Also called: Also called: Renal disease
Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fists. They are located near the middle of your back, just below the rib cage. Inside each kidney about a million tiny structures called nephrons filter blood. They remove waste products and extra water, which become urine. The urine flows through tubes called ureters to your bladder, which stores the urine until you go to the bathroom.
Damage to the nephrons results in kidney disease. This damage may leave kidneys unable to remove wastes. Usually the damage occurs slowly over years. There are no obvious symptoms, so you don't know it is happening.
Many things can cause kidney disease. You are at risk if you have
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- A close family member with kidney disease
Your doctor can run tests to find out if you have kidney disease. If your kidneys fail completely, a kidney transplant or dialysis can replace the work your kidneys normally do.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
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Chronic Kidney Disease(American Academy of Family Physicians) - http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/kidney/832.printerview.html
Also available in Spanish http://familydoctor.org/online/famdoces/home/common/kidney/832.printerview.html
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Kidney Disease Overview
(National Kidney Disease Education Program) - http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/patients/
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Kidneys and How They Work(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/yourkidneys/
Also available in Spanish http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/yourkids/
- Kidney and Urinary Tract Function, Disorders, and Diseases(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/kidney.html
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Kidney and Urologic Diseases(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/index.asp
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Protect Your Kidneys(National Kidney Disease Education Program) - http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/kidneymonth/
- Chronic Kidney Disease Raises Risk for Some Cancers(05/01/2009, HealthDay) - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_83704.html
- Kidney Ailments May Rise Along with Blood Pressure(03/27/2009, HealthDay) - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_82235.html
- Mental Problems Common in Teen Kidney Recipients(02/19/2009, Reuters Health) - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_80724.html
- More News on Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_k.html#kidneydiseases
- 10 Symptoms of Kidney Disease(Life Options Rehabilitation Program) - http://www.lifeoptions.org/kidneyinfo/ckdinfo.php?page=4
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Abdominal Ultrasound(American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America) - http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=abdominus&bhcp=1
Also available in Spanish http://www.radiologyinfo.org/sp/info.cfm?pg=abdominus
- Albumin Test(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/albumin/test.html
- Alport Syndrome Diagnosis(Alport Syndrome Foundation) - http://www.alportsyndrome.org/alport-sub/alport_syndrome_diagnosis.html
- Blood in Urine (Hematuria)(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) - http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/blood-in-urine/DS01013/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print
- BUN Test(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/bun/test.html
- Calcium Test(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/calcium/test.html
- Creatinine(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/creatinine/test.html
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Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/cystoscopy/
- eGFR(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/gfr/test.html
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Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/hematuria/
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Intravenous Pyelogram
(Patient Education Institute) - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/ivp/htm/index.htm
Also available in Spanish http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/tutorials/ivpspanish/htm/index.htm -
Kidney Biopsy(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/biopsy/
- Magnesium Test(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/magnesium/test.html
- Microalbumin and Microalbumin/Creatinine Ratio(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/microalbumin/test.html
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Microscopic Hematuria(American Academy of Family Physicians) - http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/kidney/467.printerview.html
Also available in Spanish http://familydoctor.org/online/famdoces/home/common/kidney/467.printerview.html
- Total Protein and Albumin/Globulin Ratio Test(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/tp/test.html
- Urine Protein and Urine Protein to Creatinine Ratio(American Association for Clinical Chemistry) - http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/urine_protein/test.html
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ACE Inhibitors(Consumers Union of U.S.) - http://www.consumerreports.org/health/best-buy-drugs/ace-inhibitors.htm
Also available in Spanish http://www.consumerreports.org/health/resources/pdf/best-buy-drugs/2pager_SpanishACEIs.pdf
- Alport Syndrome Treatment(Alport Syndrome Foundation) - http://www.alportsyndrome.org/alport-sub/alport_syndrome_treatment.html
- Renal Artery Stenosis Treatments(Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality) - http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/healthInfo.cfm?infotype=sg&DocID=6&ProcessID=10
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Make the Kidney Connection: Diabetes & High Blood Pressure(National Kidney Disease Education Program) - http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/resources/make_the_kidney_connection.htm
- Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease(Life Options Rehabilitation Program) - http://www.lifeoptions.org/kidneyinfo/ckdinfo.php?page=3
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Dandelion(National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine) - http://nccam.nih.gov/health/dandelion/
- Dining Out with Confidence(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=42
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Nutrition for Early Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults(National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/NutritionEarlyCKD/index.htm
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Nutrition for Later Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults(National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/NutritionLateCKD/index.htm
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Nutrition in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease(National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/NutritionChildrenCKD/index.htm
- Renal Diet for Vegetarians: Choosing the Right Proteins(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) - http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/renal-diet/AN01465/METHOD=print
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Vitamins and Minerals in Kidney Disease(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=117
Also available in Spanish http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItemSP.cfm?id=12
- Working with Kidney Disease: Rehabilitation and Employment(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=119
- Coping Effectively: A Guide for Patients and Their Families(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=100
- What You Can Do(Life Options Rehabilitation Program) - http://www.lifeoptions.org/kidneyinfo/ckdinfo.php?page=6
- About Alport Syndrome(Alport Syndrome Foundation) - http://www.alportsyndrome.org/alport_syndrome.html
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Amyloidosis and Kidney Disease(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/amyloidosis/
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Chronic Kidney Disease(American Academy of Family Physicians) - http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/kidney/832.printerview.html
Also available in Spanish http://familydoctor.org/online/famdoces/home/common/kidney/832.printerview.html
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Glomerular Diseases(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/glomerular/
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Goodpasture's Syndrome(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/goodpasture/
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IgA Nephropathy(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/iganephropathy/
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Interstitial Nephritis(American Academy of Family Physicians) - http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/kidney/818.printerview.html
Also available in Spanish http://familydoctor.org/online/famdoces/home/common/kidney/818.printerview.html
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JAMA Patient Page: Renal Artery Stenosis(American Medical Association) - Links to PDF - http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/300/17/2084.pdf
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Lupus Nephritis(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/lupusnephritis/
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Medullary Sponge Kidney(National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/medullaryspongekidney/
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Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/nephrotic/
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Polycystic Kidney Disease(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/polycystic/
- Renal Dysplasia and Cystic Disease(American Urological Association) - http://urologyhealth.org/adult/index.cfm?cat=02&topic=119
- Renal Fusion (Horseshoe Kidney)(American Urological Association) - http://urologyhealth.org/adult/index.cfm?cat=02&topic=121
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Renal Tubular Acidosis(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/tubularacidosis/
- Renovascular Conditions(Society for Vascular Surgery) - http://www.vascularweb.org/patients/NorthPoint/Renovascular_Conditions.html
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Simple Kidney Cysts(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/cysts/
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Solitary Kidney(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/solitarykidney/
- Tubular and Cystic Kidney Disorders(Merck & Co., Inc.) - http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec11/ch146/ch146a.html
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African Americans and Kidney Disease(National Kidney Disease Education Program) - http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/news/campaign/african_americans.htm
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Analgesic Nephropathy (Painkillers and the Kidneys)(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/analgesicnephropathy/
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Anemia in Kidney Disease and Dialysis(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/anemia/
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Chronic Kidney Disease: A Family Affair(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/chronickidneydiseases/
- Ectopic Kidneys(American Urological Association) - http://urologyhealth.org/adult/index.cfm?cat=02&topic=122
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High Blood Pressure and Kidney Disease(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/highblood/
Also available in Spanish http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/highblood/index.htm
- Keeping Your Heart Healthy When You Have Chronic Kidney Disease (Stages 1-4): What You Should Know about Lipids(National Kidney Foundation) - Large PDF file - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/pdf/hearthealthyCKDLipids.pdf
- Kidney (Renal) Trauma(American Urological Association) - http://urologyhealth.org/adult/index.cfm?cat=02&topic=175
- Kidney School(Life Options Rehabilitation Program) - http://www.kidneyschool.org/
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Make Health a Family Reunion Affair(National Kidney Disease Education Program) - Links to PDF - http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/familyreunion/docs/nkdep_fr_guide_approach1_508.pdf
- Planning for Natural Disasters and Other Types of Emergencies: A Guide for Kidney Patients(National Kidney Foundation) - Large PDF file - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/pdf/DisasterBrochure.pdf
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Proteinuria(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/proteinuria/
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Renal Osteodystrophy(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/renalosteodystrophy/
- Sexuality and Chronic Kidney Disease(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=108
- Staying Fit with Kidney Disease(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=112
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Talking to Your Doctor about Kidney Disease(National Kidney Disease Education Program) - http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/patients/talk_doctor.htm
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Talking to Your Family about Kidney Disease(National Kidney Disease Education Program) - http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/patients/kidney_disease_family.htm
- Understanding High Phosporus and Your Treatment Options(American Association of Kidney Patients) - Links to PDF - http://www.aakp.org/library/attachments/Understanding%20High%20Phosphorus.pdf
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Use of Herbal Supplements in Chronic Kidney Disease(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=123
Also available in Spanish http://www.kidney.org/ATOZ/atozItemSP.cfm?id=11
- Kidney Quiz(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/images/kidney_quiz.swf
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Intravenous Pyelogram(Patient Education Institute) - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/ivp/htm/index.htm
Also available in Spanish http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/tutorials/ivpspanish/htm/index.htm
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Kidney Disease
(National Institute on Aging) - http://nihseniorhealth.gov/kidneydisease/toc.html
- What Is Polycystic Kidney Disease?(Dolan DNA Learning Center) - http://www.yourgenesyourhealth.org/pkd/whatisit.htm
- Pediatric Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty(OR-Live) - One hour program - http://www.or-live.com/distributors/NLM/rnh.cfm?id=189
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Kidneys and How They Work(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/yourkidneys/
Also available in Spanish http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/spanish/pubs/yourkids/
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Kidneys and Urinary Tract(Nemours Foundation) - http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/kidneys_urinary.html
Also available in Spanish http://kidshealth.org/parent/en_espanol/general/kidneys_urinary_esp.html#
- Kidney Drug Medicare Coverage(Kidney Medicare Drugs Awareness and Education Initiative) - http://www.kidneydrugcoverage.org/
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ClinicalTrials.gov: Kidney Diseases(National Institutes of Health) - http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition=%22Kidney+Diseases%22
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ClinicalTrials.gov: Nephritis(National Institutes of Health) - http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition=%22Nephritis%22
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ClinicalTrials.gov: Polycystic Kidney Diseases(National Institutes of Health) - http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition=%22Polycystic+Kidney+Diseases%22
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Genetics Home Reference: Alport syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=alportsyndrome
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Genetics Home Reference: Branchiootorenal syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=branchiootorenalsyndrome
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Genetics Home Reference: Cystinosis(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=cystinosis
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Genetics Home Reference: Lowe syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=lowesyndrome
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Genetics Home Reference: Nail-patella syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=nailpatellasyndrome
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Genetics Home Reference: Polycystic kidney disease(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=polycystickidneydisease
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Genetics Home Reference: Primary hyperoxaluria(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=primaryhyperoxaluria
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Genetics Home Reference: Renal coloboma syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=renalcolobomasyndrome
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Genetics Home Reference: Townes-Brocks Syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=townesbrockssyndrome
- Malfunctioning Kidneys May Raise Risk of Sudden Death in Women(American Heart Association) - http://americanheart.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=389
References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)
- Article: The feasibility of measuring renal blood flow using transesophageal echocardiography... - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=19372314&tool=MedlinePlus
- Article: The role of biotransformation enzymes in the development of renal... - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=19365519&tool=MedlinePlus
- Article: Role of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and cystatin C to... - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=19361601&tool=MedlinePlus
- Kidney Diseases -- see more articles - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term=kidney+diseases[majr:noexp]+AND+english[la]+AND+humans[mh]+AND+(jsubsetk[text]+OR+guideline[pt]+OR+patient+education+handout[pt]+OR+clinical+trial[pt]+OR+review[pt]+OR+jsubsetaim[text]+OR+jsubsetn[text])+NOT+(letter[pt]+OR+editorial[pt]+OR+case+reports[pt])&doptcmdl=summary&cmd_current=Limits&pmfilter_EDatLimit=last+1+Year&tool=MedlinePlus
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Kidney Diseases Dictionary
(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/kdictionary/
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Directory of Kidney and Urologic Diseases Organizations(National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/resources/organizations.htm
- Find a Urologist(American Urological Association) - http://www.urologyhealth.org/find_urologist/html/index.asp
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases - http://www.niddk.nih.gov/
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National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/
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National Kidney Disease Education Program - http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/
- National Kidney Foundation - http://www.kidney.org/
- AAKP Kidney Beginnings: The Electronic Newsletter(American Association of Kidney Patients) - http://www.aakp.org/newsletters/KB--Electronic-Newsletter/
- E-Kidney Newsletter(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/news/newsletters.cfm
- Renal Flash(American Association of Kidney Patients) - http://www.aakp.org/newsletters/Renal-Flash/
- FastStats: Kidney Disease(National Center for Health Statistics) - http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/kidbladd.htm
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Kidney and Urologic Diseases Statistics for the United States(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/kustats/
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Kidney Disease and Diabetes: What You Need to Know - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/winter08/articles/winter08pg8.html
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Kidney Disease: Early Detection and Treatment - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/winter08/articles/winter08pg9-10.html
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Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/childkidneydiseases/nephrotic_syndrom/
- Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: Tips for Parents(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=52
- Chronic Kidney Diseases(Nemours Foundation) - http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/bladder/kidney_conditions.html
- Detecting Kidney and Urinary Tract Abnormalities Before Birth(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=57
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Growth Failure in Children with Kidney Disease(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/childkidneydiseases/growthfailure/
- High Blood Pressure and Chronic Kidney Disease in Children: A Guide for Parents(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=164
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Nutrition in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease(National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/NutritionChildrenCKD/index.htm
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Overview of Kidney Diseases in Children(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/childkidneydiseases/overview/
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Ureterocele(American Urological Association) - http://www.urologyhealth.org/adult/index.cfm?cat=01&topic=142&x=14&y=13
Also available in Spanish http://urologyhealth.org/espanol/espanol.cfm?topic=142
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Urine Blockage in Newborns(National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/newborns/
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Vesicoureteral Reflux(National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) - http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/vesicoureteralreflux/
- When Your Child Has a Chronic Kidney Disease(Nemours Foundation) - http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/kidney/chronic_kidney_disease.html
- Your Child Has Hydronephrosis(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=151
- Chronic Kidney Conditions(Nemours Foundation) - http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/urinary/kidney.html
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Kidneys and Urinary Tract(Nemours Foundation) - http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/kidneys.html
Also available in Spanish http://kidshealth.org/teen/en_espanol/cuerpo/kidneys_esp.html
- Pregnancy and Kidney Disease(National Kidney Foundation) - http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=104
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Kidney Disease(National Institute on Aging) - http://nihseniorhealth.gov/kidneydisease/toc.html
- Kidney Cancer - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneycancer.html
- Kidney Failure - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html
- Kidney Stones - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneystones.html
- Kidney Transplantation - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneytransplantation.html
- Urine and Urination - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urineandurination.html
- Kidneys and Urinary System - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneysandurinarysystem.html
The primary NIH organization for research on Kidney Diseases is the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases - http://www.niddk.nih.gov/
Kidney Diseases - Multiple Languages - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/languages/kidneydiseases.html