Nature Bulletin No 41   November 17, 1945
Forest Preserve District of Cook County
Clayton F. Smith, President
Roberts Mann, Supt. of Conservation

****:TURKEYS

George Washington, in the first year of his presidenoy, issued a 
proclamation recommending November 26, 1789, be kept as a day of 
national thanksgiving for the establishment of a form of government 
that made for safety and happiness. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued a 
proclamation in which he "appointed and set aside" the last Thursday in 
November as a day of national thanksgiving "for the defense against 
unfriendly designs without and signal victories over the enemy who is 
of our own household. " Since then each president has observed this 
cufitom, varied only by Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Some time in October or November 1621, by proclamation of Governor 
Bradford, the Pilgrims in Plymouth Colony celebrated their first official 
American harvest festival. They recorded that "our harvest heing gotten 
in, our Governor sent foure men on fowling so that we might after a 
more special manner rejoyce together after we had gathered the fruit of 
our labours. They foure in one day killed as much fowle as, with a little 
help besides, served the Company about a weeke."  Apparently the 
"fowle" were mostly wild ducks and geese but they found also a "great 
store of Turkies" in the vicinity of Plymouth.

The wild turkey is the largest of all our game birds. The hens have a 
querulous, chirping call which sounds like "turk, turk, turk". The cocks, 
known as "gobblers" because of their peculiar "gobble, gobble" call, 
attain a length of four feet and weigh from 20 to 30 pounds or more. 
The wild turkey, with its bright blue head, long slender legs and 
stream-lined body, is a darker, showier, gamier-appearing bird than our 
domesticated bronze turkey which is a descendant of the Mexican wild 
turkey that was introduced into Europe by the Spaniards in the 16th 
century and then returned to this country. The turkey, therefore, is our 
only domestic animal of native origin.

There were four sub-species:  the eastern, the Florida, the Rio Grand, 
and Merriam's, db:lmgulshed by differences in plumage. They once 
ranged over southern Ontario, the east, central and southern portions of 
the United States, including the southern Rocky Mountain region, and 
Mexico except in its western and southern regions. Apparently the 
determining factor in the original distribution was the occurrence of 
oaks, pecan, beech and other nut-bearing trees for winter food, and the 
occurrence of berry-producing trees and shrubs such as dogwood, holly, 
black gum, wild cherry, huckleberry, wild grape, etc.

Examination of a large number of turkey stomachs disclosed the 
average content to be 15.57 percent animal matter -- largely 
grasshoppers, circkets or locusts with a small percentage of flies, 
beetles and caterpillars -- and 84.43 percent vegetable matter (browse, 
fruit, nuts and acorns, seeds, etc. )

Wild turkeys are strong fliers, swift runners, exceedingly wary and 
remarkable keen of sight and hearing. They prefer open forests but like 
to roost in tall trees on branches out over water and will fly wide rivers 
to reach a favored roost. Timber cutting, grazing and forest fires have 
destroyed much of their former habitat. This and persistent hunting 
have brought the wild turkey near to extinct ion. In the Chicago region 
the last one was killed in the Kankakee Marsh in 1870 or 171. They are 
now found only in remote swampy bottomlands, such as along the 
Atlantic and Gulf coasts, or in wild mountain country such as the Great 
Smokies and the Missouri Ozarks.

Many people argue that the turkey, rather than the eagle, is more truly 
our national bird.