• Primary outcome measure: Time in therapeutic range [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

• Secondary efficacy outcomes: Thromboembolic events [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  
• Secondary safety outcomes: Number of patients with extreme INR results; Number of extreme INR results; Major bleeding [ Time Frame: 12 months ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]
  

OBJECTIVE: The PRolongation of the INTerval between prothrombin time tests in stable patients (PRINT) is a single center, randomized, double-blind study to demonstrate that testing the prothrombin time every 12 weeks provides the same level of anticoagulant control as conventional testing every 4 weeks in this subset of stable patients.

This study will enroll patients who have been treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) for at least 6 months and have not had any change to the maintenance dose for the most recent 6 months.

HYPOTHESIS: Our hypothesis is that by extending the interval between tests to 12 weeks in these stable patients, the same level of anticoagulant control, can be maintained. With the large and constantly increasing number of patients on warfarin, a reduced frequency of testing would yield considerable savings for the health care system and a decreased burden for the patient. A review of our anticoagulant clinic revealed that one third of the patients would be eligible for such a prolongation of the test interval.

STUDY DESIGN: The proposal is a randomized, double-blind, controlled single centre trial performed at Hamilton Health Sciences - General Hospital. Main inclusion criteria are: long-term anticoagulant therapy, managed by our clinic for at least 6 months and with unchanged maintenance dose for at least 6 months. Eligible and consenting patients identified at annual review visits or from the register of patients monitored by the clinic, will be randomized to dosing of warfarin every 4 weeks (control) or every 12 weeks (experimental). All patients will, however, have blood drawn every 4 weeks. Randomization will be performed using a computer-generated randomization sequence. Stratification is done for the two laboratories performing the analysis and for the two therapeutic ranges that patients are to be maintained within, depending on the indication for anticoagulation. Patients with mechanical mitral valve prosthesis are maintained between 2.5 and 3.5, others between 2.0 and 3.0.The randomization sequence will guide the Coordinating and Methods Center to the correct reporting procedure for each patient, and to provide sham INR-values for two out of each set of three 4-weekly tests in the patients allocated to 12-weekly monitoring. Extreme INR results (<1.5 or >4.4) will always be reported as true results. The investigator and the patient are blind to the procedure and are only aware of the sequence order number.The patients are carefully instructed about risk factors that can change the effect of VKA. They are contacted by telephone after each test for information on the result, the dosing and for questioning of adverse events. After 12 months in the study there is a final visit scheduled at the anticoagulation clinic for review of the patient.

ANALYSIS: After the last patient has concluded the study, all clinical data will be transferred to the study statistician for analysis. The primary outcome measure is "the time in therapeutic range" (TTR). The secondary outcome measures are "proportion of patients with extreme INR results", "proportion of INR results that are extreme" and "number of changes of the maintenance dose". These are well-recognized tools for evaluation of the level of anticoagulant control. Major bleeding and objectively verified thromboembolic events will also be registered, but the expected number is very small and not sufficient for any statistical analyses.

SAMPLE SIZE: Sample size calculations are based on 77% TTR for a population with very stable VKA-dose and a maximum tolerable deviation of 7.5 percentage points; one-sided alpha of 2.5% and power of 90%. The sample will accordingly be 107 patients per group. After interim analysis the DSMB recommended to expand the sample size to 125 patients per group (July 16, 2008).