![]() |
|
![]() |
If your teacher sends you to the principal's office, here's your excuse: you were making a model of relativistic protons accelerated in the shock front of a solar coronal mass ejection (CME). It was done in the name of science. Really. Solar explosions and spitwads do have something in common. CMEs hurl subatomic particles across the solar system at nearly light speed. Those particles are guided, much like a spitwad in a straw, by the Sun's magnetic field. Above: The SOHO spacecraft recorded this CME on July 14, 2000. High-energy particles accelerated by the blast peppered the spacecraft's camera and clouded its view. [more]
Because the Sun rotates on its axis (once every 27 days) the Sun's magnetic field out among the planets has a spiral shape. Researchers call it "the Parker spiral" after the physicist who first described it. Using the Parker spiral, "space weather forecasters can predict where energetic solar particles will go," explains solar physicist Ming Zhang of the Florida Institute of Technology. That's a good thing, say, for spacewalking astronauts who want to know when a radiation storm is coming so they can duck inside their spaceship. But Zhang and colleagues have recently discovered something troubling. Solar particles don't always follow the Parker spiral like they're supposed to.
Left: The Sun's spiraling magnetic field as viewed from ~100 AU away. Credit: Steve Suess, NASA. Ulysses is a joint mission of the European Space Agency and NASA to study the Sun. The spacecraft left Earth in 1990 and swung by Jupiter two years later--an encounter that flung the craft high above the orbital plane of the nine planets. Ulysses' looping orbit carries it all around the Sun, even over the Sun's poles, which is just what scientists wanted. "Here on Earth we see the Sun from one direction only--its equator," explains Zhang. "Ulysses lets us look at solar activity from many directions." Such was the case on July 14, 2000--Bastille Day in France--when a powerful explosion rocked the Sun. The source was a sunspot 20 times wider than Earth itself. For days, magnetic field lines above the spot had become increasingly tangled. The tension grew until, like a rubber band stretched overly taut, the lines of force snapped back--explosively. A blast of electromagnetic radiation caused radio blackouts on Earth for hours. The explosion also hurled a massive cloud of gas (a CME) toward Earth, which, when it swept past our planet two days later, would trigger auroras as far south as Texas. At the leading edge of the CME, a shock wave accelerated subatomic particles to nearly light speed. Magnetic lines of force guided them to Earth where they temporarily disabled some satellites and knocked out one (the Japanese Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics) completely.
Right: The high polar orbit of Ulysses carries it to a maximum solar latitude of 80.2 degrees south. Ulysses' point of view, looking sideways at an explosion that blasted Earth nearly head-on, was key to Zhang's discovery. Although the blast wasn't directed toward Ulysses, the craft was connected to the expanding CME by solar magnetic field lines. "At first, protons accelerated by the CME arrived from the direction we expected," says Zhang. "They followed the Parker spiral." But a few hours later Ulysses was blindsided by a blast of protons from 90o away. The spitwad had tunneled through the straw! "The technical name for this is cross-field diffusion," says Zhang. "It happens when magnetic fields get tangled." Particles find themselves able to drift or "diffuse" from one twisted line of force to another. "Pretty soon they're moving in unexpected directions," he says.
Left: Spacewalking astronauts need good forecasts of solar radiation storms. [more] Researchers have developed computer models to predict the onset of radiation storms after solar flares and CMEs, "but seldom do they include cross-field diffusion," says Zhang. "It is difficult to include," he explains, "because cross-field diffusion is a complicated process that happens in places where magnetic fields are tangled--in other words, where the Parker spiral is not quite right." Most of the solar system is unexplored territory, so researchers don't know where the tangles are. "We've still got a lot to learn," he concludes. How does cross-field diffusion work? Where is it most likely to happen? With some help from Ulysses, "we're finding the answers." |
Credits & Contacts Author: Dr. Tony Phillips Responsible NASA official: John M. Horack |
Production Editor: Dr.
Tony Phillips Curator: Bryan Walls Media Relations: Steve Roy |
The Science and Technology Directorate at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center sponsors the Science@NASA web sites. The mission of Science@NASA is to help the public understand how exciting NASA research is and to help NASA scientists fulfill their outreach responsibilities. |
more information |
Ulysses -- (JPL) learn more about the history and recent accomplishments of this 12-year mission. The measurements described in this story were made by the spacecraft's COSPIN instrument. See also the European Space Agency's Ulysses web site. Tangled magnetic fields are the cause of cross-field diffusion. Click here to learn how the Sun's magnetic field, which spirals outward into the solar system, gets tangled. The image below illustrates an ideal Parker spiral (left) and a computer simulation of the true interplanetary magnetic field (right). ![]() Space Radiation Storm -- (Science@NASA) This story, warning readers of possible auroras, was published hours after the Bastille Day explosions in 2000. Watching the Angry Sun -- (Science@NASA) Months after it happened, scientists looked back at the Bastille Day event. The Sun Does a Flip -- (Science@NASA) Want to learn more about the Sun's awesome magnetic field? This story is a good place to start. SpaceWeather.com -- Daily news about CMEs, solar flares, and the Sun-Earth environment. Editor's note: This story is based on a research paper, "Ulysses Observations of Solar Energetic Particles from the July 14 of 2000 Event at High Heliographic Latitudes" by M. Zhang, R. B. McKibben, C. Lopate, J. R. Jokipii, J. Giacalone, M.-B. Kallenrode and H. K. Rassoul, which has been accepted for publication in the Journal for Geophysical Research. |
Join our growing list of subscribers - sign up for our express news delivery and you will receive a mail message every time we post a new story!!! ![]() |