) |
0% (-) |
Add Flashers to Existing
Curve Warning Sign |
Rural |
Horizontal Curves |
20 (2005) |
2 |
5 days |
|
|
51 (2) |
52 (3) |
1 (1) |
1% (1%) |
Add Flags to Existing
Curve Warning Sign |
Rural |
Horizontal Curves |
20 (2005) |
3 |
5 days |
|
|
49 (3) |
49 (3) |
-0.3 (1.3) |
-0.6% (3%) |
Combinational Horizontal
Alignment/Advisory Speed Sign |
Rural |
Horizontal Curves |
20 (2005) |
3 |
5 days |
|
|
49 (3) |
50 (2) |
0.2 (1) |
0.4% (2%) |
Chevron Sign |
Rural |
Horizontal Curves |
20 (2005) |
1 |
5 days |
|
|
52 (-) |
52 (-) |
0 (-) |
0% (-) |
NARROWING |
Add Shoulder Markings to narrow lane |
Rural |
Two-Lane Road Through Small Town |
3 (2008) |
2 |
12 months |
|
|
33 (2) |
33 (1) |
0.5 (1) |
2% (2%) |
Urban |
Freeway Exit Ramp |
49 (2000) |
4 |
2 weeks |
|
|
38 (10) |
37 (9) |
-1 (1) |
-2% (2%) |
Add Center Line and Edge
Line |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
2 |
12 months |
|
|
34 (1) |
35 (1) |
1 (1) |
2% (2%) |
Urban |
Residential Area |
50 (1984) |
2 |
2 weeks |
|
|
34 (2)Mean |
34 (1)Mean |
0 (0)Mean |
1% (1%)Mean speed |
Rural |
Two-Lane Road Day |
52 (2006) |
3 |
|
|
|
63 (2) |
64 (3) |
1 (4) |
2% (7%) |
Rural |
Two-Lane Road Night |
52 (2006) |
3 |
|
|
|
66 (4) |
65 (3) |
-1 (0) |
-1% (0) |
Longitudinal Rumble
Strips-raised or grooved patterns installed on both inside edges of normal
travel lane to narrow effective width |
Rural |
Rural High Speed Intersections on Two-lane Roadways |
16 (2008) |
9 |
at least 3 months |
|
|
|
|
-4.5 (0.25) |
|
Road Diet-restripe road to reduce the number of lanes from 4 to 3 |
Urban |
Arterial road |
41 (1999) |
1 |
|
24,000 |
|
51 (-) |
47 (-) |
-4 (-) |
-8% (-) |
Tubular Chanelizers -three foot high tubes used to create island in center of road |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
3 |
12 months |
2060 |
|
40 (5) |
39 (4) |
-1 (1) |
-2% (2%) |
ACCESS CONTROLS |
Half Closure-Physical blockage of one direction of traffic for a short distance on
a two-way street |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
11 |
|
220 to 9540 |
151 to 9180 |
30 (4) |
24 (5) |
-6 (4) |
-20% (12%) |
Diagonal Diverter-a barrier placed diagonally across a four-legged intersection,
preventing through movement |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
7 |
|
474 to 2057 |
177 to 574 |
28 (5) |
27 (5) |
-1 (5) |
-5% (17%) |
Full Closure-physical street closure resulting in a dead-end |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
2 |
|
1540 to 1980 |
850 to 1080 |
18 (3) |
15 (3) |
-3 (0) |
-17% (3%) |
COMBINATION MEASURES |
Gateway Treatment-the combined use of signs, textured pavements, name plates,
monuments, landscaping, and/or others placed at the entrance to a
neighborhood that helps to communicate a sense of neighborhood identity |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
3 |
12 months |
|
|
46 (6) |
44 (6) |
-2 (2) |
-5% (4%) |
Urban |
|
5 (2004) |
1 |
9 months |
|
|
30 (-) |
28 (-) |
-2 (-) |
-7% (-) |
Speed Hump + Speed Table |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
4 |
|
|
|
36 (3) |
29 (2) |
-7 (4) |
-17% (9%) |
Speed Hump + Choker |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
2 |
|
2456 to 3685 |
2593 to 2931 |
38 (2) |
25 (0) |
-13 (2) |
-33% (3%) |
Speed Table + Choker |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
3 |
|
|
|
33 (1) |
29 (1) |
-4 (1) |
-12% (3%) |
Speed Table + Center
Island |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
2 |
|
6500 to 8440 |
6400 to 6780 |
37 (1) |
29 (1) |
-8 (3) |
-22% (6%) |
Half Closure + Median
Barrier(-Median barriers are raised islands located along the centerline of a
street and continuing through an intersection so as to block through movement
at a cross street.) |
Urban |
|
1 (1999) |
2 |
|
10160 to 10320 |
1120 to 2120 |
38 (2) |
32 (4) |
-6 (3) |
-17% (8%) |
Transverse Bar + Speed
Feedback Sign |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
3 |
12 months |
830 to 1680 |
|
47 (6) |
43 (8) |
-4 (3) |
-8% (8%) |
Speed Hump + Traffic
Circle + Gateway Treatment |
|
|
2 (2005) |
2 |
|
2017 to 4213 |
1857 to 4635 |
32 (1) |
25 (3) |
-7 (2) |
-22% (6%) |
Textured Pavement +
Neckdown + Pavement Marking |
|
|
2 (2005) |
|
|
3722 to 3792 |
3603 |
31 (-) |
31 (-) |
0 (-) |
0% (-) |
Edge Marking + Speed
Limit Marking |
Rural |
Main Roads |
3 (2008) |
4 |
12 months |
|
|
34 (3) |
33 (2) |
-1 (1) |
-1% (4%) |
Rubber Pedestrian Island + In-Roadway Yield to Pedestrian Crossing Sign (R1-6)(-Removable rubber curbing used to create island and concentrate pedestrian crossings at crosswalk.) |
Rural Resort Area |
High pedestrian crossing |
22 (2002) |
2 |
2 weeks |
|
|
44 (2) |
38 (1) |
-6 (3) |
-14% (6%) |
Notes:
1) Reference table only includes U.S. studies, except where no U.S. studies on a treatment exist, then international studies are used.
2) Measures within parentheses in the “85%th Speeds” columns represent the standard deviations from the average values.
References:
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Arlington County, VA (2005), “Effectiveness of Traffic Calming Measures in Arlington County”, Table 1. http://www.arlingtonva.us/Departments/EnvironmentalServices/dot/planning/ntc/study/Study05.aspx
FHWA (2008), “Traffic Calming on Main Roads Through Rural Communities”, FHWA Publication No.: FHWA-HRT-08-067. http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/08067/index.htm
Marek, John C. and Walgren, Shauna (2000), “Mid-Block Speed Control: Chicanes and Speed Humps”, City of Seattle, WA. http://www.seattle.gov/Transportation/docs/ITErevfin.pdf
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Kelly Grant Ash (2006), “Increasing Speed Limit Compliance in Reduced-Speed School Zones”, Master of Science thesis submitted to Brigham Young University. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1271.pdf
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