Focus Area 8: Environmental Health: Objectives and Subobjectives

As a result of the Healthy People 2010 Midcourse Review, changes were made to the Healthy People 2010 objectives and subobjectives. These changes are specific to the following situations:

Changes in the wording of an objective to more accurately describe what is being measured.
Changes to reflect a different data source or new science.
Changes resulting from the establishment of a baseline and a target (that is, when a formerly developmental objective or subobjective became measurable).
Deletion of an objective or subobjective that lacked a data source.
Correction of errors and omissions in Healthy People 2010.

Revised baselines and targets for measurable objectives and subobjectives do not fall into any of the above categories and, thus, are not considered a midcourse review change.¹

When changes were made to an objective, three sections are displayed:

In the Original Objective section, the objective as published in Healthy People 2010 in 2000 is shown.
In the Objective With Revisions section, strikethrough indicates text deleted, and underlining is used to show new text.
In the Revised Objective section, the objective appears as revised as a result of the midcourse review.

Details of the objectives and subobjectives in this focus area, including any changes made at the midcourse, appear on the following pages.

¹See Technical Appendix for more information on baseline and target revisions.

Outdoor Air Quality

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
(Data updated and footnoted)

8-1.

Reduce the proportion of persons exposed to air that does not meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s health-based standards for harmful air pollutants.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Reduction in Air Pollutants	1997 Baseline Percent	2010 Target Percent
8-1a.	Ozone*	43	0
8-1b.	Particulate matter*^†	12	0
8-1c.	Carbon monoxide	20¹	0
8-1d.	Nitrogen dioxide	5	0
8-1e.	Sulfur dioxide	2	0
8-1f.	Lead	< 1	0
		Number	Number
8-1g.	Total number of people	137,019,000²	0

* The targets of zero percent for ozone and particulate matter are set for 2012 and 2018, respectively.

^† PM¹⁰ is the only particulate size measured in the current data source.

Target setting method: Consistent with the Clean Air Act (Public Law 101-549).

Data source: Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS), EPA, OAR.

Note: For the purpose of this objective, EPA is counting persons living in nonattainment areas only.

¹ Baseline revised from 19 after November 2000 publication.
² Baseline revised from 119,803,000 after November 2000 publication.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE

8-2.

Increase use of alternative modes of transportation to reduce motor vehicle emissions and improve the Nation’s air quality.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Increase in Use of Alternative Modes of Transportation	1995 Baseline Percent	2010 Target Percent
8-2a.	Trips made by bicycling	0.9	1.8
8-2b.	Trips made by walking	5.4	10.8
8-2c.	Trips made by transit	1.8	3.6
8-2d.	Persons who telecommute	Developmental	Developmental

Target setting method: Consistent with the goal of the National Bicycling and Walking Study, U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).

Data source: Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS), U.S. Department of Transportation.

OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS

8-2.

Increase use of alternative modes of transportation to reduce motor vehicle emissions and improve the Nation’s air quality.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Increase in Use of Alternative Modes of Transportation	1995 Baseline (unless noted) Percent	2010 Target Percent
8-2a.	Trips made by bicycling	0.9	1.8
8-2b.	Trips made by walking	5.4	10.8
8-2c.	Trips made by transit	1.8	3.6
8-2d.	Persons who telecommute	2.0 (2001) ~~Developmental~~	4.0

REVISED OBJECTIVE

8-2.

Increase use of alternative modes of transportation to reduce motor vehicle emissions and improve the Nation’s air quality.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Increase in Use of Alternative Modes of Transportation	1995 Baseline (unless noted) Percent	2010 Target Percent
8-2a.	Trips made by bicycling	0.9	1.8
8-2b.	Trips made by walking	5.4	10.8
8-2c.	Trips made by transit	1.8	3.6
8-2d.	Persons who telecommute	2.0 (2001)	4.0

Target setting method: Consistent with the goal of the National Bicycling and Walking Study, U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).

Data source: National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT).

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
(Data updated and footnoted)

8-3.

Improve the Nation’s air quality by increasing the use of cleaner alternative fuels.

Target: 8¹ percent.

Baseline: Cleaner alternative fuels represented 0.8² percent of U.S. motor fuel consumption in 1997.

Target setting method: 10-fold improvement.

Data source: Alternatives to Traditional Transportation Fuels, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration.

¹ Target revised from 30 because of baseline revision after November 2000 publication.
² Baseline revised from 2.7 after November 2000 publication.

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
8-4.	Reduce air toxic emissions to decrease the risk of adverse health effects caused by airborne toxics. Target: 2.0 million tons. Baseline: 8.1 million tons of air toxics were released into the air in 1993. Target setting method: 75 percent improvement. Data source: U.S. National Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), EPA.

Water Quality

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
(Data updated and footnoted)

8-5.

Increase the proportion of persons served by community water systems who receive a supply of drinking water that meets the regulations of the Safe Drinking Water Act.

Target: 95 percent.

Baseline: 84¹ percent of persons served by community water systems received drinking water that met SDWA (Public Law 93-523) regulations in 1995.

Target setting method: Consistent with EPA’s 2003–08 Strategic Plan.

Data sources: Potable Water Surveillance System (PWSS) and Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS), EPA.

¹ Baseline revised from 85 after November 2000 publication.

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE

8-6.

Reduce waterborne disease outbreaks arising from water intended for drinking among persons served by community water systems.

Target: 2 outbreaks.

Baseline: 6 outbreaks per year originated from community water systems (1987–96 average).

Target setting method: 67 percent improvement.

Data sources: State Reporting Systems, CDC, NCID; “CDC Surveillance for Waterborne Disease Outbreaks—United States, 1987–2002.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), outbreaks associated with drinking water, biennial reports, beginning in 1987.

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
8-7.	Reduce per capita domestic water withdrawals. Target: 90.9 gallons. Baseline: 101 gallons of domestic water per capita per day were withdrawn in 1995. Target setting method: 10 percent improvement. Data source: U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Reports on the Estimated Use of Water in the United States.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE

8-8.

(Developmental) Increase the proportion of assessed rivers, lakes, and estuaries that are safe for fishing and recreational purposes.

Potential data source: Clean Water Act (Public Law 92-500), Section 305-b Report, EPA.

OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS

8-8.

~~(Developmental)~~ Increase the proportion of assessed rivers, lakes, and estuaries that are safe for fishing and recreational purposes.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Increase in Proportion of Assessed Rivers, Lakes, and Estuaries That Are Safe for Fishing and Recreational Purposes	2000 Baseline Percent Assessed Good¹	2010 Target Percent Assessed Good¹
8-8a.	Rivers and streams	55	58
8-8b.	Lakes, ponds, and reservoirs	63	66

Target setting method: 5 percent improvement, consistent with EPA’s 2003–08 Strategic Plan.

~~Potential d~~Data source: National Water Quality Inventory Reports, ~~Clean Water Act~~ ~~(Public Law 92-500), Section 305-b Report~~, EPA, Office of Water.

¹ Good is defined by EPA as fully supporting all of the following uses or fully supporting all uses but threatened for one or more uses: aquatic life support, fish consumption, primary contact [swimming], secondary contact [boating], drinking water supply, and agriculture.

REVISED OBJECTIVE

8-8.

Increase the proportion of assessed rivers, lakes, and estuaries that are safe for fishing and recreational purposes.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Increase in Proportion of Assessed Rivers, Lakes, and Estuaries That Are Safe for Fishing and Recreational Purposes	2000 Baseline Percent Assessed Good¹	2010 Target Percent Assessed Good¹
8-8a.	Rivers and streams	55	58
8-8b.	Lakes, ponds, and reservoirs	63	66

Target setting method: 20 percent improvement, consistent with EPA’s 2003–08 Strategic Plan.

Data source: National Water Quality Inventory Reports, EPA, Office of Water.

¹ Good is defined by EPA as fully supporting all of the following uses or fully supporting all uses but threatened for one or more uses: aquatic life support, fish consumption, primary contact [swimming], secondary contact [boating], drinking water supply, and agriculture.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE
8-9.	(Developmental) Reduce the number of beach closings that result from the presence of harmful bacteria. Potential data source: EPA Beach Program.
OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS
8-9.	Increase the proportion of days that beaches are open and safe for swimming. ~~(Developmental) Reduce the number of beach closings that result from the~~ ~~presence of harmful bacteria.~~ Target: 98 percent. Baseline: For the coastal recreation and Great Lakes beaches monitored by State beach safety programs, 94 percent of beach season days were open and safe for swimming in 2002. Target setting method: Consistent with EPA’s 2003–08 Strategic Plan. ~~Potential d~~Data source: BEACH Program, EPA, Office of Water.
REVISED OBJECTIVE
8-9.	Increase the proportion of days that beaches are open and safe for swimming. Target: 98 percent. Baseline: For the coastal recreation and Great Lakes beaches monitored by State beach safety programs, 94 percent of beach season days were open and safe for swimming in 2002. Target setting method: Consistent with EPA’s 2003–08 Strategic Plan. Data source: BEACH Program, EPA, Office of Water.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE

8-10.

(Developmental) Reduce the potential human exposure to persistent chemicals by decreasing fish contaminant levels.

Potential data sources: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and USGS.

OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS

8-10.

~~(Developmental)~~ Reduce the potential human exposure to persistent chemicals by decreasing fish contaminant levels.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Reduction in Advisories About Potential Human Exposure to Persistent Chemicals in Sport Fish	2002 Baseline Percent Under Advisories	2010 Target Percent Under Advisories
8-10a.	River miles	15.3	13.8
8-10b.	Lake acreage	32.9	29.6

Target setting method: 10 percent improvement, consistent with EPA’s 2003–08 Strategic Plan.

~~Potential d~~Data sources: National Listing of Fish Advisories, EPA, Office of Water, ~~U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and USGS.~~.

REVISED OBJECTIVE

8-10.

Reduce the potential human exposure to persistent chemicals by decreasing fish contaminant levels.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Reduction in Advisories About Potential Human Exposure to Persistent Chemicals in Sport Fish	2002 Baseline Percent Under Advisories	2010 Target Percent Under Advisories
8-10a.	River miles	15.3	13.8
8-10b.	Lake acreage	32.9	29.6

Target setting method: 10 percent improvement, consistent with EPA’s 2003–08 Strategic Plan.

Data source: National Listing of Fish Advisories, EPA, Office of Water.

Toxics and Waste

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
8-11.	Eliminate elevated blood lead levels in children. Target: Zero percent. Baseline: 4.4 percent of children aged 1 to 5 years had blood lead levels exceeding 10 µg/dL during 1991–94. Target setting method: Total elimination. Data source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC, NCHS.

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE

8-12.

Minimize the risks to human health and the environment posed by hazardous sites.

Target: 98 percent of sites on the following lists:

8-12a.	National Priority List sites
8-12b.	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act facilities
8-12c.	Leaking underground storage facilities
8-12d.	Brownfield properties

Baseline: 1,200 National Priority List sites; 2,475 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act facilities; 370,000 leaking underground storage facilities; 1,500 brownfield properties in 1998.

Target setting method: Consistent with EPA’s 1997 Strategic Plan.

Data source: Comprehensive Environmental Response and Cleanup Liability Information System (CERCLIS), EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER).

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
(Data updated and footnoted)

8-13.

Reduce pesticide exposures that result in visits to a health care facility.

Target: 11,398¹ visits per year.

Baseline: 22,933² visits to health care facilities were due to pesticides in 1997. (A total of 172,088³ pesticide exposures were documented in 1997.)

Target setting method: 50.3 percent improvement.

Data source: Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS), American Association of Poison Control Centers.

¹ Target revised from 13,500 because of baseline revision after November 2000 publication.
² Baseline revised from 27,156 after November 2000 publication.
³ Total revised from 129,592 after November 2000 publication.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE

8-14.

(Developmental) Reduce the amount of toxic pollutants released, disposed of, treated, or used for energy recovery.

Potential data source: U.S. National Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), EPA.

OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS

8-14.

(Developmental) Reduce the amount of toxic pollutants generated and released ~~, disposed of, treated, or used for energy recovery~~to the environment.

8-14a.	Reduce the amount of toxic chemicals in production-related waste (“Green Index”)
8-14b.	Reduce the amount of toxic chemicals released to the environment (“Clean Index”)

Potential data source: U.S. National Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), EPA.

REVISED OBJECTIVE

8-14.

(Developmental) Reduce the amount of toxic pollutants generated and released to the environment.

8-14a.	Reduce the amount of toxic chemicals in production-related waste (“Green Index”)
8-14b.	Reduce the amount of toxic chemicals released to the environment (“Clean Index”)

Potential data source: U.S. National Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), EPA.

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
8-15.	Increase recycling of municipal solid waste. Target: 38 percent. Baseline: 27 percent of total municipal solid waste generated was recycled in 1996 (includes composting). Target setting method: Consistent with the EPA’s 1997 Strategic Plan. Data source: Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste, EPA, Office of Surface Waste.

Healthy Homes and Healthy Communities

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE

8-16.

Reduce indoor allergen levels.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Allergen	1998–99 Baseline Number of Homes (in millions)	2010 Target Number of Homes (in millions)
8-16a.	Group I dust mite allergens that exceed 2 micrograms per gram of dust in the bed	36.3	29.0
8-16b.	Group I dust mite allergens that exceed 10 micrograms per gram of dust in the bed	18.6	14.9
8-16c.	German cockroach allergens that exceed 0.1 microgram per gram of dust in the bed	4.7	3.8

Target setting method: 20 percent improvement.

Data source: National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing, NIEHS, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS

8-16.

Reduce indoor allergen levels.

Target and baseline:

Objective	~~Allergen~~Reduction in Proportion of Homes With Measured Allergens	1998–99 Baseline ~~Number of Homes (in millions)~~ Percent	2010 Target ~~Number of Homes (in millions)~~ Percent
8-16a.	Group I dust mite allergens that exceed 2 micrograms per gram of dust in the bed	~~36.3~~46.2	~~29.0~~37.0
8-16b.	Group I dust mite allergens that exceed 10 micrograms per gram of dust in the bed	~~18.6~~24.2	~~14.9~~19.4
8-16c.	German cockroach allergens that exceed 0.1 ~~microgram~~ unit per gram of dust in the bed	~~4.7~~6.1	~~3.8~~4.9

REVISED OBJECTIVE

8-16.

Reduce indoor allergen levels.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Reduction in Proportion of Homes With Measured Allergens	1998 Baseline Percent	2010 Target Percent
8-16a.	Group I dust mite allergens that exceed 2 micrograms per gram of dust in the bed	46.2	37.0
8-16b.	Group I dust mite allergens that exceed 10 micrograms per gram of dust in the bed	24.2	19.4
8-16c.	German cockroach allergens that exceed 0.1 unit per gram of dust in the bed	6.1	4.9

Target setting method: 20 percent improvement.

Data source: National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing, NIEHS, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE
8-17.	(Developmental) Increase the number of office buildings that are managed using good indoor air quality practices. Potential data source: EPA, Indoor Environment Division.
OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS
8-17.	(Developmental) Increase the number of office buildings that are managed using good indoor air quality practices. Potential data source: ~~Indoor Environment Division~~Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE), EPA, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air.
REVISED OBJECTIVE
8-17.	(Developmental) Increase the number of office buildings that are managed using good indoor air quality practices. Potential data source: Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE), EPA, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air.

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
8-18.	Increase the proportion of persons who live in homes tested for radon concentrations. Target: 20 percent. Baseline: 17 percent of the population lived in homes in 1998 that had been tested for radon (age adjusted to the year 2000 standard population). Target setting method: Better than the best. Data source: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), CDC, NCHS.

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
8-19.	Increase the number of new homes constructed to be radon resistant. Target: 2.1 million additional new homes. Baseline: 1.4 million new homes as of 1997. Target setting method: 50 percent improvement. Data source: National Association of Home Builders Research Center Survey, National Association of Home Builders.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE
8-20.	(Developmental) Increase the proportion of the Nation’s primary and secondary schools that have official school policies ensuring the safety of students and staff from environmental hazards, such as chemicals in special classrooms, poor indoor air quality, asbestos, and exposure to pesticides. Potential data source: School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS), CDC, NCCDPHP.
OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS
8-20.	~~(Developmental)~~Increase the proportion of the Nation’s elementary, middle, junior high, and senior high~~primary and secondary~~ schools that have official school policies ensuring the safety of students and staff from environmental hazards, such as chemicals in special classrooms, poor indoor air quality, asbestos, and exposure to pesticides. Target: 100 percent of schools having such policies. Baseline: 94 percent of schools had such policies in 2000. Target setting method: Total coverage. ~~Potential d~~Data source: School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS), CDC, ~~NCCDPHP~~DASH.
REVISED OBJECTIVE
8-20.	Increase the proportion of the Nation’s elementary, middle, junior high, and senior high schools that have official school policies ensuring the safety of students and staff from environmental hazards, such as chemicals in special classrooms, poor indoor air quality, asbestos, and exposure to pesticides. Target: 100 percent of schools having such policies. Baseline: 94 percent of schools had such policies in 2000. Target setting method: Total coverage. Data source: School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS), CDC, DASH.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE
8-21.	(Developmental) Ensure that State health departments establish training, plans, and protocols and conduct annual multi-institutional exercises to prepare for response to natural and technological disasters. Potential data sources: Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO); Public Health Foundation.
OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS
8-21.	~~(Developmental)~~Ensure that State and District of Columbia health departments establish training, plans, and protocols and conduct annual multi-institutional exercises to prepare for response to natural and technological disasters. Target: All States and the District of Columbia. Baseline: 36 States had established preparedness plans and scheduled exercises in 2003. Target setting method: Total coverage. ~~Potential d~~Data sources: Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO); ~~Public Health Foundation~~ Division of State and Local Readiness, CDC.
REVISED OBJECTIVE
8-21.	Ensure that State and District of Columbia health departments establish training, plans, and protocols and conduct annual multi-institutional exercises to prepare for response to natural and technological disasters. Target: All States and the District of Columbia. Baseline: 36 States had established preparedness plans and scheduled exercises in 2003. Target setting method: Total coverage. Data sources: Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO); Division of State and Local Readiness, CDC.

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE

8-22.

Increase the proportion of persons living in pre-1950s housing that has been tested for the presence of lead-based paint.

Target: 50 percent.

Baseline: 16 percent of persons aged 18 years and older living in homes built before 1950 in 1998 reported that their homes had been tested for the presence of lead-based paint (age adjusted to the year 2000 standard population).

Target setting method: Better than the best.

Data source: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), CDC, NCHS.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE
8-23.	Reduce the proportion of occupied housing units that are substandard. Target: 3.1¹ percent. Baseline: 6.5² percent of occupied U.S. housing units had moderate or severe physical problems in 1995. Target setting method: 52 percent improvement. Data source: American Housing Survey, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ¹ Target revised from 3.0 because of baseline revision after November 2000 publication. ² Baseline revised from 6.2 after November 2000 publication.
OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS
8-23.	Reduce the proportion of occupied housing units that have moderate or severe physical problems ~~are substandard~~. Target: 3.1¹ percent. Baseline: 6.5² percent of occupied U.S. housing units had moderate or severe physical problems in 1995. Target setting method: 52 percent improvement. Data source: American Housing Survey, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ¹ Target revised from 3.0 because of baseline revision after November 2000 publication. ² Baseline revised from 6.2 after November 2000 publication.
REVISED OBJECTIVE
8-23.	Reduce the proportion of occupied housing units that have moderate or severe physical problems. Target: 3.1¹ percent. Baseline: 6.5² percent of occupied U.S. housing units had moderate or severe physical problems in 1995. Target setting method: 52 percent improvement. Data source: American Housing Survey, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ¹ Target revised from 3.0 because of baseline revision after November 2000 publication. ² Baseline revised from 6.2 after November 2000 publication.

Infrastructure and Surveillance

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE

8-24.

Reduce exposure to pesticides as measured by urine concentrations of metabolites.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Reduction in Pesticide Exposure as Measured by Metabolites (Pesticide)	1988–94 Baseline* Urine Concentration	2010 Target Urine Concentration
8-24a.	1-naphthol (carbaryl)	36.0 μg/g creatinine	25.2 μg/g creatinine
8-24b.	Paranitrophenol (methyl parathion and parathions)	3.8 μg/g creatinine	2.7 μg/g creatinine
8-24c.	3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (chlorpyrifos)	8.3 μg/g creatinine	5.8 μg/g creatinine
8-24d.	Isopropoxyphenol (propoxur)	1.6 μg/g creatinine	1.1 μg/g creatinine

* 95 percent of the population had concentrations below this level.

Target setting method: 30 percent improvement.

Data source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC, NCHS.

Note: Data are from a subset of NHANES data and are not nationally representative. Therefore, a population data template is not available.

OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS
(Including subobjective deleted)

8-24.

Reduce exposure to pesticides as measured by urine concentrations of metabolites.

Target and baseline:

Objective*	Reduction in Pesticide Exposure as Measured by Metabolites (Pesticide)	1988–94 Baseline^† Urine Concentration	2010 Target Urine Concentration
~~8-24a.~~	(Subobjective deleted due to change in science) ~~1-naphthol (carbaryl)~~	~~36.0 μg/g creatinine~~	~~25.2 μg/g creatinine~~
8-24b.	Paranitrophenol (methyl parathion and parathions)	3.8 μg/g creatinine	2.7 μg/g creatinine
8-24c.	3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (chlorpyrifos)	8.3 μg/g creatinine	5.8 μg/g creatinine
8-24d.	Isopropoxyphenol (propoxur)	1.6 μg/g creatinine	1.1 μg/g creatinine

* For data control purposes, subobjectives are not renumbered.
^† 95 percent of the population had concentrations below this level.

Target setting method: 30 percent improvement. (Population data will be provided if the information becomes available.)

Data source: ~~National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)~~ National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, CDC, ~~NCHS.~~

~~Note: Data are from a subset of NHANES data and are not nationally representative. Therefore, a population data template is not available.~~

REVISED OBJECTIVE

8-24.

Reduce exposure to pesticides as measured by urine concentrations of metabolites.

Target and baseline:

Objective*	Reduction in Pesticide Exposure as Measured by Metabolites (Pesticide)	1988–94 Baseline^† Urine Concentration	2010 Target Urine Concentration
8-24b.	Paranitrophenol (methyl parathion and parathions)	3.8 μg/g creatinine	2.7 μg/g creatinine
8-24c.	3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (chlorpyrifos)	8.3 μg/g creatinine	5.8 μg/g creatinine
8-24d.	Isopropoxyphenol (propoxur)	1.6 μg/g creatinine	1.1 μg/g creatinine

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE

8-25.

(Developmental) Reduce exposure of the population to pesticides, heavy metals, and other toxic chemicals, as measured by blood and urine concentrations of the substances or their metabolites.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Exposure Item
8-25a.	Arsenic
8-25b.	Cadmium
8-25c.	Lead
8-25d.	Manganese
8-25e.	Mercury
8-25f.	2, 4-D
8-25g.	o-phenylphenol
8-25h.	Permethrins
8-25i.	Diazinon
8-25j.	Polychlorinated biphenyls
8-25k.	Dioxins
8-25l.	Furans
8-25m.	Chlordane
8-25n.	Dieldrin
8-25o.	DDT
8-25p.	Lindane

Potential data source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC, NCHS.

OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS

8-25.

~~(Developmental)~~ Reduce exposure of the population to pesticides, heavy metals, and ~~other toxic~~ selected environmental chemicals, as measured by blood and urine concentrations of the substances or their metabolites.

Target and baseline:

Objective*	Exposure Item	1999–2000 Baseline^† Concentration of the Substance or Its Metabolites	2010 Target Concentration of the Substance or Its Metabolites
	Heavy metals
8-25a.	Arsenic	Developmental	Developmental
8-25b.	Cadmium	1.3 μg/L	0.9 μg/L
8-25c.	Lead	4.9 μg/L	3.4 μg/L
8-25d.	Manganese	Developmental	Developmental
8-25e.	Mercury, children aged 1 to 5 years	2.3 μg/L	1.6 μg/L
	Pesticides
8-25f.	2, 4-D	Developmental	Developmental
8-25g.	o-phenylphenol	2.9 μg/g creatinine	2.0 μg/g creatinine
8-25h.	cis- and trans-Permethrins	Developmental	Developmental
8-25i.	Diazinon	Developmental	Developmental
	Persistent chemicals
8-25j.	Polychlorinated biphenyls	Developmental	Developmental
8-25k.	Dioxins	Developmental	Developmental
8-25l.	Furans	Developmental	Developmental
	Organochlorine compounds
8-25m.	Chlordane	44.9 ng/g lipid	31.4 ng/g lipid
8-25n.	Dieldrin	Developmental	Developmental
8-25o.	DDT (DDE)	1780 ng/g lipid	1250 ng/g lipid
8-25p.	Lindane (beta-HCH)	68.9 ng/g lipid	48.2 ng/g lipid
	Heavy metals
8-25q.	Mercury, females aged 16 to 49 years	7.1 μg/L	5.0 μg/L
	Organochlorine compounds
8-25r.	Chlordane (trans-Nonachlor)	79.4 ng/g lipid	55.6 ng/g lipid
8-25s.	Chlordane (Heptachlor epoxide)	23.9 ng/g lipid	16.7 ng/g lipid

* For data control purposes, subobjectives are not renumbered.
^† 95 percent of the population had concentrations below this level.

Target setting method: 30 percent improvement.

~~Potential d~~Data source: National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, ~~National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES),~~ CDC~~, NCHS~~.

REVISED OBJECTIVE

8-25.

Reduce exposure of the population to pesticides, heavy metals, and selected environmental chemicals, as measured by blood and urine concentrations of the substances or their metabolites.

Target and baseline:

Objective*	Exposure Item	1999–2000 Baseline^† Concentration of the Substance or Its Metabolites	2010 Target Concentration of the Substance or Its Metabolites
	Heavy metals
8-25a.	Arsenic	Developmental	Developmental
8-25b.	Cadmium	1.3 μg/L	0.9 μg/L
8-25c.	Lead	4.9 μg/L	3.4 μg/L
8-25d.	Manganese	Developmental	Developmental
8-25e.	Mercury, children aged 1 to 5 years	2.3 μg/L	1.6 μg/L
	Pesticides
8-25f.	2, 4-D	Developmental	Developmental
8-25g.	o-phenylphenol	2.9 μg/g creatinine	2.0 μg/g creatinine
8-25h.	cis- and trans-Permethrins	Developmental	Developmental
8-25i.	Diazinon	Developmental	Developmental
	Persistent chemicals
8-25j.	Polychlorinated biphenyls	Developmental	Developmental
8-25k.	Dioxins	Developmental	Developmental
8-25l.	Furans	Developmental	Developmental
	Organochlorine compounds
8-25m.	Chlordane (oxychlordane)	44.9 ng/g lipid	31.4 ng/g lipid
8-25n.	Dieldrin	Developmental	Developmental
8-25o.	DDT (DDE)	1780 ng/g lipid	1250 ng/g lipid
8-25p.	Lindane (beta-HCH)	68.9 ng/g lipid	48.2 ng/g lipid
	Heavy metals
8-25q.	Mercury, females aged 16 to 49 years	7.1 μg/L	5.0 μg/L
	Organochlorine compounds
8-25r.	Chlordane (trans-Nonachlor)	79.4 ng/g lipid	55.6 ng/g lipid
8-25s.	Chlordane (Heptachlor epoxide)	23.9 ng/g lipid	16.7 ng/g lipid

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE
8-26.	(Developmental) Improve the quality, utility, awareness, and use of existing information systems for environmental health. Potential data sources: Toxics Release Inventory, EPA; Environmental Defense Fund.
OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS
8-26.	~~(Developmental)~~ Improve the quality, utility, awareness, and use of existing information systems for environmental health. Target: 30 States. Baseline: 15 States used linked health effect, exposure, and hazard data for environmental public health surveillance in 2004. Target setting method: 100 percent improvement. ~~Potential d~~Data sources: ~~Toxics Release Inventory, EPA; Environmental Defense~~ ~~Fund.~~ National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network, CDC.
REVISED OBJECTIVE
8-26.	Improve the quality, utility, awareness, and use of existing information systems for environmental health. Target: 30 States. Baseline: 15 States used linked health effect, exposure, and hazard data for environmental public health surveillance in 2004. Target setting method: 100 percent improvement. Data source: National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network, CDC.

ORIGINAL OBJECTIVE

8-27.

Increase or maintain the number of Territories, Tribes, and States, and the District of Columbia that monitor diseases or conditions that can be caused by exposure to environmental hazards.

Target and baseline:

Objective*	Disease	1997 Baseline Number of Jurisdictions	2010 Target Number of Jurisdictions
8-27a.	Lead poisoning	51	51
8-27b.	Pesticide poisoning	20	25
8-27c.	Mercury poisoning	14	20
8-27d.	Arsenic poisoning	10	15
8-27e.	Cadmium poisoning	10	15
8-27f.	Methemoglobinemia	9	15
8-27g.	Acute chemical poisoning^†	8	15
8-27h.	Carbon monoxide poisoning	7	51
8-27i.	Asthma	6	25
8-27j.	Hyperthermia	4	10
8-27k.	Hypothermia	Developmental	Developmental
8-27l.	Skin cancer	Developmental	Developmental
8-27m.	Malignant melanoma	Developmental	Developmental
8-27n.	Other skin cancer	Developmental	Developmental
8-27o.	Birth defects	Developmental	Developmental

* For data control purposes, subobjectives are not renumbered.
^† Includes chemicals not covered elsewhere in the table.

Note: Target and baseline data are for States and the District of Columbia. The targets will be adjusted as data for Tribes and Territories become available.

Target setting method: Total coverage or expert opinion.

Data sources: Periodic surveys, Public Health Foundation and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists.

OBJECTIVE WITH REVISIONS
(Including subobjectives deleted)

8-27.

Objective*	Disease	1997 Baseline(unless noted) Number of Jurisdictions	2010 Target Number of Jurisdictions
	Heavy metals
8-27a.	Lead poisoning	51	51
8-27b.	Pesticide poisoning	20	25
8-27c.	Mercury poisoning	14	20
8-27d.	Arsenic poisoning	10	15
8-27e.	Cadmium poisoning	10	15
8-27f.	Methemoglobinemia	9	15
8-27g.	Acute chemical poisoning^†	8	15
8-27h.	Carbon monoxide poisoning	7	51
8-27i.	Asthma	6	25
8-27j.	Hyperthermia	4	10
8-27k.	Hypothermia	4 (1999–2000)	51
~~8-27l.~~	(Subobjective deleted due to monitoring in Objective 3-14) ~~Skin cancer~~	~~Developmental~~	~~Developmental~~
~~8-27m.~~	(Subobjective deleted due to monitoring in Objective 3-14) ~~Malignant melanoma~~	~~Developmental~~	~~Developmental~~
~~8-27n.~~	(Subobjective deleted due to monitoring in Objective 3-14) ~~Other skin cancer~~	~~Developmental~~	~~Developmental~~
8-27o.	Birth defects	35 (1999–2000)	51

* For data control purposes, subobjectives are not renumbered.
^† Includes chemicals not covered elsewhere in the table.

Note: Target and baseline data are for States and the District of Columbia. The targets will be adjusted as data for Tribes and Territories become available.

Target setting method: Total coverage or expert opinion.

Data sources: Periodic surveys, Public Health Foundation, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, and CDC, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities.

REVISED OBJECTIVE

8-27.

Objective*	Disease	1997 Baseline (unless noted) Number of Jurisdictions	2010 Target Number of Jurisdictions
	Heavy metals
8-27a.	Lead poisoning	51	51
8-27b.	Pesticide poisoning	20	25
8-27c.	Mercury poisoning	14	20
8-27d.	Arsenic poisoning	10	15
8-27e.	Cadmium poisoning	10	15
8-27f.	Methemoglobinemia	9	15
8-27g.	Acute chemical poisoning^†	8	15
8-27h.	Carbon monoxide poisoning	7	51
8-27i.	Asthma	6	25
8-27j.	Hyperthermia	4	10
8-27k.	Hypothermia	4 (1999–2000)	51
8-27o.	Birth defects	35 (1999–2000)	51

* For data control purposes, subobjectives are not renumbered.
^† Includes chemicals not covered elsewhere in the table.

Note: Target and baseline data are for States and the District of Columbia. The targets will be adjusted as data for Tribes and Territories become available.

Target setting method: Total coverage or expert opinion.

Data sources: Periodic surveys, Public Health Foundation, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, and CDC, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities.

OBJECTIVE DELETED
8-28.	(Objective deleted due to lack of data source)(Developmental) Increase the number of local health departments or agencies that use data from surveillance of environmental risk factors as part of their vector control programs.

Global Environmental Health

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE
8-29.	Reduce the global burden of disease due to poor water quality, sanitation, and personal and domestic hygiene. Target: 2,135,000 deaths. Baseline: 2,668,200 deaths worldwide were attributable to these factors in 1990. Target setting method: 20 percent improvement. Data source: World Health Report 2003, World Health Organization.

NO CHANGE IN OBJECTIVE

8-30.

Increase the proportion of the population in the U.S.-Mexico border region that has adequate drinking water and sanitation facilities.

Target and baseline:

Objective	Type of Drinking Water and Sanitation Service	1997 Baseline Percent of Population Receiving Water Service or Treatment	2010 Target Percent of Population Receiving Water Service or Treatment
	Wastewater sewer service provided
8-30a.	Ciudad Acuna	39	49
8-30b.	Matamoros	47	57
8-30c.	Mexicali	80	90
8-30d.	Nogales, Sonora	81	91
8-30e.	Piedras Negras	80	90
8-30f.	Reynosa	57	67
	Wastewater receiving treatment
8-30g.	Ciudad Acuna	0	10
8-30h.	Matamoros	0	10
8-30i.	Mexicali	72	82
8-30j.	Nogales, Sonora	100	100
8-30k.	Piedras Negras	0	10
8-30l.	Reynosa	100	100

Target setting method: 10 percentage point improvement.

Data sources: EPA; Mexico’s Comisión Nacional de Agua; State and local health departments; American Water Works Association; Rural Water Association; U.S.-Mexican Border Health Association.

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