| Chlorpyrifos Accumulation Patterns for Child-Accessible Surfaces and Objects and Urinary Metabolite Excretion by Children for 2 Weeks after Crack-and-Crevice Application Paromita Hore,1 Mark Robson,1 Natalie Freeman,1 Jim Zhang,1 Daniel Wartenberg,1 Halûk Özkaynak,2 Nicolle Tulve,2 Linda Sheldon,2 Larry Needham,3 Dana Barr,3 and Paul J. Lioy1 1Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Exposure Measurement and Assessment Division, Rutgers University and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; 2National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; 3Contemporary Pesticide Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Abstract
The Children's Post-Pesticide Application Exposure Study (CPPAES) was conducted to look at the distribution of chlorpyrifos within a home environment for 2 weeks after a routine professional crack-and-crevice application and to determine the amount of the chlorpyrifos that is absorbed by a child living within the home. Ten residential homes with a 2- to 5-year-old child in each were selected for study, and the homes were treated with chlorpyrifos. Pesticide measurements were made from the indoor air, indoor surfaces, and plush toys. In addition, periodic morning urine samples were collected from each of the children throughout the 2-week period. We analyzed the urine samples for 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol, the primary urinary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, and used the results to estimate the children's absorbed dose. Average chlorpyrifos levels in the indoor air and surfaces were 26 (pretreatment) /120 (posttreatment) ng/m3 and 0.48 (pretreatment) /2.8 (posttreatment) ng/cm2, respectively, reaching peak levels between days 0 and 2 ; subsequently, concentrations decreased throughout the 2-week period. Chlorpyrifos in/on the plush toys ranged from 7.3 to 1,949 ng/toy postapplication, with concentrations increasing throughout the 2-week period, demonstrating a cumulative adsorption/absorption process indoors. The daily amount of chlorpyrifos estimated to be absorbed by the CPPAES children postapplication ranged from 0.04 to 4.8 µg/kg/day. During the 2 weeks after the crack-and-crevice application, there was no significant increase in the amount of chlorpyrifos absorbed by the CPPAES children. Key words: biomarker, child, children, chlorpyrifos, crack-and-crevice, indoor chemical use, pesticide. Environ Health Perspect 113: 211-219 (2005) . doi:10.1289/ehp.6984 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 23 September 2004]
Address correspondence to P.J. Lioy, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd., EOHSI Floor 3, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Telephone: (732) 445-0150. Fax: (732) 445-0116. E-mail: plioy@eohsi.rutgers.edu We thank the following organizations for support with portions of the project: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) /National Exposure Research Laboratory technical services contract ; U.S. EPA University Partnership Agreement CR827033 ; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grants P30-ES05022 and ESO7148-17 ; Dow Agro Sciences Grant-in-Aid, Indiana to the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute. The article has been subjected to U.S. EPA agency review and approved for publication. The authors declare they have no competing financial interests. Received 27 January 2004 ; accepted 23 September 2004.
The full version of this article is available for free in HTML or PDF formats. |
