CALIPSO's First Images Offer New Dimension to Air Quality and Climate Research
07.24.06
The CALIPSO spacecraft collected its first data recently, a major milestone for one of NASA's newest satellite missions. CALIPSO, or Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations, seeks to reveal the secrets of clouds and aerosols, tiny particles suspended in the air, enabling scientists to study how they form, evolve and interact and how they affect our air quality, weather and climate.
Shown below is one of the satellite's first lidar images -- a unique vertical view of the atmosphere. CALIPSO's innovative lidar system is an active remote sensing technique, similar to radar in operation. The lidar emits short pulses of green and infrared light -- rather than the microwaves used by radar -- which are reflected from cloud and aerosol particles in the atmosphere. Each lidar sample produces a 300-feet wide snapshot or profile of the atmosphere. Profiles collected along an orbit are streamed together to paint a picture of what a vertical slice of our atmosphere looks like.
Image above: A lidar profile from the CALIPSO spacecraft, specifically the 523 nanometer Total Attenuated Backscatter. To view a higher resolution version with altitude information and latitude and longitude of the gathered data, click on the image. Credit: NASA Langley Research Center. Some features of the image are revealed when you scroll over it with your mouse. A browse version of this data image is also available as well: +Browse image
On June 7, during its first day of lidar operations, CALIPSO observed the layers of clouds and aerosols shown here in an orbit over eastern Asia, Indonesia and Australia. In the lower right hand portion of the figure you can see the trace of the changing surface elevation of the Australian continent, a low horizontal line. Just above the surface, in a layer several kilometers deep, a layer of aerosol particles is shown in shades of orange and red. The greenish-yellow and blue colors indicate the lidar signal reflected from air molecules. Clouds are especially easy to detect and are displayed by the brighter colors of pink and white. We can see that some of these clouds are quite dense because the region below them is shown as nearly black -- the light from the lidar cannot penetrate the thick clouds. Also visible are thin tropical cirrus clouds shown in greenish-blue, at a height of 12 to 15 kilometers (about 7 to 9 miles). There was a range bias at the time this data was acquired, so the ocean surface appears to be at an altitude of -500 meters (-1650 feet).
This image also illustrates an exciting feature of the CALIPSO satellite, the ability to detect and track volcanic plumes. On May 20, 2006, a major lava dome collapse took place at the Soufriere Hills Volcano on the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean Sea. The dome collapse involved an explosion that sent ash clouds to 17 kilometers (about 10.5 miles) high, probably entering the lower stratosphere. The sulfur dioxide column from this volcanic activity has been tracked by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura spacecraft for several weeks. On June 6 and 8, OMI observed the sulfur dioxide plume over Indonesia, and in the lidar curtain profile above you can see a thin scattering layer at an altitude of about 20 kilometers (about 12 miles). Because of the altitude and the correlation with the location of the plume, the very thin layer of clouds appears to be the aerosol component of the plume from Soufriere. The layer appears to be non-depolarizing, so it may be primarily composed of sulfuric acid droplets, rather than ash particles. Volcanic plumes such as this can be hazardous to air traffic if they cross air traffic lanes at the altitude where commercial aircraft fly. The ability of CALIPSO to observe the location, altitude, optical properties and movement of aerosols around the globe improves our ability to assess and forecast episodes of poor air quality.
Image above: Data from the OMI instrument on the Aura spacecraft, shown on the right, reveals a sulfur dioxide plume over Indonesia that originated from the volcanic activity of Soufriere on the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean. On the left is a closer image of the plume as seen by CALIPSO. Scientists believe that the thin, light blue cloud at the center of this image is a remnant of the Soufriere sulfur dioxide plume which has been converted into aerosols (tiny droplets) of dilute sulfuric acid. Click on the image to view a movie of the volcanic plume as it travels from the Caribbean to Indonesia. The OMI image was produced by the volcanic emissions group at UMBC (S.A. Carn, N.A. Krotkov, A.J. Krueger, K. Yang) using data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's EOS Aura satellite. OMI is built by Dutch/Finnish collaboration and is managed by KNMI and NIVR in the Netherlands. The CALIPSO image was produced by Kathy Powell, SAIC and NASA Langley Research Center. + View the OMI data in motion (small) + View the OMI data in motion (large)
By: Katie Lorentz NASA Langley Research Center
Media contacts: Chris Rink, Calipso (757) 864-6786 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.
Erica Hupp/Dwayne Brown (202) 358-1237/1726 NASA Headquarters, Washington
