|
|
Life in Old Babylonia: The Importance of Trade
Introduction
Trade was critical to Old Babylonia, where many highly prized natural resources were scarce but agricultural goods were in surplus. A vibrant trading system developed, bringing manufactured goods and raw materials from as far as Turkey, and even India, 1500 miles away. Trade became integral to the economy and the culture. In this lesson, students explore the trade industry in Old Babylonia and its far-flung influence.
Guiding Question
What connections existed between trade and the economic, cultural, and religious life of Old Babylonia?
Learning Objectives
Having completed the activities in this lesson, students should be able to:
- Provide examples from the archaeological record indicating the existence of a trade network in Old Babylonia and beyond
- Read maps and artifacts for information
- List goods imported to and exported from Babylonia
- Point out trading centers and sources of raw materials on a map of ancient Mesopotamia
- Analyze the influence of trade on the economy and culture of Old Babylonia
Background Information for the Teacher
The Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia lasted from about 2000 BCE to 1600 BCE. By about 1760 BCE, most of Mesopotamia was brought under Babylonian rule, largely through the conquests of Hammurabi, the sixth king in Babylon's First Dynasty. A famous and important source of information about life in Old Babylonia is the so-called "Code of Hammurabi" which indicates the importance of class divisions, family life, religion, and commerce. For more on life in Old Babylonia, see the complementary EDSITEment lesson Hammurabi's Code: What Does it Tell Us about Old Babylonia?.
Preparing to Teach this Lesson
Suggested Activities
Activity 1. How Do We Know the Babylonians Traded?
In this activity, students refer to a natural resource map of the region to learn the source of materials for Old Babylonian artifacts reviewed online.
Mesopotamia, a hot, dry region subject to floods, became fertile enough to produce a surplus of grain thanks largely to a system of canals first built perhaps a thousand years before the Old Babylonian period. In this way, agricultural products became available for trade. In general however, Old Babylonia had a dearth of natural resources. Ceramic bowls and figurines as well as bricks for buildings, were produced locally from clay. But clay was found throughout the Middle East. Bitumen, a naturally occurring residue from underground oil deposits used in construction and to waterproof boats, was one of the only other important natural resources in Old Babylonia. But artifacts recovered from the period often feature materials (such as gold) not readily found in Mesopotamia.
The Natural Resources Map, from the "Mesopotamia" site at the British Musuem, available through a link from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago, shows where many source of materials were located in the Middle East and beyond. Because some of the materials may be unfamiliar to your students, an explanation entitled Some Natural Resources Used in Old Babylonia is available in the downloadable PDF documents for this lesson.
All online maps referred to in this lesson are accessible through a link from the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago, unless otherwise noted.
- If the class needs context for the location of Babylonia, begin by showing
the "Modern
Political Map of the Middle East" on the overhead or the online Modern
Political Map. Students may be familiar with Baghdad and other cities
located in what was once Old Babylonia. Use the overlay map of Mesopotamia
in 1800 BCE or the online map Mesopotamia
in 1800 BCE from the British Museum site to compare the locations of ancient and modern cities and
countries/kingdoms. This is the area on which students will focus, in the
years from about 2000 BCE to 1600 BCE.
- For all classes, make the Natural Resources Map (available through a British Museum link from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago) available to the students online or in a printout. Review the map briefly, describing the natural resources as necessary. Conduct a general discussion about the information on the map:
- Which materials had to be imported in sea-worthy boats?
- Which materials could be imported using riverboats?
- Which materials had to be brought overland?
- Which materials came from especially great distances?
- Which materials would be relatively easy to transport? Relatively difficult?
- Students can now review the artifacts online independently using the EDSITEment Student LaunchPad. If students are unable to work online, print out images and information about each of the artifacts. Use the PDF Trade in Old Babylonia: An Exploration for Middle School Students as an alternative to the EDSITEment LaunchPad. Divide the class into small groups and assign each group one artifact. After students answer the questions about their artifact, groups may come together and present their findings to the rest of the class.
- A review of the artifacts proves that at least some natural resources were imported to Old Babylonia. But what indications point to the existence of a large-scale system of trade? Look at the ancient map of Nippur, a large Babylonian city, in Activity #2.
Activity 2. The Ancient Map of Nippur: What does it reveal?
Nippur, a principal religious center throughout the history of Mesopotamia, was the sacred city of the god Enlil, chief god in the Sumerian and Akkadian pantheon. Even after the Babylonians, through the expansion of their empire, made their chief god Marduk head of the pantheon, leaders still sent tribute to Nippur. In this activity students will use an ancient map of the city of Nippur to learn more about the impact of trade in Old Babylonia.
An ancient map of Nippur, available as an Interactive Map of Nippur from the PBS site, through the EDSITEment-reviewed Internet Public Library, reveals the impressive size (and presumably, the importance) of the religious center in Nippur as well as the infrastructure (such as docks and canals) of an important economic center. The Kassites, who were an important force in the region from the 16th to the 12th centuries BCE, took up residence in Nippur centuries after the city was abandoned, and created the ancient map of Nippur. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the city as it was in Old Babylonia. The Kassites built their new city on the remains of the old.
- Have students visit the Interactive Map of Nippur and read the accompanying text to gather information about the city of Nippur, to help them answer the questions in the quiz, Learning from The Ancient Nippur Map. Students should also refer to the natural resource maps from the previous activity where ever it may be helpful to answering the questions.
Note: Teachers of classes unable to use the Interactive Map of Nippur can use the Overlay of Ancient Nippur Map on Modern Topographic Plan of Site from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago. It shows the ancient Nippur map superimposed on a modern topographic archaeological plan of the site. This map may also be of interest to individuals in classes with online capabilities.
Activity 3. Far-Reaching Trade
Now that students have viewed some evidence in the archaeological record showing that trade was important in Old Babylonia, they will explore the impact of trade on Old Babylonia. Through an historically accurate but hypothetical interactive web activity structured as a choose-your-own adventure story, students will join a merchant on a journey to trade goods in a foreign city.
Trade touched virtually every aspect of life in Old Babylonia (ca. 2000 BCE-1600
BCE). Industries critical to trade--boat building, for example—flourished.
Kings supported trade by developing an infrastructure (such as docks and canals)
too expensive or complex to be built by any other entity in Old Babylonia. Kings
were in turn supported through customs levies and the influx of materials such
as bronze. While on extended journeys, traders made pilgrimages to religious
shrines, which became important economic centers. Wealthy kings also paid offerings
to religious centers. Not every trader journey was an extended one, however,
and some goods passed through numerous hands on much shorter journeys before
reaching their destination. In addition to commercial imports, traders brought
back to Babylonia cultural items and ideas from distant lands, and these ideas
had an impact on the development of Babylonian culture. The cultural meaning
of many of these items was likely affected by the method of trade that brought
the objects to Babylonia, such as whether or not it arrived with people by whom
it was made, gathered, or harvested, or whether it arrived through a series
of middle men.
Note: Dilmun, likely the present day island nation Bahrain, was a critical crossroads on the trade routes between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley of present day Pakistan and northern India.
- Assign class members to three or six groups. Each group follows one of three traders in the Trade and Transport Story (from the British Museum's "Mesopotamia" site accessible through a link from The Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago). The students' task is to look for connections between trade and religion, culture, and the broader economy. If desired, students can use the graphic organizer, Trade Connections, found in the lesson's downloadable PDF.
Students should look for incidents in the story such as those in which:
- the merchants benefit other businesses—for example, through the purchase
of supplies—thereby stimulating the economy.
- levies are paid to the government.
- offerings are given to the religious temple.
- characters learn new things in their travels they might bring home with
them. This represents a cultural exchange from one group of people to another.
- As a group follows a trader, it can explore all of the choices presented
in the online activity, but must eventually follow the trader to the final
destination. After the groups work on their own, bring the class together.
Someone from each group should briefly summarize their merchant's journey.
Then have each group share at least one example in each category showing the
influence of trade on life in Old Babylonia. Compile the examples on a large
chart using the categories on the graphic organizer.
Assessment
Ask students to write a brief essay about the importance of trade in Old Babylonia. Their essay should concentrate on one of the following questions:
- How do we know that trade occurred?
- What materials were traded?
- In what ways does the archaeological record indicate that the central government considered trade important?
- What are the likely ways trade had a strong influence on other parts of the economy?
- What are the connections between trade and organized religion? Students should cite specific evidence for their assertions from the archaeological record and from the trade stories they read and shared.
Students should think about the following issues while writing their essays:
- some materials imported by traders and their uses;
- how trade was supported in Babylonia;
- the influence of trade on aspects of life in Babylonia not directly related to trade, such as religion, culture, government, and the economy.
They should use all of the information that they have gathered while completing this lesson, and use examples from what they have read in their essays.
Extending the Lesson
- The Oriental Institute:
The University of Chicago offers separate lists for students and teachers
of Recommended
Reading on the Ancient Near East.
- Many scholars suggest that one motivation for city-states in Mesopotamian
to expand through conquest was a desire to own important natural resources.
After 1800 BCE, Hammurabi greatly expanded the city-state of Babylon into
the Babylonian empire. We have no way, at present, of knowing with any certainty
the reasons for Hammurabi's conquests. His motivations, therefore, are open
to hypothesis. Compare the following three maps (available at a link
from the British Museum's "Mesopotamia" site through The Oriental Institute:
The University of Chicago):
In what ways does a comparison of the maps indicate the possibility that the
pursuit of natural resources or control of the trade in natural resources
may have been a factor in Hammurabi's conquests?
- One significant feature of Nippur was a large ziggurat, a temple built atop
a stepped platform. For more detail on ziggurats consult the web page Ziggurats,
accessible through a link from The
Oriental Institute: The University of Chicago.
Selected EDSITEment Websites
|