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Astronaut Photography of Earth - Display Record

ISS019-E-5501

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	File Name	File Size (bytes)	Width	Height	Annotated	Cropped	Purpose	Comments
View	ISS019-E-5501.JPG	78129	640	437	No	No
View	ISS019-E-5501.JPG	242196	540	371	Yes	Yes	NASA's Earth Observatory web site

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Request	ISS019-E-5501.JPG	1368185	4288	2929	No	No

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Identification

Mission: ISS019 Roll: E Frame: 5501 Mission ID on the Film or image: ISS019
Country or Geographic Name: CROATIA
Features: SPLIT, BRACKI CHAN.,MTS.,ROADS
Center Point Latitude: 43.5 Center Point Longitude: 16.5 (Negative numbers indicate south for latitude and west for longitude)
Stereo: (Yes indicates there is an adjacent picture of the same area)
ONC Map ID: JNC Map ID:

Camera

Camera Tilt: 29
Camera Focal Length: 180mm
Camera: N2: Nikon D2Xs
Film: 4288E : 4288 x 2848 pixel CMOS sensor, RGBG imager color filter.

Quality

Film Exposure:
Percentage of Cloud Cover: 10 (0-10)

Nadir

Date: 20090409 (YYYYMMDD)GMT Time: 085237 (HHMMSS)
Nadir Point Latitude: 44.0, Longitude: 18.2 (Negative numbers indicate south for latitude and west for longitude)
Nadir to Photo Center Direction: West
Sun Azimuth: 136 (Clockwise angle in degrees from north to the sun measured at the nadir point)
Spacecraft Altitude: 190 nautical miles (352 km)
Sun Elevation Angle: 46 (Angle in degrees between the horizon and the sun, measured at the nadir point)
Orbit Number: 3512

Captions

Dalmatian Coastline near Split, Croatia

One the world’s most rugged coastlines is located in Croatia along the Adriatic Sea. This astronaut photograph features the Dalmatian coastline of Croatia around the city of Split. Much of the region’s topography is characterized by northwest-southeast-oriented islands and embayments of the Adriatic Sea. These distinctive coastal land forms result from faulting (caused by tectonic activity in the region) and sea level rise since the end of the last ice age.

Split has a long history of human settlement. The Roman Emperor Diocletian retired to Spalatum (present-day Split) in 305, and his palace constitutes the core of the city today. The city is a popular resort destination for its historic sites, Mediterranean climate, and ready access to Adriatic Sea islands (such as Braè, to the south). Other large cities in the region include Kaštela and Trogir; together with Split, these form an almost continuous urban corridor along the coast (visible as pink regions in the image).

A thin zone of disturbed water (tan patches) marking a water boundary appears in the Adriatic Sea between Split and the island of Braè. It may be a plankton bloom or a line of convergence between water masses, which creates rougher water. A unique combination of features—including dramatic topography that channels local winds, the complicated coastline, input of fresh water from rivers, and ample nutrients and natural surface oils—produce interesting mesoscale surface dynamics throughout the Adriatic Sea. Over the years, astronauts have taken images of the Split region using sunglint (the mirror-like reflection of the Sun off water) and changes in water color to highlight features like eddies, water boundaries and mixing zones between fresh waters flowing into the saltier (denser) waters of the Adriatic, and wind-driven surface currents.

Split is an important transit center connecting islands in the Adriatic Sea to the Italian peninsula, and it is an important regional manufacturing center of goods such as solar cells, plastics, and paper products. The city was heavily industrialized during the post-World War II period as a member state of Yugoslavia. By the 1980s, the marine environment bordered by Split, Kaštela, and Trogir (known as Kaštela Bay) had become one of the most polluted areas of the Adriatic, both from sewage and industrial pollution. Concerted efforts by the Croatian government and international partners to improve waste handling and treatment infrastructure over the past 10 years seem to have been successful in improving water quality.

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