November 18, 2008
PASADENA, Calif. – NASA has successfully tested the first deep space
communications network modeled on the Internet.
Working as part of a NASA-wide team, engineers from NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., used software called Disruption-Tolerant Networking,
or DTN, to transmit dozens of space images to and from a NASA science spacecraft
located about more than 32 million kilometers (20 million miles) from Earth.
"This is the first step in creating a totally new space communications capability,
an interplanetary Internet," said Adrian Hooke, team lead and manager of space-networking
architecture, technology and standards at NASA Headquarters in Washington.
NASA and Vint Cerf, a vice president at Google, Inc., in Mountain View, Calif., partnered
10 years ago to develop this software protocol. The DTN sends information using a method that
differs from the normal Internet's Transmission-Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or
TCP/IP communication suite, which Cerf co-designed.
The Interplanetary Internet must be robust enough to withstand delays, disruptions and
disconnections in space. Glitches can happen when a spacecraft moves behind a planet, or
when solar storms and long communication delays occur. The delay in sending or receiving
data from Mars takes between three-and-a-half to 20 minutes at the speed of light.
Unlike TCP/IP on Earth, the DTN does not assume a continuous end-to-end connection. In its
design, if a destination path can't be found, the data packets are not discarded. Instead,
each network node keeps custody of the information as long as necessary until it can safely
communicate with another node. This store-and-forward method, similar to basketball players
safely passing the ball to the player nearest the basket, means that information does not get
lost when no immediate path to the destination exists. Eventually, the information is delivered
to the end user.
"In space today, an operations team has to manually schedule each link and generate all the
commands to specify which data to send, when to send it, and where to send it," said Leigh Torgerson,
manager of the DTN Experiment Operations Center at JPL. "With standardized DTN, this can all be
done automatically."
Engineers began a month-long series of DTN demonstrations in October. Data were transmitted using
NASA's Deep Space Network in demonstrations occurring twice a week. Engineers use NASA's Epoxi
spacecraft as a Mars data-relay orbiter. Epoxi is on a mission to encounter Comet Hartley 2 in two years.
"There are 10 nodes on this early interplanetary network," said Scott Burleigh of JPL, lead
software-engineer for the demonstrations. "One is the Epoxi spacecraft itself and the other nine,
which are on the ground at JPL, simulate Mars landers, orbiters and ground mission-operations centers."
This month-long experiment is the first in a series of planned demonstrations to qualify the technology
for use on a variety of upcoming space missions, said Jay Wyatt, manager of the Space Networking
and Mission Automation Program Office at JPL. In the next round of testing, a NASA-wide demonstration
using new DTN software loaded on board the International Space Station is scheduled to begin next summer.
In the next few years, the Interplanetary Internet could enable many new types of space missions. Complex
missions involving multiple landed, mobile and orbiting spacecraft will be far easier to support
through the use of the Interplanetary Internet. It could also ensure reliable communications for
astronauts on the surface of the moon.
The Deep Impact Networking Experiment is sponsored by the Space Communications and Navigation Office in
NASA's Space Operations Mission Directorate in Washington. NASA's Science Mission Directorate and
Discovery Program in Washington provided experimental access to the Epoxi spacecraft. The Epoxi
mission team provided critical support throughout development and operations.
JPL is managed for NASA by the California Institution of Technology in Pasadena.
Media contacts: Rhea Borja 818-354-0850
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
rhea.r.borja@jpl.nasa.gov
Dwayne Brown 202-358-1726
NASA Headquarters, Washington
dwayne.c.brown@nasa.gov
Katherine Trinidad 202-358-1100
NASA Headquarters, Washington
Katherine.trinidad@nasa.gov
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