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Benzene
[248 KB PDF,
31 pages]
Related Information: Chemical Sampling -
Benzene
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Method no.: |
1005 |
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Control no.: |
T-1005-FV-01-0111-M |
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Target Concentration: |
1 ppm |
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OSHA PEL: |
1 ppm (3.19 mg/m³)(TWA); 5 ppm (16.0 mg/m³)(15-min STEL); 50 ppm (160
mg/m³)(10-min Peak) in General Industry (29 CFR 1910.1028)
10 ppm (31.9 mg/m³)(TWA); 25 ppm (79.8 mg/m³)(15-min Ceiling) in sectors excluded from
General Industry (29 CFR 1926.1028)
1 ppm (3.19 mg/m³)(TWA); 5 ppm (16.0 mg/m³)(15-min STEL); 50 ppm (160 mg/m³)(10-min
Peak) in Shipyard and Construction Industries |
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ACGIH TLV: |
0.5 ppm (1.6 mg/m³) TWA; 2.5 ppm (8.0 mg/m³)(15-min STEL) (Skin) Enter
Information. |
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|
Procedure: |
Active samples are collected by drawing workplace air through charcoal tubes with personal
sampling pumps. Diffusive samples are collected by exposing either SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers or 3M 3520 Organic
Vapor Monitors (OVM) to workplace air. Samples are extracted with carbon disulfide and analyzed by GC using a
flame ionization detector (FID). |
|
|
Recommended air volume and
sampling rate and
Charcoal tubes: |
240 min at 50 mL/min (12 L)(TWA); 10 min at 50 mL/min (0.5 L)(Peak);
15 min at 50 mL/min (0.75 L)(STEL) |
|
|
SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler
and 3M 3520 OVM: |
240 min (TWA); 10 min (Peak); 15 min (STEL) (Note: SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
and 3M 3520 OVMs must be exposed for at least 10 min) |
|
|
Reliable quantitation limit (RQL) and standard error of estimate (SEE): |
|
Media |
RQL |
SEE |
|
(ppb) |
(µg/m³) |
(%) |
|
Charcoal tube |
3.32 |
11 |
5.1 |
SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler |
4.25 |
14 |
8.8 |
3M 3520 OVM |
3.55 |
11 |
7.4 |
|
|
*For samples where sampling site atmospheric pressure and temperature
are known. When either or both of these values are unknown, see Section 4.4 for applicable standard errors of
estimate. |
|
Special requirements: |
Report sampling site atmospheric pressure and temperature when using diffusive samplers. |
|
|
Wipe sampling: |
A 10 cm × 10 cm area is wiped with the charcoal pad
from 3M 3520 OVM and immediately placed into a capped vial. |
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Status of method: |
Evaluated method. This method has been subjected to the established evaluation procedures of
the Methods Development Team. |
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Date: |
November 2001 |
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Revised: |
September 2002 |
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Chemist: |
Mary E. Eide |
|
|
Methods Development Team
Industrial Hygiene Chemistry Division
OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center
Sandy UT 84070-6406
|
1. General Discussion
1.1 Background
1.1.1 History
The collection of benzene using charcoal tubes (SKC lot 107) was evaluated in OSHA Method 12.1 Since
that time, many diffusive samplers have come on the market, and are becoming more popular for workplace sampling.
The Methods Development Team at OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center is in the process of validating passive samplers
for the top 10 organic chemicals. Benzene is in the top 10 organic chemicals requested, therefore an evaluation of
its sampling performance with passive samplers was performed. This method includes two diffusive samplers, SKC
575-002 Passive Samplers and 3M 3520 OVMs, along with charcoal tubes (SKC lot 2000). Benzene PELs include a TWA,
STEL, Ceiling, and Peak; therefore, these media were evaluated for both short term and long term sampling, for the
various PELs.
The tests for the determination of the sampling rate show that SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers and 3M 3520 OVMs had a
faster sampling rate in the first five minutes of sampling, than the rest of the times sampled. The sampling rate
for the subsequent time periods each decreased until at 30 minutes it leveled off to the sampling rate used. The
sampling rate was significantly higher in the first 5 minutes of sampling than the rest of the sampling period, so
it is recommended that the sampling time for these passive samplers be at least 10 minutes. The Peak PEL for
benzene is defined as a 10-minute sample.
Each of the media had good extraction efficiency and storage stability. The use of a capillary column in the
analysis allowed for lower reliable quantitation limits in this method when compared to the limits obtained with
the packed column in OSHA Method 12.2
1.1.2 Toxic effects (This section is for information only and should not be taken as the basis of OSHA policy.)
Benzene in high concentrations has narcotic effects similar to toluene and other aromatics. Benzene is a
myclotoxicant known to suppress bone marrow cell proliferation and to induce hematologic disorders in humans and
animals. Chronic exposure to benzene leads to aplastic anemia, and may lead to leukemia after 6 months to 6 years
of chronic exposure. Benzene exposure can cause chromosomal aberrations in animals and humans. Chronic benzene
exposure has also been associated with lung cancer in epidemiological studies. Benzene is classified as a human
carcinogen by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC).3 Benzene is classified as a suspected human carcinogen by OSHA.4 A
risk assessment for benzene exposure performed by Rinsky et al., reported that a worker exposed to 10 ppm benzene
for 40 years was 155 times more likely to die from leukemia than an unexposed worker. A worker exposed to 1 ppm
benzene was 1.7 times more likely to die from leukemia than an unexposed worker.5 IARC has published a
risk assessment showing that workers exposed to a 10 ppm chronic exposure, had an increase of 14-140 leukemia cases
per 1000 people above the rate for an unexposed worker. For 1 ppm chronic exposure, there was an increase of 1.4-14
cases per 1000 above the rate for an unexposed worker.6 The skin notation cited in the TLV is based on
the skin absorption rate of 0.05% when neat benzene is applied to the skin, indicating benzene exposures through
skin absorption can be significant.7
1.1.3 Workplace exposure
Benzene is used in the manufacture of industrial chemicals, as a solvent for waxes, resins, oils, natural
rubber. Benzene may be present in gasoline and other petroleum products up to 1%, as a natural part of the cracking
process.8 Benzene was the 16th highest chemical in the ranking of production by volume for
1995.9 Benzene production was 2.412 billion gallons in 2000.10
1.1.4 Physical properties and descriptive information11,12,13
CAS number:
IMIS number14:
molecular weight:
boiling point:
melting point:
specific gravity:
|
71-43-2
0320
78.11
80.1°C
5.5°C
0.879 at 20°C
|
vapor pressure:
lower explosive limit:
flash point:
odor:
appearance:
molecular formula: |
10 kPa at 20°C
1.5 to 8% by volume
11°C (52°F) (cc)
characteristic aromatic
colorless liquid
C6H6 |
synonyms: |
benzol; coal naphtha; cyclohexatriene; phenyl hydride |
solubility: |
slightly soluble in water; miscible in alcohol, acetone. carbon
disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, glacial acetic acid, and oils |
structure: |
|
|
This method was evaluated according to the OSHA SLTC "Evaluation Guidelines for Air Sampling
Methods Utilizing Chromatographic Analysis"15. The Guidelines define analytical parameters,
specify required laboratory tests, statistical calculations and acceptance criteria. The analyte air
concentrations throughout this method are based on the recommended sampling and analytical parameters. Air
concentrations listed in ppm are referenced to 25°C and 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg). |
|
1.2 Limit defining parameters
1.2.1 Detection limit of the analytical procedure
The detection limit of the analytical procedure is 3.12 pg. This is the amount of analyte that will give a
detector response that is significantly different from the response of a reagent blank. (Section 4.1)
1.2.2 Detection limit of the overall procedure
The detection limits of the overall procedure are 38 ng/sample for charcoal tubes, 49 ng/sample for SKC 575-002
Passive Samplers, and 41 ng/sample for 3M 3520 OVMs. These are the amounts of benzene spiked on the respective
sampler that will give detector responses that are significantly different from the responses of respective sampler
blanks. (Section 4.2)
Table 1.2.2
Detection Limits of the Overall Procedure
|
sampler |
ng |
ppb |
µg/m³ |
|
charcoal tube
SKC 575-002
3M 3520 |
38
49
41 |
0.99
1.28
1.07 |
3.17
4.08
3.42 |
|
1.2.3 Reliable quantitation limit
The reliable quantitation limits are 127 ng per sample (3.3 ppb or 11 g/m³) for charcoal tubes, 163
ng per sample (4.3 ppb or 14 g/m³) for SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers, and 136 ng per sample (3.6 ppb or
11 µg/m³) for 3M 3520 OVMs. These are the amounts of benzene spiked on the respective samplers that
will give detector responses that are considered the lower limits for precise quantitative measurements. (Section 4.2)
Table 1.2.3
Reliable Quantitation Limits
|
sampler |
ng |
ppb |
µg/m³ |
EE |
|
charcoal tube
SKC 575-002
3M 3520 |
127
163
136 |
3.32
4.26
3.55 |
10.6
13.6
11.3 |
96.6
93.1
97.9 |
|
1.2.4 Instrument calibration
The standard error of estimate is 0.34 µg over the range of 9.9 to 79.1 µg. This range corresponds to 0.25 to
2 times the TWA target concentration. (Section 4.3)
1.2.5 Precision
Charcoal Tubes
The precision of the overall procedure at the 95% confidence level for the ambient temperature 19-day storage
test for samples collected from a dynamically generated atmosphere of 1.2 ppm (3.84 mg/m³) collected on
charcoal tubes is ±9.94%. This includes an additional 5% for sampling pump variability. (Section 4.4)
SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
The precisions of the overall procedure at the 95% confidence level for the ambient temperature 19-day storage
test for samples collected from a dynamically generated atmosphere of 1.2 ppm (3.84 mg/m³) collected on
SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers are given in Table 1.2.5.1. They each include an additional 8.7% for sampling rate
variability. There are different values given, depending on whether both, either, or neither temperature (T)
or atmospheric pressure (P) are known at the sampling site. If the sampling site temperature is unknown,
it is assumed to be 22.2 ± 15°C (72 ± 27°F) and a variability of ±7.7% is included. If the atmospheric
pressure is not known, it is estimated from the sampling site elevation and a variability of ±3% is included.
(Section 4.4)
Table 1.2.5.1
Precision of the Overall Procedure
of SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
|
know conditions |
precision (±%) |
|
both T & P
only T
only P
neither T nor P |
17.2
18.1
22.8
23.6 |
|
3M 3520 OVMs
The precisions of the overall procedure at the 95% confidence level for the ambient temperature 19-day storage
test for samples collected from a dynamically generated atmosphere of 1.2 ppm (3.84 mg/m³) collected on
3M 3520 OVMs are given in Table 1.2.5.2. They each include an additional 6.4% for sampling rate variability. There
are different values given, depending on whether both, either, or neither temperature (T) or atmospheric
pressure (P) are known at the sampling site. If the sampling site temperature is unknown, it is assumed to
be 22.2 ± 15°C (72 ± 27°F) and a variability of ±7.7% is included. If the atmospheric pressure is not known,
it is estimated from the sampling site elevation and a variability of ±3% is included. (Section 4.4)
Table 1.2.5.2
Precision of Overall Procedure for 3M 3520 OVMs
|
know conditions |
precision (±%) |
|
both T & P
only T
only P
neither T nor P |
12.6
13.9
19.6
20.6 |
|
1.2.6 Recovery
The recovery of benzene from samples used in a 19-day storage test remained above 98.0%, 96.5%, and 96.2% when
the samples were stored at 23°C for charcoal tubes, SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers, and 3M 3520 OVMs, respectively.
(Section 4.5)
1.2.7 Reproducibility
Six samples for each of the three types of samplers were collected from a controlled test atmosphere and
submitted for analysis by the OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center. The samples were analyzed according to a draft copy
of this procedure after 7 days of storage at 4°C. No individual sample result deviated from its theoretical value
by more than the precision reported in Section 1.2.5. (Section 4.6)
2. Sampling Procedure
All safety practices that apply to the work area being sampled should be followed. The sampling equipment should
be attached to the worker in a manner that will not interfere with work performance or safety.
2.1 Apparatus
2.1.1 Charcoal tubes
Samples are collected with 7-cm × 4-mm i.d. × 6-mm o.d. glass sampling tubes packed with two sections of
coconut shell charcoal. The front section contains 100 mg and the back section contains 50 mg of charcoal. The
sections are held in place with glass wool and polyurethane plugs. For this evaluation, commercially prepared
charcoal tubes were purchased from SKC, Inc. (catalog no. 226-01, Anasorb CSC, lot 2000).
Samples are collected using a personal sampling pump calibrated, with the sampling device attached, to within
±5% of the recommended flow rate.
2.1.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers and 3M 3520 OVMs
Samples are collected with either SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers, or with 3M 3520 OVMs. Samplers were purchased
from SKC, Inc. (catalog no. 575-002, contains 500 mg of Anasorb 747) or from 3M (catalog no. 3520, contains two
charcoal adsorbent pads).
A thermometer and barometer to determine the sampling site air temperature and atmospheric pressure.
2.2 Reagents
None required
2.3 Technique
2.3.1 Charcoal tubes
Immediately before sampling, break off the ends of the flame-sealed tube to provide an opening approximately
half the internal diameter of the tube at each end. Wear eye protection when breaking ends. Use tube holders to
minimize the hazard of broken glass. All tubes should be from the same lot.
The smaller section of the adsorbent tube is used as a back-up and is positioned nearest the sampling pump.
Attach the tube holder to the sampling pump so that the adsorbent tube is in an approximately vertical position
with the inlet facing down during sampling. Position the sampling pump, tube holder and tubing so they do not
impede work performance or safety. Use tube holder to minimize the hazard to the worker from the broken end of the
tube.
Draw the air to be sampled directly into the inlet of the tube holder. The air being sampled should not be
passed through any hose or tubing before entering the sampling tube.
After sampling for the appropriate time, remove the adsorbent tube and seal it with plastic end caps. Seal each
sample end-to-end with an OSHA 21 form as soon as possible.
Submit at least one blank sample with each set of samples. Handle the blank sampler in the same manner as the
other samples except draw no air through it.
Record sample air volume (liters), sampling time (minutes) and sampling rate (mL/min) for each sample, along
with any potential interferences on the OSHA 91A form.
Submit the samples to the laboratory for analysis as soon as possible after sampling. If delay is unavoidable,
store the samples in a refrigerator. Ship any bulk samples separate from the air samples.
2.3.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers (In general, follow the manufacturer's instructions.)
Remove the sampler enclosed in an air-tight clear bag from the container, just before sampling is to begin. Caution-
The sampler begins to sample immediately after the clear plastic bag is opened. Keep the O-ring, press-on
cover, cover retainer, port plugs and PTFE tube for later use.
Record the start time on the sampler label or on the OSHA 91A form.
Attach the sampler to the worker near his/her breathing zone with the perforations in the sampler facing
forward. Assure that the area directly in front of the sampler is unobstructed throughout the sampling period.
At the end of the sampling period, immediately detach the sampler from the worker and attach the cover with the
O-ring in place onto the sampler using the cover retainer. Visually inspect the O-ring to be sure it is forming a
proper seal around the entire circumference of the sampler. Record the stop time on sampler label or on OSHA 91A
form.
Prepare a blank by removing an unused sampler from its clear package and immediately attaching a cover with the
O-ring in place onto it.
Seal each sampler with an OSHA 21 form.
Verify that the sampling times are properly recorded on the OSHA 91A form for each sample. Also, identify blank
samples on this form.
Record the room temperature and atmospheric pressure of the sampling site on the OSHA 91A form.
List any compounds that could be considered potential interferences, especially solvents, that are being used in
the sampling area.
Submit the samples to the laboratory for analysis as soon as possible after sampling. If delay is unavoidable,
store the samples in a refrigerator. Ship any bulk samples separate from the air samples. Include all port plugs
and PTFE tubes which will be used in the laboratory analyses. Ship any bulk sample(s) in a container separate from
the air samples.
2.3.3 3M OVMs (In general, follow the manufacture's instructions supplied with the samplers.)
The samplers come individually sealed in small metal cans. When ready to begin sampling, remove the plastic lid
from the can and lift up on the revealed ring. Pull back on the ring to open the can. Discard the metal top of the
can and remove the sampler. Caution - The sampler begins to sample immediately after the can is
unsealed.
Keep the two closure caps with attached port plugs, cup and PTFE tubes in the can for later use. Close the can
with the plastic lid.
Record the start time on the back of the sampler or on the OSHA 91A form.
Attach the sampler to the worker near his/her breathing zone with the white face forward. Assure that the area
directly in front of the sampler is unobstructed throughout the sampling period. Do not remove the white film and
ring from the sampler until the sampling period is terminated.
At the end of the sampling period, detach the sampler from the worker and remove the white film and retaining
ring. Immediately snap a closure cap onto the primary (top) section of the sampler (where the white film and ring
were removed). It is critical that this step be done as quickly as possible because the sampling rate is more than
five times faster without the white film in place, which can be an important consideration, especially for
short-term sampling. Assure that the attached port plugs are placed firmly into the port holes. The white film and
ring can be discarded. Record the stop time on the back of the sampler and on the OSHA 91A form.
The following steps should be performed in a low background area for a set of samplers as soon as possible after
sampling.
Ready a blank by removing the white film and ring and attaching a closure cap onto an unused sampler.
For each sampler (one at a time), separate the primary (top) and secondary (bottom) sections of the sampler
using the edge of a coin as a pry.
Securely snap a cup onto the bottom of the primary section.
Snap a closure cap onto the secondary section of the sampler and assure that the attached port plugs are placed
firmly into the port holes.
Return the sampler sections with closure caps and cup in place to the metal can which contains the PTFE tubes
(which will be used by the laboratory). Close the can with the plastic lid, and seal it with an OSHA 21 form.
Verify that the sampling times are properly recorded on OSHA 91A form for each sample. Also, identify blank
samples on this form.
Record the room temperature and atmospheric pressure of the sampling site on OSHA 91A form.
List any compounds that could be considered potential interferences, especially solvents, that are being used in
the sampling area.
Submit the samples to the laboratory for analysis as soon as possible after sampling. If delay is unavoidable,
store the samples in a refrigerator. Ship any bulk samples separate from the air samples.
2.4 Sampler capacity (Section 4.7)
2.4.1 Charcoal tubes
The sampling capacity of the front section of a charcoal tube was tested by sampling a dynamically generated
test atmosphere of benzene (73.4 mg/m³ or 23 ppm) at an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water
per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The samples were collected at 50 mL/min. No breakthrough
was observed, even after sampling for 600 min.
2.4.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers and 3M 3520 OVMs
The sampling rate and capacity of the SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler and the 3M 3520 OVM were determined by
sampling a dynamically generated test atmosphere of benzene (7.34 mg/m³ or 2.3 ppm and 73.4 mg/m³
or 23 ppm) at an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at
22.2°C) for increasing time intervals. A sampling rate of 17.1 mL/min for SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers and 34.3
mL/min for 3M 3520 OVM was determined. The recommended sampling times for this method are 10 minutes for Peak, 15
minutes for STEL, and 240 minutes for TWA sampling. The tests showed a significant difference in the sampling rate
for a 5 minute sample versus the determined sampling rate, therefore, these samplers cannot be used to sample for
less than 10 minutes.
2.5 Extraction efficiency (Section 4.8)
It is the responsibility of each analytical laboratory to determine the extraction efficiency because the
adsorbent material, internal standard, reagents and laboratory techniques may be different than the those listed in
this evaluation and influence the results.
2.5.1 Charcoal tubes
The mean extraction efficiency for benzene from dry charcoal tubes over the range of RQL to 2 times the target
concentration (0.13 to 79.1 micrograms per sample) was 97.0%. The extraction efficiency was not affected by the
presence of water (average recovery of 96.7%).
Extracted samples remain stable for at least 24 h.
2.5.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
The mean extraction efficiency for benzene from dry SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers over the range of RQL to 2
times the target concentration (0.13 to 24.6 micrograms per sample) was 93.6%. The extraction efficiency was not
affected by the presence of water (average recovery of 93.9%).
Extracted samples remain stable for at least 24 h.
2.5.3 3M 3520 OVMs
The mean extraction efficiency for benzene from dry 3M 3520 OVMs over the range of RQL to 2 times the target
concentration (0.13 to 54.5 micrograms per sample) was 97.9%. The extraction efficiency was not affected by the
presence of water (average recovery of 98.1%).
Extracted samples remain stable for at least 24 h.
2.6 Recommended sampling time and sampling rate
2.6.1 Charcoal tubes
Sample with charcoal tubes for up to 240 min at 50 mL/min (12 L) to collect TWA (long-term) samples, for 10 min
at 50 mL/min (0.5 L) to collect Peak (short-term) samples, and for 15 min at 50 mL/min (0.75 L) collect STEL
(short-term) samples.
When short-term samples are collected, the air concentration equivalent to the reliable quantitation limit
becomes larger. For example, the reliable quantitation limit for charcoal tubes is 0.05 ppm (0.17 mg/m³)
for benzene when 0.75 L are collected.
2.6.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
Sample with SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers for up to 240 min to collect TWA (long-term) samples, for 10 min to
collect Peak (short-term) samples, and for 15 min to collect STEL (short-term) samples. The sampling rate is 17.1
mL/min.
When short-term samples are collected, the air concentration equivalent to the reliable quantitation limit
becomes larger. For example, the reliable quantitation limit for SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers is 0.20 ppm (0.64
mg/m³) for benzene when 0.26 L (15 min) are collected.
2.6.3 3M 3520 OVMs
Sample with 3M 3520 OVMs for up to 240 min to collect TWA (long-term) samples, for 10 min to collect Peak
(short-term) samples, and for 15 min to collect STEL (short-term) samples. The sampling rate is 34.3 mL/min.
When short-term samples are collected, the air concentration equivalent to the reliable quantitation limit
becomes larger. For example, the reliable quantitation limit for 3M 3520 OVMs is 0.08 ppm (0.26 mg/m³)
for benzene when 0.51 L (15 min) are collected.
2.7 Interferences, sampling (Section 4.9)
2.7.1 Charcoal tubes
Retention
The mean retention efficiency for all samples was 100.4%, when charcoal tubes containing 880 g of benzene were
allowed to sample 9 L of contaminant-free air having an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of
air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C).
Low humidity
The ability of a charcoal tube to collect benzene from a relatively dry atmosphere was determined by sampling an
atmosphere of two times the target concentration of benzene and having an absolute humidity of 1.9 milligrams of
water per liter of air (about 10% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The samples collected above 99.7% of theoretical.
Low concentration
The ability of a charcoal tube to collect benzene at low concentrations was determined by sampling a test
atmosphere containing 0.1 times the target concentration of benzene and having an absolute humidity of 15.7
milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The samples collected above 98.5% of
theoretical.
Interference
The ability of charcoal tubes to collect benzene in the presence of an interference was determined from a test
atmosphere containing one times the target concentration of benzene, 890 mg/m³ of gasoline, and having
an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The
benzene concentration on the samples remained above 98.9% of theoretical.
2.7.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
Reverse diffusion
Reverse diffusion is the measure of the ability of the sorbent within a diffusive sampler to retain the analyte
collected. Reverse diffusion is measured by first exposing two sets of samplers to humid air containing the
analyte, and then additionally exposing one of the sets to clean humid air of an absolute humidity of 15.7
milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). Comparison of the two sets of 3M 3520 OVMs
showed that an average of 99.1% of the benzene was retained, indicating a loss of 0.9% to
reverse diffusion. The loading of benzene on the samplers was 75.3 µg. (Section 4.9.2)
Low humidity
The ability of a SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler to collect benzene from a relatively dry atmosphere was determined
by sampling an atmosphere of two times the target concentration of benzene and having an absolute humidity of 1.9
milligrams of water per liter of air (about 10% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The samples collected above 98.9% of
theoretical.
Low concentration
The recovery for all samples was above 98.7% of theoretical, when SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers were used to
sample a test atmosphere containing 0.1 times the target concentration of benzene and having an absolute humidity
of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C).
Interference
The ability of SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers to collect benzene in the presence of an interference was determined
from a test atmosphere containing one times the target concentration of benzene, 890 mg/m³ of gasoline,
and having an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at
22.2°C). The benzene concentration on the samples remained above 99.3% of theoretical.
2.7.3 3M 3520 OVMs
Reverse diffusion
Reverse diffusion is the measure of the ability of the sorbent within a diffusive sampler to retain the analyte
collected. Reverse diffusion is measured by first exposing two sets of samplers to humid air containing the
analyte, and then additionally exposing one of the sets to clean humid air of an absolute humidity of 15.7
milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). Comparison of the two sets of 3M
3520 OVMs showed that an average of 99.2% of the benzene was retained, indicating a loss of 0.8% to reverse
diffusion. The loading of benzene on the samplers was 75.3 µg. (Section 4.9.3)
Low humidity
The ability of 3M 3520 OVMs to collect benzene from a relatively dry atmosphere was determined by sampling an
atmosphere of two times the target concentration of benzene and having an absolute humidity of 1.9 milligrams of
water per liter of air (about 10% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The samples collected above 98.7% of theoretical.
Low concentration
The ability of 3M 3520 OVMs to collect benzene at low concentrations was determined by sampling a test
atmosphere containing 0.1 times the target concentration of benzene and having an absolute humidity of 15.7
milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The samples collected above 99.5% of
theoretical.
Interference
The ability of 3M 3520 OVMs to collect benzene in the presence of an interference was determined from a test
atmosphere containing one times the target concentration of benzene, 890 mg/m³ of gasoline, and having
an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The
benzene concentration on the samples remained above 99.1% of theoretical.
3. Analytical Procedure
Adhere to the rules set down in your Chemical Hygiene Plan16. Avoid skin contact and inhalation of
all chemicals and review all MSDSs before beginning this analytical procedure.
3.1 Apparatus
3.1.1 Gas chromatograph equipped with an FID. A Hewlett-Packard Model 5890 Series II GC equipped with an
integrator, an automatic sample injector, and an FID was used in this evaluation.
3.1.2 A GC column capable of separating benzene from the extracting solvent, internal standard, and the
components of gasoline. A J&W 60-m × 0.32-mm i.d. DB-1 (5-µm df) capillary column was used in this
evaluation.
3.1.3 An electronic integrator or other suitable means of measuring GC detector response. A Waters Millenium32
Data System was used in this evaluation, along with a Hewlett Packard 3396 Series II integrator.
3.1.4 Glass vials with PTFE-lined caps. For this evaluation 2 and 4-mL vials were used.
3.1.5 A dispenser capable of delivering 1.0 or 2.0 mL of extracting solvent to prepare standards and samples. If
a dispenser is not available, 1.0- and 2.0-mL volumetric pipets may be used.
3.1.7 Volumetric flasks - 10-mL and other convenient sizes for preparing standards.
3.1.8 Calibrated 10-L syringe for preparing standards.
3.1.9 An SKC Desorption shaker with rack (226D-03K) was used to extract SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers in this
evaluation.
3.1.10 A mechanical shaker. An Eberbach mechanical shaker was used to extract the charcoal tubes in this
evaluation.
3.2 Reagents
3.2.1 Benzene, [CAS no. 71-43-2], reagent grade or better. The benzene used in this evaluation was A.C.S.
reagent grade (lot no. CU 03251PS) purchased from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI).
3.2.2 Carbon disulfide (CS2), [CAS no. 75-15-0], reagent grade or better. The carbon disulfide used
in this evaluation was 99.9+% low benzene content grade (lot no. TI 01762PI) purchased from Aldrich (Milwaukee,
WI).
3.2.3 1-Phenylhexane (n-hexylbenzene) [CAS no. 1077-16-3], reagent grade or better. The 1-phenylhexane used in
this evaluation was 97% reagent grade (lot no. 03006PZ) purchased from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI).
3.2.4 The extraction solvent used for this evaluation consisted of 0.25 L/mL n-hexylbenzene (1-phenylhexane) in
the CS2. The n-hexylbenzene was added to the CS2 as an internal standard. Other internal
standards can be used provided they are fully tested.
3.3 Standard preparation
3.3.1 Prepare concentrated stock standards of benzene in the extracting solvent. At least two separate stock
standard should be prepared. Prepare working analytical standards by diluting these stock standards with the
extracting solution delivered from the same dispenser used to extract the samples. For example, to prepare a target
standard (1 ppm), inject 4.5µL of benzene in a 10-mL volumetric flask containing the extracting solvent and then
make a 1/10 dilution with the extracting solvent to obtain the working standard at the target level. A second set
of standards from a different primary standard should be prepared to check the quality of the first set of
standards.
3.3.2 Bracket sample concentrations with standard concentrations. If upon analysis, sample concentrations fall
outside the range of prepared standards, prepare and analyze additional standards to confirm instrument response,
or dilute high samples with extraction solvent and reanalyze the diluted samples.
3.4 Sample preparation
3.4.1 Charcoal tubes
Remove the plastic end caps from the sample tube and carefully transfer each section of the adsorbent to
separate 2-mL vials. Discard the glass tube and glass wool and polyurethane plugs.
Add 1.0 mL of extracting solution to each vial and immediately seal the vials with PTFE-lined caps.
Shake the vials on a shaker for 30 min (Shaking is necessary to obtain the extraction efficiency found in this
method; without shaking the extraction efficiencies will be lower.)
3.4.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers (In general, follow the manufacturer's instructions.)
Cut off the ends of the two protruding tubes of each sampler with a razor blade or sharp knife.
Slowly add 2.0 mL of extraction solvent through one of the protruding tubes (ports), stopping at least once to
allow the bubbling to subside before adding the rest of the extraction solvent.
Immediately insert plugs into the ports.
Mount the samplers in the sampler rack (SKC Cat. No. 226-04-5) of a specialized shaker (SKC Cat. No. 226D-03-1)
and shake the samplers for 1 hour.
Do not leave the extracted sample in the sampler. Transfer each extracted sample by removing the plugs from the
sampler ports, firmly inserting the tapered end of a supplied PTFE tube into the outer port and carefully pouring
the solution through the PTFE tube into a labeled autosampler vial. Immediately cap each vial.
3.4.3 3M 3520 OVMs (In general, follow the manufacturer's instructions.)
Remove both sampler sections from the metal cans, along with the sections of PTFE tubing. Assure that the
closure caps are firmly snapped to the primary and secondary sections of all the samplers. Also assure that all cap
plugs are firmly seated in the cap ports. Any deviations must be noted. Make sure each section of the sampler is
labeled properly for future reference.
Prepare one section of sampler at time by temporarily removing the cap plugs from the ports and adding 2.0 mL of
extraction solvent through the center port. Immediately replace the plugs in the ports. Repeat the process for the
second section.
Allow the sampler sections to extract for 30 min. Periodically apply gentle agitation to the sampler sections
during the extraction period.
Do not leave the extracted sample in the sampler. Transfer the solution from each sampler section by removing
both plugs from the ports, inserting a decanting spout (a small section of PTFE tubing) into the rim port and
pouring the liquid through the spout into a labeled autosampler vial. Immediately cap each vial.
3.5 Analysis
3.5.1 Analytical conditions
GC conditions
|
|
|
column temperature:
|
initial 60°C, hold 5 min, program at 10°/min to 220°C, hold 14 min |
Figure 3.5.1. Chromatogram obtained at the target concentration with the recommended analytical conditions.
There are three peaks: carbon disulfide at 9.26 min, benzene at 13.66 min, and n-hexyl benzene at 32.491 min. |
zone temperatures:
|
220°C (injector)
240°C (detector) |
run time:
|
35 min |
column gas flow:
|
2.4 mL/min (hydrogen) |
septum purge:
|
3.5 mL/min (hydrogen) |
injection size:
|
1.0 µL (19:1 split) |
column:
|
60-m × 0.32-mm i.d. capillary DB-1 (df = 5.0 µm) |
retention times:
|
9.26 min (carbon disulfide)
13.66 min (benzene)
32.491 min (n-hexyl benzene) |
|
FID conditions
|
|
hydrogen flow:
|
35 mL/min |
air flow:
|
450 mL/min |
nitrogen makeup flow:
|
35 mL/min |
|
|
|
3.5.2 An internal standard (ISTD) calibration method is used. The calibration curve was constructed by plotting
the ISTD-corrected response of standard injections versus micrograms of analyte per sample. Bracket the samples
with freshly prepared analytical standards over a range of concentrations.
|
Figure 3.5.2. A plot of the calibration standards with mass per sample on the X axis and area
counts on the Y axis. The points plotted here are: 79.1 µg , 107853 area counts; 59.3 µg , 80377 area counts; 39.5 µg ,
53375 area counts; 19.8 µg , 26661 area counts; and 9.9 µg , 14246 area counts. (y = 1356x + 199) |
3.6 Interferences (analytical)
3.6.1 Any compound that produces an FID response and has a similar retention time as the analyte or internal
standard is a potential interference. If any potential interferences were reported, they should be considered
before samples are extracted. Generally, chromatographic conditions can be altered to separate an interference from
the analyte.
3.6.2 When necessary, the identity of an analyte peak may be confirmed with additional analytical data (Section 4.10).
3.7 Calculations
3.7.1 Charcoal tubes
The amount of benzene per sampler is obtained from the appropriate calibration curve in terms of micrograms per
sample, uncorrected for extraction efficiency. The back section is analyzed primarily to determine the extent of
sampler saturation. (The charcoal tube is considered saturated when 25% of the amount found on the front section is
found on the back section of the tube, and therefore, some of the sample may have been lost.) If any analyte is
found on the back section, it is added to the amount on the front section. This total amount is then corrected by
subtracting the total amount (if any) found on the blank. The air concentration is calculated using the following
formulas.
|
where |
CM is concentration by weight (mg/m³) |
|
M is micrograms per sample |
|
V is liters of air sampled |
|
EE is extraction efficiency, in decimal form |
|
where |
CV is concentration by volume (ppm) |
|
VM = 24.46 at NTP |
|
CM is concentration by weight |
|
Mr is molecular weight of 78.11 |
3.7.2 3M 3520 OVMs and SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
The amount of benzene for the samples is obtained from the appropriate calibration curve in terms of micrograms
per sample, uncorrected for extraction efficiency. (In the case of the 3M 3520 OVMs, the back section is analyzed
primarily to determine the extent of sampler saturation. If any analyte is found on the back section, the amount is
multiplied by 2.2 (as per manufacturer's instructions) and then added to the amount on the front section. The
sampler is saturated, affecting its ability to collect, when the corrected amount found on the back section is 50%
of the amount found on the front section.) This total amount is then corrected by subtracting the total amount (if
any) found on the blank. The air concentration is calculated using the following formulas.
RSS = RNTP |
( |
TSS
TNTP |
) |
3
2 |
( |
PNTP
PSS |
) |
|
where
|
RSS is the sampling rate at sampling site |
|
RNTP is the sampling rate at NTP conditions (SKC 575-002 = 17.1
mL/min, 3M OVM = 34.3 mL/min) |
|
TSS is the sampling site temperature in K |
|
TNTP is 298.2 K |
|
PSS is the sampling site pressure in mmHg |
|
PNTP is 760 mmHg |
|
where |
CM is concentration by weight (mg/m³) |
|
M is micrograms per sample |
|
RSS is the sampling rate at the sampling site |
|
t is the sampling time |
|
EE is extraction efficiency, in decimal form |
|
where |
CV is concentration by volume (ppm) |
|
VM = 24.46 at NTP |
|
CM is concentration by weight |
|
Mr is molecular weight of 78.11 |
If the sampling site temperature is not provided, assume that it is 22.2°C. If the sampling site atmospheric
pressure is not given, calculate an approximate value based on the sampling site elevation from the following
equation.
PSS = AE² - BE + 760.0 |
where |
PSS is the approximate atmospheric pressure |
|
E is the sampling site elevation, ft |
|
A is 3.887×10-7 mmHg/ft2 |
|
B is 0.02748 mmHg/ft |
4. Backup Data
General background information about the determination of detection limits and precision of the overall procedure
is found in the "Evaluation Guidelines for Air Sampling Methods Utilizing Chromatography Analysis"17.
The Guidelines define analytical parameters, specify required laboratory tests, statistical calculations and
acceptance criteria.
4.1 Detection limit of the analytical procedure (DLAP)
The DLAP is measured as the mass of analyte introduced onto the chromatographic column. Ten analytical standards
were prepared with equal increments with the highest standard containing 1050 ng/mL. This is the concentration that
would produce a peak approximately 10 times the response of a reagent blank near the elution time of the analyte.
These standards, and the reagent blank were analyzed with the recommended analytical parameters (1-µL injection
with a 19:1 split), and the data obtained were used to determine the required parameters (standard error of estimate
and slope) for the calculation of the DLAP. Values of 18.0 and 18.74 were obtained for the slope and standard error
of estimate respectively. DLAP was calculated to be 3.12 pg.
Table 4.1
Detection Limit of the Analytical Procedure |
|
|
Figure 4.1. Plot of data in Table 4.1 used to determine the DLAP. (y = 18.0x + 22.8) |
concentration (ng/mL) |
mass on column (pg) |
area counts
(µV-s) |
|
0
105
211
316
422
527
633
738
844
949
1050 |
0
5.5
11.1
16.6
22.2
27.7
33.3
38.8
44.4
49.9
55.3 |
0
111
249
341
402
545
618
722
835
924
1001 |
|
4.2 Detection limit of the overall procedure (DLOP) and reliable quantitation limit (RQL)
DLOP is measured as mass per sample and expressed as equivalent air concentrations, based on the recommended
sampling parameters. Ten samplers were spiked with equal descending increments of analyte, such that the highest
sampler loading was 1050 ng/sample. This is the amount spiked on a sampler that would produce a peak approximately
10 times the response of a sample blank. These spiked samplers, and the sample blank were analyzed with the
recommended analytical parameters, and the data obtained used to calculate the required parameters (standard error
of estimate and the slope) for the calculation of the DLOP. Values of 0.940 and 11.90 were obtained for the slope
and standard error of estimate for charcoal tubes, respectively. The DLOP for charcoal tubes was calculated to be 38
ng/sample (1 ppb). Values of 0.958 and 15.58 were obtained for the slope and standard error of estimate for SKC
575-002 Passive Samplers, repsectively. The DLOP for SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers was calculated to be 49 ng/sample
(4 ppb). Values of 0.918 and 12.45 were obtained for the slope and standard error of estimate for 3M 3520 OVMs,
respectively. The DLOP for 3M 3520 OVMs was calculated to be 41 ng/sample (1 ppb).
Table 4.2.1
Detection Limit of the Overall Procedure
on Charcoal Tubes |
|
|
Figure 4.2.1. Plot of data in Table 4.2.1 used to determine the DLOP/RQL of benzene collected on charcoal tubes
(lot 2000). (y = 0.904x + 8.80) |
mass per sample (ng) |
area counts (µV-s) |
|
0
105
211
316
422
527
633
738
844
949
1050 |
0
103
175
293
383
488
563
683
784
889
992 |
|
Table 4.2.2
Detection Limit of the Overall Procedure
on SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers |
|
|
Figure 4.2.2. Plot of data in Table 4.2.2 used to determine the DLOP/RQL of benzene collected on SKC 575-002 Passive
Samplers. (y = 0.958x + 30.0) |
mass per sample (ng) |
area counts (µV·s) |
|
0
105
211
316
422
527
633
738
844
949
1050 |
0
114
255
346
409
551
623
728
841
944
1040 |
|
Table 4.2.3
Detection Limit of the Overall Procedure on 3M 3520 OVMs |
|
|
Figure 4.2.3. Plot of data in Table 4.2.3 used to determine the DLOP/RQL of benzene collected on 3M 3520 OVMs.
(y = 0.918x + 11.5) |
mass per sample (ng) |
area counts (µV·s) |
|
0
105
211
316
422
527
633
738
844
949
1050 |
0
111
211
296
391
517
606
687
786
862
982 |
|
The RQL is considered the lower limit for precise quantitative measurements. It is determined from the
regression line parameters obtained for the calculation of the DLOP, providing 75% to 125% of the analyte is
recovered. The RQLs for the various media are listed in Table 4.2.4.
Table 4.2.4
Reliable Quantitation Limits
|
sampler |
ng |
ppb |
µg/m³ |
EE |
|
charcoal tube
SKC 575-002
3M 3520 |
127
163
136 |
3.32
4.26
3.55 |
10.6
13.6
11.3 |
96.6
93.1
97.9 |
|
|
Figure 4.2.4. Chromatogram of the benzene peak near the RQL on charcoal tubes, and the peak
has an area count of 174. |
4.3 Instrument calibration
The standard error of estimate was determined from the linear regression of data points from standards over a
range that covers 0.25 to 2 times the TWA target concentration. A calibration curve was constructed and shown in
Section 3.5.2 from the six injections of five standards. The standard error of estimate is 0.34 µg.
Table 4.3
Instrument Calibration
|
standard concn µg/mL |
area counts
(µV·s) |
|
9.9
19.8
39.5
59.3
79.1 |
14230
26684
53374
80390
107770 |
14187
26783
53487
80450
108450 |
14329
26645
53380
80334
107689 |
14284
26743
53409
80299
107651 |
14229
26523
53312
80387
107743 |
14219
26589
53287
80401
107812 |
|
4.4 Precision (overall procedure)
4.4.1 Charcoal tubes
The precision at the 95% confidence level is obtained by multiplying the standard error of estimate by 1.96 (the
z-statistic from the standard normal distribution at the 95% confidence level). In Section 4.5, 95% confidence
intervals are drawn about their respective regression lines in the storage graph figures. The precision of the
overall procedure of ±9.94 % was obtained from the standard error of estimate of 5.07% in Figure 4.5.1.1. The precision includes an additional 5% for sampling error.
4.4.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
The precisions of the overall procedure at the 95% confidence level for the ambient temperature 19-day storage
test (at the target concentration) from SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers are given in Table 4.4.2. They each include an
additional 8.7% for sampling rate variability. There are different values given, depending on whether both, either,
or neither temperature (T) or atmospheric pressure (P) are known at the sampling site. If the
sampling site temperature is unknown, it is assumed to be 22.2 ± 15°C (72 ± 27°F) and a variability of ±7.7%
is included. If the atmospheric pressure is not known, it is estimated from the sampling site elevation and a
variability of ±3% is included.
Table 4.4.2
Standard Error of Estimate and Precision of the
Overall Procedure for SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
|
know condition |
error (%) |
precision (±%) |
|
both T & P
only T
only P
neither T nor P |
8.75
9.25
11.65
12.03 |
17.2
18.1
22.8
23.6 |
|
4.4.3 3M 3520 OVMs
The precisions of the overall procedure at the 95% confidence level for the ambient temperature 19-day
storage test (at the target concentration) from 3M 3520 OVMs are given in Table 4.4.3. They each include an
additional 6.4% for sampling rate variability. There are different values given, depending on whether both, either,
or neither temperature (T) or atmospheric pressure (P) are known at the sampling site. If the
sampling site temperature is unknown, it is assumed to be 22.2 ± 15°C (72 ± 27°F) and a variability of ±7.7%
is included. If the atmospheric pressure is not known, it is estimated from the sampling site elevation and a
variability of ±3% is included.
Table 4.4.3
Standard Error of Estimate and Precision
of the Overall Procedure for 3M 3520 OVMs
|
know condition |
error (%) |
precision (±%) |
|
both T & P
only T
only P
neither T nor P |
6.45
7.11
10.0
10.5 |
12.6
13.9
19.6
20.6 |
|
4.5 Storage test
4.5.1 Charcoal tubes
Storage samples for benzene were prepared by collecting samples from a controlled test atmosphere using the
recommended sampling conditions. The concentration of benzene was at the target concentration and the absolute
humidity was 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% at 22.2°C). Thirty-three storage samples were
prepared. Three samples were analyzed on the day of generation. Fifteen of the tubes were stored at reduced
temperature (4°C) and the other fifteen were stored in a closed drawer at ambient temperature (about 22°C). At
2-5 day intervals, three samples were selected from each of the two storage sets and analyzed. Sample results are
not corrected for extraction efficiency.
Table 4.5.1
Storage Test for Benzene on Charcoal Tubes
|
time (days) |
ambient storage recovery (%) |
refrigerated storage recovery (%) |
|
0
5
8
12
15
19 |
98.9
99.4
97.9
98.1
98.5
96.8 |
99.9
98.9
99.4
99.9
98.9
99.1 |
100.4
97.9
99.1
97.9
96.9
98.4 |
98.9
98.8
99.5
100.1
97.7
97.9 |
99.9
100.3
100.4
99.9
99.1
99.8 |
100.4
99.7
98.8
97.9
98.5
98.4 |
|
|
Figure 4.5.1.1. A plot of the storage data in Table 4.5.1 for benzene under ambient
conditions collected on charcoal tubes. |
|
Figure 4.5.1.2. Refrigerated storage test
for benzene collected on charcoal tubes. |
4.5.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
Storage samples for benzene were prepared by collecting samples from a controlled test atmosphere using the
recommended sampling conditions. The concentration of benzene was at the target concentration and the absolute
humidity was 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% at 22.2°C). Thirty-three storage samples were
prepared. Three samples were analyzed on the day of generation. Fifteen of the samplers were stored at reduced
temperature (4°C) and the other fifteen were stored in a closed drawer at ambient temperature (about 22°C). At
2-5 day intervals, three samples were selected from each of the two storage sets and analyzed. Sample results are
not corrected for extraction efficiency.
Table 4.5.2
Storage Test for Benzene on SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
|
time (days) |
ambient storage recovery (%) |
refrigerated storage recovery (%) |
|
0
5
8
12
15
19 |
100.5
99.6
99.4
97.9
96.6
97.5 |
100.6
100.1
98.8
98.8
98.6
96.5 |
98.9
98.8
96.8
98.2
96.1
95.8 |
100.5
99.3
99.9
100.1
98.9
99.3 |
100.6
99.4
99.1
98.6
99.6
97.5 |
98.9
100.3
98.8
99.5
97.5
99.1 |
|
|
Figure 4.5.2.1. A plot of the storage data in Table 4.5.2 for benzene under ambient conditions
collected on SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers. |
|
Figure 4.5.2.2. A plot of the storage data in Table 4.5.2 for benzene under refrigerated conditions
collected on SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers. |
4.5.3 3M 3520 OVMs
Storage samples for benzene were prepared by collecting samples from a controlled test atmosphere using the
recommended sampling conditions. The concentration of benzene was at the target concentration and the absolute
humidity was 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% at 22.2°C). Thirty-three storage samples were
prepared. Three samples were analyzed on the day of generation. Fifteen of the samplers were stored at reduced
temperature (4°C) and the other fifteen were stored in a closed drawer at ambient temperature (about 22°C). At
2-5 day intervals, three samples were selected from each of the two storage sets and analyzed. Sample results are
not corrected for extraction efficiency.
Table 4.5.3
Storage Test for Benzene on 3M 3520 OVMs
|
time (days) |
ambient storage
recovery (%) |
refrigerated storage recovery (%) |
|
0
5
8
12
15
19 |
100.1
98.6
99.1
96.2
97.2
96.6 |
99.2
99.1
97.8
98.9
95.9
95.5 |
98.2
97.8
98.3
97.1
97.2
95.9 |
100.1
99.9
98.6
99.1
98.5
99.3 |
99.2
98.2
98.9
97.6
99.2
98.5 |
98.2
97.9
96.8
97.8
97.2
97.3 |
|
|
Figure 4.5.3.1. A plot of the
storage data in Table 4.5.3 for benzene under ambient conditions
collected on 3M 3520 OVMs. |
|
Figure 4.5.3.2. A plot of the storage
data in Table 4.5.3 for benzene under ambient conditions collected on 3M
3520 OVMs. |
4.6 Reproducibility
Six samples were prepared for the three types of samplers by collecting them from a controlled test atmosphere
similar to that which was used in the collection of the storage samples. The samples were submitted to the OSHA Salt
Lake Technical Center for analysis, along with a draft copy of this method. The samples were analyzed after being
stored for 7 days at 4°C. Sample results were corrected for extraction efficiency. No sample result for benzene had
a deviation greater than the precision of the overall procedure determined in Section 4.4.
Table 4.6.1
Reproducibility Data for Benzene on Charcoal Tubes
|
theoretical (µg/sample) |
recovered (µg/sample) |
recovery (%) |
deviation (%) |
|
76.91
83.34
77.84
88.56 |
73.61
81.58
75.17
85.62 |
95.7
97.9
96.6
96.7 |
-4.3
-2.1
-3.4
-3.3 |
|
Table 4.6.2
Reproducibility Data for Benzene on SKC
575-002 Passive Samplers
|
theoretical (µg/sample) |
recovered (µg/sample) |
recovery (%) |
deviation (%) |
|
26.38
26.38
26.38
26.38
26.38 |
25.62
25.03
25.43
25.21
26.01 |
97.1
94.9
96.4
95.6
98.5 |
-2.9
-5.1
-3.6
-4.4
-1.5 |
|
Table 4.6.3
Reproducibility Data for Benzene on
3M 3520 OVMs
|
theoretical (µg/sample) |
recovered (µg/sample) |
recovery (%) |
deviation (%) |
|
58.52
58.52
58.52
58.52
58.52
58.52 |
56.53
56.18
55.95
57.06
55.59
57.01 |
96.6
96.0
95.6
97.5
95.0
97.4 |
-3.4
-4.0
-4.4
-2.5
-5.0
-2.6 |
|
4.7 Sampler capacity
4.7.1 Charcoal tubes
The sampling capacity of the front section of a charcoal tube was tested by sampling from a dynamically
generated test atmosphere of benzene (72.8 mg/m³ or 23 ppm) with an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams
of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). This air concentration was twice the highest
PEL. The samples were collected along with diffusive samplers. Three charcoal tubes and three of each kind of
diffusive samplers were collected at 5, 10, 15, and 30 min, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours. The charcoal tube
samples were collected at 50 mL/min. There was no breakthrough observed in any of the charcoal tubes, therefore the
sampler capacity was never exceeded. The interference study of gasoline showed that for samples taken up to 8
hours, with a benzene concentration of 32 mg/m³ or 10 ppm, and a gasoline concentration of 890 mg/m³
had no breakthrough for the benzene, though the gasoline did breakthrough after 4 hours (Section 4.9).
4.7.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
The sampling rate and sampler capacity are determined with samples collected for increasing time intervals from
a controlled test atmosphere. Sampler capacity is exceeded when the sampling rate decreases (greater than 10 hours
for SKC 575-002). The concentration of the test atmosphere was two times the target concentration with an absolute
humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% at 22.2°C). The preliminary sampling rate was
determined by averaging the nine values for the 0.5, 1 and 2 h samples. Horizontal lines were placed 10% above and
below the preliminary sampling rate. For an atmosphere of 2.3 ppm the sampling rate is 17.2 mL/min at 760 mmHg and
25°C and represents the average of all values between the lines. The standard deviation and RSD are 0.453 mL/min
and 2.63%, respectively. For an atmosphere of 23 ppm the sampling rate is 16.9 mL/min at 760 mmHg and 25 °C and
represents the average of all values between the lines. The standard deviation and RSD are 0.411 mL/min and 2.43%,
respectively. The average sampling rate from both determinations was 17.1 mL/min. The data obtained are shown in
Table 4.7.2.1 and Figure 4.7.2.1. Mass collected is corrected for extraction efficiency. The sampling rate for a
5-minute sample is significantly different from the calculated sampling rate indicating that samples should not be
taken for that short of a time. The recommended sampling time is 4 h for TWA samples, 10 min for Peak samples, and
15 min for STEL samples.
Table 4.7.2.1
Determination of Sampling Rate
and Time for SKC 575-002 Passive
Samplers from a 2.3-ppm Atmosphere
|
|
sampling rate (mL/min)
|
time (h) |
first |
second |
third |
|
0.083
0.167
0.25
0.5
1
2
3
4
6
8
10 |
19.2
18.3
18.0
17.8
17.2
16.9
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.2
16.0 |
19.0
18.6
17.9
17.5
17.3
16.8
16.8
16.1
16.2
16.5
16.1 |
18.8
18.4
18.1
17.7
17.4
16.4
16.3
16.0
16.3
16.1
15.9 |
|
|
Figure 4.7.2.1. This is a plot of
the data in Figure 4.7.2.1 of time versus sampling rate, used to
determine the recommended sampling time and sampling rate from a 2.3-ppm
atmosphere for SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers. |
Table 4.7.2.2
Determination of Sampling Rate and Time for SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers from a 23-ppm Atmosphere
|
|
sampling rate (mL/min)
|
time (h) |
first |
second |
third |
|
0.083
0.167
0.25
0.5
1
2
3
4
6
8
10 |
18.4
18.0
17.4
17.2
16.7
16.5
16.1
16.4
16.4
16.4
16.3 |
18.5
17.7
17.7
17.4
16.5
16.3
16.3
16.1
16.3
16.1
16.0 |
18.2
17.9
17.6
16.9
16.9
16.9
16.5
16.6
16.2
16.0
16.1 |
|
|
Figure 4.7.2.2. This is a plot of the
data in Figure 4.7.2.2 of time versus sampling rate, used to determine
the recommended sampling time and sampling rate from a 23-ppm atmosphere
for SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers. |
4.7.3 3M 3520 OVMs
The sampling rate and sampler capacity are determined with samples collected for increasing time intervals from
a controlled test atmosphere. Sampler capacity is exceeded when the sampling rate decreases (greater than 10 hours
for 3M 3520 OVMs). The concentration of the test atmosphere was two times the target concentration with an absolute
humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% at 22.2°C). The preliminary sampling rate was
determined by averaging the nine values for the 0.5, 1 and 2 h samples. Horizontal lines were placed 10% above and
below the preliminary sampling rate. For an atmosphere of 2.3 ppm the sampling rate is 34.3 mL/min at 760 mmHg and
25°C and represents the average of all values between the lines. The standard deviation and RSD are 0.771 mL/min
and 2.25%, respectively. The data obtained are shown in Table 4.7.3.1 and Figure 4.7.3.1. For an atmosphere of 23
ppm the sampling rate is 34.3 mL/min at 760 mmHg and 25 °C and represents the average of all values between the
lines. The standard deviation and RSD are 0.466 mL/min and 1.36%, respectively. The data obtained are shown in
Table 4.7.3.2 and Figure 4.7.3.2. Mass collected is corrected for extraction efficiency. The recommended sampling
time is 4 h for TWA samples, 10 min for Peak samples, and 15 min for STEL samples.
Table 4.7.3.1
Determination of Sampling Rate and Time for 3M 3520 OVMs from a 2.3-ppm Atmosphere
|
|
sampling rate (mL/min)
|
time (h) |
first |
second |
third |
|
0.083
0.167
0.25
0.5
1
2
3
4
6
8
10 |
36.2
35.6
35.1
34.4
34.5
33.5
34.1
34.2
32.6
34.5
34.3 |
36.3
35.9
35.8
35.9
34.1
33.6
33.5
34.4
33.9
33.2
33.8 |
36.6
35.8
35.4
34.9
33.8
33.7
33.2
34.1
33.7
33.9
33.9 |
|
|
Figure 4.7.3.1. This is a plot of
the data in Figure 4.7.3.1 of time versus sampling rate, used to
determine the recommended sampling time and sampling rate from a 2.3-ppm
atmosphere for 3M 3520 OVMs. |
Table 4.7.3.2
Determination of Sampling Rate and Time for 3M 3520 OVMs from a 23-ppm Atmosphere
|
|
sampling rate (mL/min)
|
time (h) |
first |
second |
third |
|
0.083
0.167
0.25
0.5
1
2
3
4
6
8
10 |
36.8
35.5
35.2
34.0
34.1
33.9
33.9
33.8
34.1
34.3
34.2 |
36.0
35.0
35.6
35.2
34.4
34.5
34.2
33.9
33.7
33.8
33.6 |
36.4
35.7
35.3
34.7
33.9
34.2
33.8
34.5
34.3
34.8
33.8 |
|
|
Figure 4.7.3.2. This is a plot of
the data in Figure 4.7.3.2 of time versus sampling rate, used to
determine the recommended sampling time and sampling rate from a 23-ppm
atmosphere for 3M 3520 OVMs. |
4.8 Extraction efficiency and stability of extracted samples
The extraction efficiency is dependent on the extraction solvent as well as the internal standard. The extraction
solvent used for this evaluation consisted of 0.25 µL/mL n-hexylbenzene (1-phenylhexane) in the CS2.
Other extraction solvents or internal standards may be used provided that the new extraction solution or internal
standard is tested. The new extraction solvent or internal standard should be tested as described below.
4.8.1 Charcoal tubes
Extraction efficiency
The extraction efficiencies of benzene were determined by liquid-spiking four charcoal tubes, at each
concentration level, with the analyte from the RQL to 2 times the target concentration. These samples were stored
overnight at ambient temperature and then analyzed. The mean extraction efficiency over the working range of the
RQL to 2 times the target concentration is 97.0%. The extraction efficiency for the wet samplers was not included
in the overall mean because it would bias the results. The test of wet samplers was performed to determine if the
amount of water, that would collect under high humidity conditions at the recommended air volume, would affect the
extraction efficiency.
Table 4.8.1.1
Extraction Efficiency of Benzene from Charcoal Tubes
|
level
|
sample number
|
|
× target concn |
µg per sample |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
mean |
|
RQL
0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0 (wet) |
0.13
9.9
19.8
39.5
59.3
79.1
39.5 |
98.5
98.6
97.6
96.7
96.9
97.2
97.1 |
97.3
95.3
98.2
97.1
95.5
96.5
95.6 |
95.3
96.6
97.6
96.3
96.9
97.2
96.8 |
95.1
97.3
98.2
97.0
97.3
97.1
97.2 |
96.6
97.0
97.9
96.8
96.7
97.0
96.7 |
|
Stability of extracted samples
The stability of extracted samples was investigated by reanalyzing the target concentration samples 24 h after
initial analysis. After the original analysis was performed two vials were recapped with new septa while the
remaining two retained their punctured septa. The samples were reanalyzed with fresh standards. The average percent
change was 0.9% for samples that were resealed with new septa and 3.4% for those that retained their punctured
septa. Each septum was punctured 5 times for each injection. The test was performed at room temperature.
Table 4.8.1.2
Stability Samples for Benzene on Charcoal Tubes
|
punctured septa replaced
|
punctured septa retained
|
initial
(%) |
after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
initial
(%) |
after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
|
96.7
97.1
96.9 |
95.6
96.3
(mean)
96.0 |
-1.1
-0.8
-0.9 |
96.3
97.0
96.7 |
92.1
94.5
(mean)
93.3 |
-4.2
-2.5
-3.4 |
|
4.8.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler
Extraction efficiency
The extraction efficiencies of benzene were determined by liquid-spiking four SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers, at
each concentration level, with the analyte at the RQL to 2 times the target concentration. These samples were
stored overnight at ambient temperature and then extracted and analyzed. The average extraction efficiency over the
working range of RQL to 2 times the target concentration was 93.6%. The extraction efficiency for the wet samplers
was not included in the overall mean because it would bias the results. The test of wet samplers was performed to
determine if the amount of water, that would collect under high humidity conditions at the recommended air volume,
would affect the extraction efficiency.
Table 4.8.2.1
Extraction Efficiency of Benzene
from SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
|
level
|
sample number
|
|
× target concn |
µg per sample |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
mean |
|
RQL
0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0 (wet)
|
0.13
3.08
6.15
12.3
18.5
24.6
12.3
|
93.8
95.2
93.3
94.9
92.4
94.2
93.5
|
92.4
94.3
94.3
93.6
93.8
93.4
94.5
|
91.4
93.4
93.8
94.3
93.5
94.2
93.6
|
94.6
93.1
92.6
92.2
93.3
93.1
94.0
|
93.1
94.0
93.5
93.8
93.3
93.7
93.9 |
|
Stability of extracted samples
The stability of extracted samples was investigated by reanalyzing the target concentration samples 24 h after
initial analysis. After the original analysis was performed two vials were recapped with new septa while the
remaining two retained their punctured septa. The samples were reanalyzed with fresh standards. The average percent
change was 1.3% for samples that were resealed with new septa and 2.6% for those that retained their punctured
septa. Each septum was punctured 5 times for each injection. The test was performed at room temperature.
Table 4.8.2.2
Stability of Extracted Samples for
Benzene on SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
|
punctured septa replaced
|
punctured septa retained
|
initial
(%) |
after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
initial
(%) |
after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
|
94.9
93.6
94.3 |
93.1
92.8
(mean)
93.0 |
-1.8
-0.8
-1.3 |
94.3
92.2
93.3 |
91.2
90.2
(mean)
90.7 |
-3.1
-2.0
-2.6 |
|
4.8.3 3M 3520 OVMs
Extraction efficiency
The extraction efficiencies of benzene were determined by liquid-spiking four 3M 3520 OVMs, at each
concentration level, with the analyte at the RQL to 2 times the target concentration. These samples were stored
overnight at ambient temperature and then extracted and analyzed. The average extraction efficiency over the
working range of RQL to 2 times the target concentration was 97.9%. The extraction efficiency for the wet samplers
was not included in the overall mean because it would bias the results. The test of wet samplers was performed to
determine if the amount of water, that would collect under high humidity conditions at the recommended air volume,
would affect the extraction efficiency.
Table 4.8.3.1
Extraction Efficiency of Benzene from 3M 3520 OVMs
|
level
|
sample number
|
|
× target concn |
µg per sample |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
mean |
|
RQL
0.25
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0 (wet) |
0.13
6.81
13.6
27.2
40.9
54.5
27.2 |
98.5
97.4
97.3
97.2
98.0
98.4
98.4 |
97.7
98.1
98.8
98.2
97.6
98.0
97.9 |
98.2
97.7
97.8
97.4
97.7
98.6
97.7 |
97.2
97.8
98.1
98.5
98.1
97.8
98.2 |
97.9
97.8
98.0
97.8
97.9
98.2
98.1 |
|
Stability of extracted samples
The stability of extracted samples was investigated by reanalyzing the target concentration samples 24 h after
initial analysis. After the original analysis was performed two vials were recapped with new septa while the
remaining two retained their punctured septa. The samples were reanalyzed with fresh standards. The average percent
change was 0.6% for samples that were resealed with new septa and 1.9% for those that retained their punctured
septa. Each septum was punctured 5 times for each injection. The test was performed at room temperature.
Table 4.8.3.2
Stability of Extracted Samples
for Benzene on 3M 3520 OVMs
|
punctured septa replaced
|
punctured septa retained
|
initial
(%) |
after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
initial
(%) |
after one day (%) |
difference (%) |
|
97.2
98.2
97.7 |
96.1
98.0
(mean)
97.1 |
-1.1
-0.2
-0.6 |
97.4
98.5
98.0 |
95.9
96.3
(mean)
96.1 |
-1.5
-2.2
-1.9 |
|
4.9 Interferences (sampling)
4.9.1 Charcoal tubes
Retention
The ability of a charcoal tube to retain benzene after it has been collected was tested by sampling an
atmosphere containing 73.4 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per
liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). Six samplers had contaminated air drawn through them at 50
mL/min for 60 min. Sampling was discontinued and three samples set aside. The generation system was flushed with
contaminant-free air. Sampling resumed with the other three samples having contaminant-free air drawn through them
at 50 mL/min for 180 min and then all six samplers were analyzed. The mean of the samples in the second set had
retained more than 100.4% of the mean collected by the first three samples.
Table 4.9.1
Retention of Benezene on Charcoal tubes
|
|
percent recovery (%) |
|
set |
1 |
2 |
3 |
mean |
|
first
second
second/first |
98.7
99.1 |
99.2
99.0 |
99.6
100.5 |
99.2
99.5
100.3 |
|
Low humidity
The ability of a charcoal tube to collect benzene from a relatively dry atmosphere was tested by sampling an
atmosphere containing 73.4 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 1.9 milligrams of water per liter
of air (about 10% relative humidity at 22.2°C). Three samplers had contaminated air drawn through them at 50
mL/min for 240 min. All of the samples were immediately analyzed. The samples had collected 99.4%, 99.8% and 99.7%
of theoretical.
Low concentration
The ability of a charcoal tube to collect benzene at low concentrations was tested by sampling an atmosphere
containing 0.32 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air
(about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The benzene concentration was achieved by diluting the benzene with
toluene and pumping the mixture into the sampling chamber. Three samplers had contaminated air drawn through them
at 50 mL/min for 240 min. All of the samples were immediately analyzed. The samples had collected 100.4%, 98.5% and
98.9% of theoretical.
Interference
The ability of a charcoal tube to collect benzene was tested when other potential interferences are present by
sampling an atmosphere containing 31.9 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of
water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C) and gasoline, whose concentration was 890 mg/m³.
Three samplers had contaminated air drawn through them at 50 mL/min for 240 min. All of the samples were
immediately analyzed. The samples had collected 99.8%, 100.1% and 98.9% of theoretical. There was no benzene on the
backup portion of the charcoal tubes, though there was 5.25% gasoline.
4.9.2 SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler
Reverse diffusion
Reverse diffusion is the measure of the ability of the sorbent within a diffusive sampler to retain the analyte
collected. Reverse diffusion is measured by first exposing two sets of samplers to humid air containing the
analyte, and then additionally exposing one of the sets to clean humid air of an absolute humidity of 15.7
milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). Six samplers were exposed to
contaminated air for 60 min. Sampling was discontinued and three samples set aside. The generation system was
flushed with contaminant-free air. Sampling resumed with the other three samples being exposed to humid
contaminant-free air for 180 min and then all six samplers were analyzed. Comparison of the two sets of SKC 575-002
Passive Samplers showed that an average of 99.1% of the benzene was retained, indicating a loss of 0.9% to reverse
diffusion. The loading of benzene on the samplers was 75.3 µg.
Table 4.9.2
Reverse Diffusion of Benzene on
SKC 575-002 Passive Samplers
|
|
mass (µg) |
|
set |
1 |
2 |
3 |
mean |
|
first
second
second/first |
75.6
74.1 |
75.2
74.7 |
75.8
75.5 |
75.5
74.8
99.1% |
|
Low humidity
The ability of a SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler to collect benzene from a relatively dry atmosphere was tested by
sampling an atmosphere containing 73.4 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 1.9 milligrams of
water per liter of air (about 10% relative humidity at 22.2°C). Three samplers were exposed to contaminated air
for 240 min. All of the samples were immediately analyzed. The samples had collected 99.2%, 98.9% and 100.3% of
theoretical.
Low concentration
The ability of a SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler to collect benzene at low concentration was tested by sampling an
atmosphere containing 0.32 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per
liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). The benzene concentration was achieved by diluting the
benzene with toluene and pumping the mixture into the sampling chamber. Three samplers were exposed to contaminated
air for 240 min. All of the samples were immediately analyzed. The samples had collected 100.3%, 98.7% and 99.8% of
theoretical.
Interference
The ability of a SKC 575-002 Passive Sampler to collect benzene when other potential interferences are present
was tested by sampling an atmosphere containing 31.9 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 15.7
milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C) and gasoline, whose concentration was
890 mg/m³. Three samplers were exposed to contaminated air for 240 min. All of the samples were
immediately analyzed. The samples had collected 99.3%, 100.3% and 99.8% of theoretical.
4.9.3 3M 3520 OVMs
Reverse diffusion
Reverse diffusion is the measure of the ability of the sorbent within a diffusive sampler to retain the analyte
collected. Reverse diffusion is measured by first exposing two sets of samplers to humid air containing the
analyte, and then additionally exposing one of the sets to clean humid air of an absolute humidity of 15.7
milligrams of water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C). Six samplers were exposed to
contaminated air for 60 min. Sampling was discontinued and three samples set aside. The generation system was
flushed with contaminant-free air. Sampling resumed with the other three samples being exposed to humid
contaminant-free air for 180 min and then all six samplers were analyzed. Comparison of the two sets of
3M 3520 OVMs showed that an average of 99.2% of the benzene was retained, indicating a loss of 0.8% to reverse
diffusion. The loading of benzene on the samplers was 75.3 µg.
Table 4.9.3
Reverse Diffusion of Benzene on 3M 3520 OVMs
|
|
mass (µg) |
|
set |
1 |
2 |
3 |
mean |
|
first
second
second/first |
150.8
150.6 |
150.2
149.0 |
150.9
148.5
|
150.6
149.4
99.2 |
|
Low humidity
The ability of a 3M 3520 OVM to collect benzene from a relatively dry atmosphere was tested by sampling an
atmosphere containing 73.4 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 1.9 milligrams of water per liter
of air (about 10% relative humidity at 22.2°C). Three samplers were exposed to contaminated air for 240 min. All
of the samples were immediately analyzed. The samples had collected 99.9%, 98.7% and 100.2% of theoretical.
Low concentration
The ability of a 3M 3520 OVM to collect benzene at low concentration was tested by sampling an atmosphere
containing 0.32 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of water per liter of air
(about 80% relative humidity at 22.2 °C). The benzene concentration was achieved by diluting the benzene with
toluene and pumping the mixture into the sampling chamber. Three samplers were exposed to contaminated air for 240
min. All of the samples were immediately analyzed. The samples had collected 99.7%, 99.5% and 100.6% of
theoretical.
Interference
The ability of a 3M 3520 OVM to collect benzene when other potential interferences are present was tested by
sampling an atmosphere containing 31.9 mg/m³ of benzene at an absolute humidity of 15.7 milligrams of
water per liter of air (about 80% relative humidity at 22.2°C) and gasoline, whose concentration was 890 mg/m³.
Three samplers were exposed to contaminated air for 240 min. All of the samples were immediately analyzed. The
samples had collected 100.1%, 100.3% and 99.1% of theoretical. There was no benzene on the backup pad of the
sampler, though there was 2.75% of the gasoline.
4.10 Qualitative analysis
The identity of benzene may be confirmed by GC/mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum of benzene is in Figure 4.10.
|
Figure 4.10. This is a plot of the mass
spectrum of benzene. The major peaks are: a base peak (highest abundance
peak) of 78 amu, the next highest are a triplet at 50, 51, and 52 amu,
followed in intensity by 39,27, 38, and 77. |
5. Addendum for 1005: Wipe sampling for Benzene
Introduction
Benzene is a volatile organic solvent which will not collect onto the conventional wipe media of filters,
ie. Smear tabs or Whatman filters, as it will evaporate off of these media within minutes of sampling. The
charcoal pad from a 3M 3500 or 3520 Organic Vapor Monitor (OVM) was found to adsorb the benzene and
retain it upon storage when placed in a tightly sealed vial. Note that an obviously dry surface will have no
benzene on it, as the benzene will have already evaporated away. Wipe samples should be taken from
surfaces where a residue of some sort can be observed.
The charcoal pads need to remain in a sealed container until just before use, and need to be placed
immediately into a sealed container after sampling, as the charcoal pad can also adsorb organic vapors
from the air. It is possible to remove the charcoal pads, in the office, from the 3M OVM and place in a 20-mL tightly capped sample vial, and take the vial to the workplace for sampling. Alternately, the charcoal
pads may be placed in a sealed aluminized plastic bag, until used.
The charcoal pad may also be used to check for skin exposure due to the permeation of benzene through
the worker’s gloves. The charcoal pad is placed in the palm of the employees hand, and the gloves are put
on over it. The charcoal pad is removed when the gloves are changed or removed, immediately placed in a
vial, sealed, and sent in for analysis. If benzene is found on the charcoal pad, it indicates that benzene
permeated the glove and skin exposure may have occurred.
Wipe Technique
Prepare a sufficient number of 20-mL sample vials, or aluminized plastic bags, each labeled with a unique
number, for the projected sampling needs.
Prepare a diagram of the area or rooms to be wipe sampled along with the locations of key surfaces.
Wear a new pair of clean gloves for each sample to prevent contamination of future samples as well as
oneself. The selected gloves are to be resistant to penetration of the chemical being sampled and any
other chemicals expected to be present. Nitrile gloves are suggested for sampling benzene based on a
review of several glove manufacturer’s chemical resistivity and degradation information. Do not wear
powdered gloves.
Record the sample vial number and the location where the sample is taken.
Remove the charcoal pad from the carrying container with clean tweezers or gloved hand.
Depending on the purpose of the sample, it may be useful to determine the surface loading of the
contamination (e.g., in micrograms of analyte per area). For these samples, it is necessary to record the
area of the surface wiped (e.g., 100 cm2). This would not be necessary for samples taken to simply show
the presence of the contaminant.
Surfaces should not be wetted with water as the water may adsorb along the benzene, decreasing the
capacity of the charcoal pad for benzene.
Firm pressure should be applied when wiping. Start at the outside edge and progress toward the center
making concentric squares of decreasing size. Fold the filter with the contaminant side inward and repeat.
Without allowing the charcoal pad to come into contact with any other surface, fold the charcoal pad with
the exposed side inward. Place the charcoal pad in a sample vial and tightly cap it (or place in aluminized
plastic bag and seal it), and place a corresponding number at the sample location on the diagram. Include
notes with the sketch giving any further description that may prove useful when evaluating the sample
results (e.g., a description of the surface sampled, such as pencil, doorknob, safety glasses, lunch table,
inside respirator, employee names, etc.).
Submit at least one blank charcoal pad, treated in the same fashion (ie. take it out of the original container
and place in sample vial or aluminized plastic bag), but without wiping.
Record sample location, employees names, surface area (if pertinent), work description, type of operation,
personal protective equipment, and any other necessary information, along with any potential interferences
on the OSHA-91A form.
Submit the samples to the OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center together with OSHA-91A forms as soon as
possible after sampling. Ship any bulk samples separate from the surface samples.
Results and Discussion
The extraction studies performed in OSHA Method 1005 for the 3M 3520 OVM pertain also to these wipe
samples. The mean extraction efficiency for benzene from dry 3M 3520 OVMs over the range of RQL to 2
times the target concentration (0.13 to 54.5 micrograms per sample) was 97.9% when using carbon
disulfide to extract the samples. The extraction efficiency was not affected by the presence of water
(average recovery of 98.1%).
The sampler removal efficiency was evaluated using the ideal surface of a glass plate. This type of surface
approaches the
smooth and non-porous characteristics of an ideal surface. The variety of surfaces found in workplaces will likely be less
than ideal, so the media will have a lower removal efficiency. The amount of analyte found on the charcoal pad after
sampling will indicate that at least that amount was present on the surface that was sampled. The glass plate was spiked
with a solution of benzene in carbon disulfide, and immediately wiped with the charcoal pad, to avoid loss due to evaporation from the glass plate. Six surfaces were spiked at
the target concentration of benzene, 25 µg/100 cm2. The average recovery was 94.1% (Table 5.1). |
Table 5.1
Sampler Removal Efficiency
Data for Benzene |
|
theoretical
(µg/surface) |
recovered
(µg/sample) |
recovery (%) |
|
25
25
25
25
25
25 |
23.2
24.1
22.9
23.1
24.5
23.4 |
92.8
96.4
91.6
92.4
98.0
93.6 |
|
|
The storage studies were performed by spiking a glass plate with a solution containing benzene, wiping
immediately, and then the charcoal pad was placed into a 20-mL vial and tightly capped. Three samples
were analyzed immediately. Fifteen of the samples were stored at ambient temperature and fifteen were
stored at refrigerated temperature. The recovery was 93.6% for ambient storage and 95.0% for refrigerated storage for the fifteen
days stored (Table 5.2).
Table 5.2
Storage Test for Benzene |
|
time
(days) |
ambient storage
recovery (%) |
refrigerated storage
recovery (%) |
|
0
4
8
15 |
97.3
96.9
95.8
92.8 |
94.8
95.1
94.3
95.1 |
95.3
95.5
92.4
93.2 |
97.3
95.2
96.1
97.1 |
94.8
96.4
92.9
95.5 |
95.3
93.3
94.5
93.8 |
|
Figure 5.1 This is a plot of the benzene wipe ambient storage data
found in Table 5.2. |
|
Figure 5.2 This is a plot of the benzene wipe refrigerated storage data
found in Table 5.2. |
Sampling reproducibility studies were performed by having a chemist, other than the one developing the
method, conduct sampling on the glass plate using the charcoal pad. The test was repeated with a second
chemist performing the sampling. The samples were analyzed. The first chemist was able to achieve a
removal efficiency of 94.1% and the second chemist 93.3% (Tables 5.3 and 5.4).
Table 5.3
Sampling Reproducibility
1st Chemist Samples for Benzene
|
theoretical
(µg/surface) |
recovered
(µg/sample) |
recovery
(%) |
|
25
25
25
25
25
25 |
24.0
23.5
22.6
23.9
24.1
23.1 |
96.0
94.0
90.4
95.6
96.4
92.4 |
|
|
Table 5.4
Sampling Reproducibility
2nd Chemist Samples for Benzene
|
theoretical
(µg/surface) |
recovered
(µg/sample) |
recovery
(%) |
|
25
25
25
25
25
25 |
24.1
22.5
23.9
22.9
23.6
22.9 |
96.4
90.0
95.6
91.6
94.4
91.6 |
|
|
The reproducibility of the analytical wipe method was tested by taking six samples from the glass plate and submitting them,
with a copy of the method, to the OSHA SLTC for analysis. The samples were analyzed after being stored for 10 days at 23 °C. The average recovery was 94.0% (Table 5.5). |
Table 5.5
Analytical Reproducibility
Data for Benzene
|
theoretical
(µg/surface) |
recovered
(µg/sample) |
recovery
(%) |
|
25
25
25
25
25
25 |
23.1
24.2
22.8
22.7
23.9
24.3 |
92.4
96.8
91.2
90.8
95.6
97.2 |
|
|
Conclusion
Wipe samples for benzene can be collected on charcoal pads. The surface to be sampled should have
some residue on it, as a dry surface will have no benzene on it. It is important to tightly seal the vials the
charcoal pads are placed in, and to send a blank, as the charcoal pads can absorb any organic chemical
they may come into contact with.
References
1. OSHA Computerized Information System Database,
Chemical Sampling Information (CSI),
(accessed August 2001)
2. OSHA Computerized Information System Database,
Chemical Sampling Information (CSI),
(accessed August 2001)
3. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th
ed.; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.: Cincinnati, OH, 1991, Vol. II, p 108.
4. OSHA Computerized Information System Database,
Chemical Sampling Information (CSI),
(accessed August 2001)
5. Rinsky, R.A., Smith A.B., Hormung R. et al, Benzene and Leukemia: An Epidemiologic Risk
Assessment, N Engl J Med, 1987, 316 (17), pp1044-1050.
6. International Agency for Research on Cancer: Benzene, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Some Industrial chemicals and Dyestuffs, IARC, Lyon, France, Vol
29, 1982, pp 93-148.
7. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th
ed.; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.: Cincinnati, OH, 1991, Vol. II, p 108.
8. Budavari, S., The Merck Index, 12th ed., Merck & Co. Inc.:
Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996, p 178.
9. Lewis, R., J., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed., Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co.: New York, 1997, p 123.
10. McCoy, M. et al., Facts & Figures for the Chemical Industry, Chem. Eng. News,
2001, 79 (Jun 25), p 45.
11. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th
ed.; American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc.: Cincinnati, OH, 1991, Vol. II, p 108.
12. Lewis, R., J., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed., Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co.: New York, 1997, p 123.
13. Budavari, S., The Merck Index, 12th ed., Merck & Co. Inc.:
Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996, p 178.
14. OSHA Computerized Information System Database,
Chemical Sampling Information (CSI),
(accessed August 2001)
15. Burright, D.; Chan, Y.; Eide, M.; Elskamp, C.; Hendricks, W.; Rose, M. C.
Evaluation
Guidelines for Air Sampling Methods Utilizing Chromatographic Analysis, (accessed August 2001).
16. Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. Code of Federal
Regulations, Part 1910.1450, Title 29, 1998.
17. Burright, D.; Chan, Y.; Eide, M.; Elskamp, C.; Hendricks, W.; Rose, M. C.
Evaluation
Guidelines for Air Sampling Methods Utilizing Chromatographic Analysis,
(accessed August 2001). |
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