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To provide needed increased security protection of sensitive, unclassified information in federal computer systems, NIST's Information Technology Laboratory recently took steps to enhance two Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS): FIPS 46-2, Data Encryption Standard, and FIPS 186, Digital Signature Standard. These two standards are discussed below. DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD On January 15, 1999, a Federal Register notice announced the Draft FIPS 46-3, Data Encryption Standard, and requested comments from industry, government agencies, and the public on the draft standard. The Data Encryption Standard (DES) provides specifications for the Data Encryption Algorithm and is used by federal agencies (and others outside the government) for the protection of sensitive information. The DES, currently specified in FIPS 46-2, was due for review in December 1998. NIST proposes replacing FIPS 46-2 with FIPS 46-3 to provide for the use of Triple DES as specified in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X9.52 standard. Background FIPS 46, Data Encryption Standard, first issued in 1977, specifies the Data Encryption Algorithm for the cryptographic protection of computer data. The standard provided that it be reviewed within five (5) years to assess its adequacy. The first review was completed in 1983, and the standard was reaffirmed for federal government use (48 FR 41062). The second review was completed in 1987, and the standard was again reaffirmed for federal government use (52 FR 7006) and re-issued as FIPS 46-1 with minor editorial updating. The third review was completed in 1993, and the standard was reaffirmed as FIPS 46-2 for federal government use (58 FR 69347). In addition to hardware implementations, FIPS 46-2 provided for software implementations of the DES. NIST now proposes to replace FIPS 46-2 with FIPS 46-3 to also allow for the use of Triple DES as described in ANSI X9.52. When DES was reaffirmed in 1993, NIST stated in the announcement that NIST would "consider alternatives which offer a higher level of security" at the next review in 1998. After the first exhaustion of a DES key, NIST advised federal organizations that DES, properly used, still provided adequate security for many applications. At that time, NIST also stated that organizations needing security beyond that provided by the DES could use Triple DES as specified in ANSI X9.52. NIST worked with the financial community to develop this standard. Triple DES is a method for using the DES algorithm in three operations. These operations have been documented and specified as an American National Standard (ANSI X9.52) by Accredited Standards Committee X9 for Financial Services, which develops cryptography and public key infrastructure standards. The American Bankers Association is the secretariat for X9. See below for ordering information for the X9.52 standard. Additionally, knowing that the DES' security life was nearing an end, NIST has been working with industry and the cryptographic community to develop an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for the 21st century. On January 2, 1997, NIST announced the initiation of an effort to develop the AES (62 FR 93). It is intended that the AES will specify an unclassified, publicly disclosed encryption algorithm capable of protecting sensitive government information well into the next century. Unfortunately, since it takes a substantial amount of time to gain confidence in a new encryption algorithm, the AES is not expected to be a fully developed FIPS for some time to come. Information on NIST's multi-year effort to develop the AES can be obtained at http://www.nist.gov/aes. Use of Triple DES Recently, claims have been made of a special-purpose hardware-based attack on the DES. In light of this most recent attack, NIST can no longer support the use of the DES for many applications. As with other security tools, encryption must balance cost against risk. The recent brute force exhaustion attack by a "cracking machine" costing $250,000 took 56 hours to crack a single message. With this special-purpose technology, the average time of cracking per message would be twice that, since only a quarter of all keys were tested. In some cases this kind of attack may not pose an immediate or significant threat -- for example where short-term protection of perishable information is desired. However, advances in technology are likely to further reduce the average cracking time. Therefore, NIST recommends the following:
These recommendations are reflected in the proposed draft FIPS 46-3 by recognizing Triple DES, as described in ANSI X9.52, as a FIPS-approved algorithm. Comments and Ordering Information Comments on the proposed draft FIPS 46-3 must be received on or before April 15, 1999. Written comments concerning this standard should be sent to:
Comments may also be sent electronically to: desreview@nist.gov. Interested parties may order
a copy of FIPS 46-2 from the
Copies of FIPS 46-2 and its proposed replacement (Draft FIPS 46-3) are available electronically at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips. Ordering information for the ANSI X9.52 (Triple DES) standard is available from American Bankers Assoc./DC, X9 Customer Service Dept., P.O. Box 79064, Baltimore, MD 21279-0064, telephone 1-800-338-0626. For more information, contact Miles Smid, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, STOP 8930, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930; telephone (301) 975-2938 or fax (301) 926-2733. DIGITAL SIGNATURE STANDARD A Federal Register notice of December 15, 1998, announced that the Secretary of Commerce had approved an interim final standard FIPS 186-1, Digital Signature Standard, and requested comments from the public, academic and research communities, manufacturers, voluntary standards organizations, and federal, state, and local government organizations. This interim final standard allows for both the use of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X9.31 standard by federal organizations. The X9.31 standard describes the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) digital signature technique. The effective date of the interim final standard is December 15, 1998. Background On May 10, 1994, the Secretary of Commerce approved FIPS 186, Digital Signature Standard, which specifies a single technique for the generation and verification of digital signatures. Recently, another technique, known as RSA, was approved as the X9.31 standard [X9.31-1998 Digital Signatures Using Reversible Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry (rDSA)] by ANSI. A second standard, based upon a technique known as elliptic curve, is expected to be completed and approved by ANSI in the near future. Agencies have expressed considerable interest to NIST in using these technologies. On May 13, 1997, NIST published a Federal Register notice soliciting comments on amending FIPS 186 to allow for the use of other techniques, specifically mentioning RSA and elliptic curve (but not with detailed specifications as now exist for RSA in the ANSI X9.31 standard). The public comments overwhelmingly supported revising FIPS 186 to include these additional algorithms. RSA, which has withstood widespread scrutiny by the cryptographic research community, is available in many commercial products. NIST believes it to be robust and sufficiently strong for use by federal agencies. Interim Modification to FIPS 186 Following ANSI's recent approval of the ANSI X9.31 standard, the Secretary of Commerce approved an interim modification to FIPS 186 (FIPS 186-1) to approve the use of the digital signature technique specified in X9.31 in addition to the algorithm currently specified in FIPS 186. The Secretary's decision revises the old FIPS 186 by adding the following statements into the new FIPS 186-1:
The standard has also been modified to reflect the availability of conformity testing for DSA implementations. (ANSI's conformity testing program for X9.31 implementations is not yet in place.) Minor language modifications (e.g., indicating that two algorithms are now approved) and other administrative updates have also been made to the standard. Since ANSI's conformance testing program for the X9.31 standard is not yet in place, federal agencies are advised, in the interim, to acquire products that vendors hold out as in conformance with ANSI X9.31. Agencies will be advised by NIST when a conformance testing program is in effect. Comments and Ordering Information Comments are due on or before March 15, 1999. These comments will assist NIST in making a recommendation to the Secretary of Commerce regarding a final decision. Comments should be sent to:
Comments may also be sent electronically to fips186rsa@nist.gov. Specifications of FIPS 186 (and FIPS 186-1) are available electronically at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/. Ordering information for the ANSI X9.31 standard is available from American Bankers Assoc./DC, X9 Customer Service Dept., P.O. Box 79064, Baltimore, MD 21279- 0064, telephone 1-800-338-0626. For more information, contact Edward Roback, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, STOP 8930, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930; telephone (301) 975-3696 or fax (301) 926-2733.
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