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Alternative Ocular Safety Testing References: The Hen's Egg Test - Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) Test Method

References cited in Background Review Document

Click on link in author or agency name to view reference where available
  • Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. 1986. Chapter 14.
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  • CEC. 1991. Collaborative Study on the Evaluation of Alternative Methods to the Eye Irritation Test. Doc. XI/632/91/V/E/1/131/91 Part I and II.
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  • EU. 2001. Commission Directive 2001/59/EC of 6 August 2001 adapting to technical progress for the 28th time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. Official Journal of the European Communities L255:1-333.
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  • Gettings S, Teal J, Bagley D, Demetrulias J, DiPasquale L, Hintze K, et al. 1991. The CTFA evaluation of alternatives program: An evaluation of in vitro alternatives to the Draize primary eye irritation test (Phase 1) Hydro-alcoholic formulations; (Part 2) Data analysis and biological significance. In Vitro Toxicol 4:247-288.
  • Gettings S, Dipasquale L, Bagley D, Casterton P, Chudkowski M, Curren R, et al. 1994. The CTFA evaluation of alternatives program: an evaluation of in vitro alternatives to the Draize primary eye irritation test. (Phase II) oil/water emulsions. Food Chem Toxicol 32:943-976.
  • Gettings S, Lordo R, Hintze K, Bagley D, Casterton P, Chudkowski M, et al. 1996. The CTFA evaluation of alternatives program: An evaluation of in vitro alternatives to the Draize primary eye irritation test. (Phase III) surfactant-based formulations. Food Chem Toxicol 34:79-117.
  • Gilleron L, Coecke S, Sysmans M, Hansen E, van Oproy S, Marzin D, et al. 1996. Evaluation of a modified HET-CAM assay as a screening test for eye irritancy. Toxicol In Vitro 10:431-446.
  • Gilleron L, Coecke S, Sysmans M, Hansen E, van Oproy S, Marzin D, et al. 1997. Evaluation of the HET-CAM-TSA method as an alternative to the Draize eye irritation test. Toxicol In Vitro 11:641-644.
  • Hagino S, Kinoshita S, Tani N, Nakamura T, Ono N, Konishi K, et al. 1999. Interlaboratory validation of in vitro eye irritation tests for cosmetic ingredients. (2) Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) test. Toxicol In Vitro 13:99-113.
  • ICCVAM. 2003. ICCVAM Guidelines for the Nomination and Submission of New, Revised, and Alternative Test Methods. NIH Publication No: 03-4508. Research Triangle Park:National Toxicology Program.
  • ICCVAM. 2006a. Background Review Document: Current Status of In Vitro Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants: Hen’s Egg Test – Chorioallantoic Membrane Test Method. NIH Publication No: 06-4515. Research Triangle Park: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
  • ICCVAM. 2006b. ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Report: In Vitro Ocular Toxicity Methods for Identifying Severe Irritants and Corrosives. NIH Publication No: 07-4517. Research Triangle Park: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
    View ICCVAM-recommended HET-CAM test method protocol (Appendix G of the Test Method Evaluation Report) [PDF]
  • ICCVAM Authorization Act of 2000. 2000. Public Law 106-545 [114 Stat. 2721].
  • Kalweit S, Gerner I, Spielmann H. 1987. Validation project of alternatives for the Draize eye test. Mol Toxicol 1:597-603.
  • Kalweit S, Besoke R, Gerner I, Spielmann H. 1990. A national validation project of alternative methods to the Draize rabbit eye test. Toxicol In Vitro 4:702-706.
  • Kojima H, Hanamura A, Miyamoto S, Sato A, Konishi H, Yoshimura I. 1995. Evaluation of seven alternative assays on the main ingredients in cosmetics as predictors of Draize eye irritation scores. Toxicol In Vitro 9:333-340.
  • Luepke N. 1985. Hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test for irritation potential. Food Chem Toxicol 23:287-291.
  • Mancebo A, Hernandez O, Gonzalez Y, Aldana L, Carballo O. 2008. Assessment of skin and eye irritation of 14 products under the stepwise approach of the OECD. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 27:173-185.
  • Mehling A, Kleber M, Hensen H. 2007. Comparative studies on the ocular and dermal irritation potential of surfactants. Food Chem Toxicol 45:747-758.
  • Moldenhauer F. 2003. Using in vitro prediction models instead of the rabbit eye irritation test to classify and label new chemicals: a post hoc data analysis of the international EC/HO validation study. ATLA 31:31-46.
  • MSPCA. 2005. Animals in Education: Laws and Regulations. Available: http//www.mspca.org.
  • NIH. 2000. The Public Health Service Responds to Commonly Asked Questions. Available: http://grants.nih.gov.
  • OECD. 1998. OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring Number 1: OECD principles on Good Laboratory Practice (as revised in 1997). ENV/MC/CHEM(98)17. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • OECD. 2002. Test guideline 405. Acute eye irritation/corrosion, adopted April 24, 2002. In: OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Romanoff AL. 1960. The Avian Embryo: Structural and Functional Development. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  • Russell and Burch. 1992. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. 14th ed. South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, England: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare.
  • Spielmann H, Liebsch M, Kalweit S, Moldenhauer F, Wirnsberger T, Holzhütter H, et al. 1996. Results of a validation study in Germany on two in vitro alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test, HET-CAM test and the 3T3 NRU cytotoxicity test. ATLA 24:741-858.
  • UN. 2007. Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). New York & Geneva:United Nations Publications.
  • Vinardell M, Macián M. 1994. Comparative study of the HET-CAM test and the Draize eye test for assessment of irritancy potential. Toxic In Vitro 8:467-470.
  • Vinardell MP, Mitjans M. 2006. The chorioallantoic membrane test as a model to predict the potential human eye irritation induced by commonly used laboratory solvents. Toxicol In Vitro 20:1066-1070.
  • Worth A, Cronin MTD. 2001. Prediction models for eye irritation potential based on endpoints of the HETCAM and neutral red uptake tests. In Vitro Molecular Toxicol 14:143-156.

Supplemental References

  • Boue-Grabot M, Bernardin G, Chaumond S, Pinon JF. 1995. Alternative methods: hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane and in vitro cytotoxicity - a complementary approach. Intl J Cosmetic Science 17:207-215.
  • Budai P, Varnagy L, Fejes S, Somlyay IM, Linczmayer K, Pongracz A. 2004. Irritative effects of some pesticides and a technical component on tissue structure of the chorioallantoic membrane. Comm App Biol Sci, Ghent University 69:807-809.
  • Chiou GCY. 1999. Ophthalmic Toxicology - Target Organ Toxicology Series (Hayes AW, Thomas JA, Gardner DG, series eds). Philadelphia, PA: CRC Press.
  • Gettings S, Lordo R, Demetrulias J, Feder PI, Hintze KL. 1996. Comparison of low-volume, Draize and in vitro eye irritation test data. I. Hydroalcoholic formulations. Food Chem Toxicol 34:737-749.
  • Heppenheimer A, Poth A, Fautz R, Fuchs A. 2007. Comparative evaluation of cosmetic formulations with different alternative methods for eye irritation. AATEX 14:505-507.
  • Keith AB, De Propso J, Demetrulias J, Dreidger A, John FG, Grochoski G, et al. 1989. The SDA alternatives program: comparison of in vitro data with Draize test data. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 8:35-49.
  • Kramer A, Below H, Behrens-Baumann W, Muller G, Rudolph P, Reimer K. 2002. New aspects of the tolerance of the antiseptic povidone-iodine in different ex vivo models. Dermatology 204(suppl 1):86-91
  • Tavaszi J, Budai P. 2006. Toxicity study of agrochemicals on chorioallantoic membrane of the egg. Comm App Biol Sci, Ghent University 71:101-105.
  • Tavaszi J, Budai P. 2007. The use of HET-CAM test in detecting the ocular irritation. Comm App Biol Sci, Ghent University 72:137-141.
  • Tavaszi J, Budai P, Palovics A, Kismanyoki A. 2008. An alternative test battery in detecting ocular irritancy of agrochemicals. Comm App Biol Sci, Ghent University 73:891-895.
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