MD Anderson Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center and Laval University that contain within them county hospitals, Veterans Administrations Hospitals, fee-for-service clinics, and tertiary care facilities will enroll subjects. Each site will devise their own means of soliciting participants in the study.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Men age 60 and over, - who are current cigarette smokers OR - who have a history of at least 20 pack years smoking OR - who have over a 30 pack/year history who have stopped smoking within 10 years of the registration date OR - who have a 40 pack year history of smoking regardless of the quit date, will be eligible for participation.
• Patients with prostate or renal cancer must have been treated more than 5 years previously and be considered disease-free at the time of entry. In the case of prostate cancer, patients may have only received prostatectomy as their treatment and must have undetectable PSA's at study entry.
• In the case of calculus disease, patients must be believed to be stone free at time of study entry and could not have had a stone attack within the previous 2 years.
• Patients receiving anticoagulation therapy, such as Warfarin, Plavix, Lovenox, aspirin, etc. will be able to take part in the study and, will be thoroughly worked-up if the only explainable cause of hematuria is receiving anticoagulation medication.

Exclusion Criteria:

• history of urothelial cancer
• any malignancy other than non-melanoma skin cancers treated within the past 5 years
• benign tumors of the urinary tract that are still existent
• known urinary calculi
• medical or oncological conditions known to produce hematuria (e.g. glomerulonephritis, treatments with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and pelvic radiation therapy)
• visual, psychological, neurological, musculoskeletal, etc. impairments that would make home testing impractical