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Research
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Consistent Pulmonary and Systemic Responses from Inhalation of Fine Concentrated Ambient Particles: Roles of Rat Strains Used and Physicochemical Properties Urmila P. Kodavanti,1 Mette C. Schladweiler,1 Allen
D. Ledbetter,1 John K. McGee,1 Leon Walsh,1 Peter
S. Gilmour,2 Jerry W. Highfill,1 David Davies,1 Kent
E. Pinkerton,3 Judy H. Richards,1 Kay Crissman,1 Debora
Andrews,1 and Daniel L. Costa1 1Pulmonary Toxicology Branch, Experimental Toxicology Division,
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, USA; 2Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma,
and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; 3Center for Health and the
Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA Abstract Several studies have reported health effects of concentrated ambient particles (CAP) in rodents and humans ; however, toxicity end points in rodents have provided inconsistent results. In 2000 we conducted six 1-day exposure studies where spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were exposed to filtered air or CAPs (≤ 2.5 µm, 1,138-1,765 µg/m3) for 4 hr (analyzed 1-3 hr afterward) . In seven 2-day exposure studies in 2001, SH and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were exposed to filtered air or CAP (≤ 2.5 µm, 144-2,758 µg/m3) for 4 hr/day 2 days (analyzed 1 day afterward) . Despite consistent and high CAP concentrations in the 1-day exposure studies, no biologic effects were noted. The exposure concentrations varied among the seven 2-day exposure studies. Except in the first study when CAP concentration was highest, lavageable total cells and macrophages decreased and neutrophils increased in WKY rats. SH rats demonstrated a consistent increase of lavage fluid -glutamyltransferase activity and plasma fibrinogen. Inspiratory and expiratory times increased in SH but not in WKY rats. Significant correlations were found between CAP mass (microgram per cubic meter) and sulfate, organic carbon, or zinc. No biologic effects correlated with CAP mass. Despite low chamber mass in the last six of seven 2-day exposure studies, the levels of zinc, copper, and aluminum were enriched severalfold, and organic carbon was increased to some extent when expressed per milligram of CAP. Biologic effects were evident in those six studies. These studies demonstrate a pattern of rat strain-specific pulmonary and systemic effects that are not linked to high mass but appear to be dependent on CAP chemical composition. Key words: concentrated ambient particles, fibrinogen, -glutamyltransferase, hypertensive rats, lung inflammation, macrophages, neutrophils, Wistar Kyoto rats. Environ Health Perspect 113:1561-1568 (2005) . doi:10.1289/ehp.7868 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 27 June 2005] Address correspondence to U.P. Kodavanti, Pulmonary Toxicology Branch, MD: B143-01, Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-4963. Fax: (919) 541-0026. E-mail: Kodavanti.urmila@epa.gov Supplemental Material available online (http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2005/7868/supp.pdf) . We thank D. Doerfler (U.S. EPA) and J. Boere, (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands) for statistical analysis of the data. E. Lappi of the U.S. EPA provided technical help during exposures. D. Smith of Sunset Laboratory (Tigard, Oregon, USA) determined organic and elemental carbon content of particulates. F. Weber (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA) performed inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy and ion chromatography analysis of particulate extracts. J. Hovel (Computer Sciences Corporation, Sterling, Virginia) is acknowledged for preparing the superimposed map of weather trajectories. We also thank L. Birnbaum, J. Samet, and W. Russo (U.S. EPA) for their critical review of the manuscript. The research described in this article has been reviewed by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and the policies of the agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The authors declare they have no competing financial interests. Received 16 December 2004 ; accepted 27 June 2005. |
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Last Updated: March 10, 2006
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