| Objectivity and Ethics in Environmental Health Science Steve Wing Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Abstract
During the past several decades, philosophers of science and scientists themselves have become increasingly aware of the complex ways in which scientific knowledge is shaped by its social context. This awareness has called into question traditional notions of objectivity. Working scientists need an understanding of their own practice that avoids the naïve myth that science can become objective by avoiding social influences as well as the reductionist view that its content is determined simply by economic interests. A nuanced perspective on this process can improve research ethics and increase the capacity of science to contribute to equitable public policy, especially in areas such as environmental and occupational health, which have direct implications for profits, regulation, legal responsibility, and social justice. I discuss research into health effects of the 1979 accident at Three Mile Island near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA, as an example of how scientific explanations are shaped by social concepts, norms, and preconceptions. I describe how a scientific practice that developed under the influence of medical and nuclear physics interacted with observations made by exposed community members to affect research questions, the interpretation of evidence, inferences about biological mechanisms in disease causation, and the use of evidence in litigation. By considering the history and philosophy of their disciplines, practicing researchers can increase the rigor, objectivity, and social responsibility of environmental health science. Key words: cancer, chance, dose reconstruction, environmental justice, epidemiology, ionizing radiation, research ethics, significance testing, Three Mile Island. Environ Health Perspect 111:1809-1818 (2003) . doi:10.1289/ehp.6200 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 19 June 2003] This article is part of the mini-monograph "Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues in Environmental Health Research." Address correspondence to S. Wing, Dept. of Epidemiology, 2101F McGavran-Greenberg Hall, School of Public Health, CB#7435, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-7416. Fax: (919) 966-2089. E-mail: steve_wing@unc.edu Several colleagues and anonymous peer reviewers provided excellent critical comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. I am indebted to the many people whose lives were affected directly and indirectly by the accident at Three Mile Island and especially to Marjorie and Norman Aamodt. This work was supported by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Grant Program on Research Ethics 1T15 AA149650 and by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grants R25-ES08206 and R25-ES12079. The author declares he has no conflict of interest. Received 7 January 2003 ; accepted 16 June 2003.
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