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Contents:
16 through 23
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16: Family-focused prevention
Family focused prevention efforts have a greater impact than strategies
that focus on parents only or children only. It is important to
access families of children at each stage of the child's development
and to train parents in effective parenting skills help reduce conduct
problems and improve parent-child relationships.
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17: Community and school involvement
Community programs that include media campaigns and policy changes,
such as new regulations that restrict access to alcohol, tobacco,
or other drugs, are more effective when they are accompanied by
school or family interventions. Community programs need to strengthen
norms against drug use in all drug abuse prevention settings, including
the family and the school. In addition, prevention programming should
be adapted to address the specific nature of the drug abuse problem
in the local community.
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18: Principles of drug addiction treatment
Three decades of scientific research and clinical practice have
yielded a variety of effective approaches to drug addiction treatment.
In April 1998, NIDA held The National Conference on Drug Addiction
Treatment: From Research to Practice which summarized this extensive
body of research. Based on the findings reported at this conference,
NIDA published in October 1999, Principles
of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research-Based Guide to foster
more widespread use of scientifically-based components of drug addiction
treatment. Key components of this guide are highlighted in the following
images.
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19: Components of comprehensive drug addiction treatment
A variety of scientifically-based approaches to drug addiction
treatment exist. Drug addiction treatment can include behavioral
therapy (e.g., counseling, cognitive therapy, or psychotherapy),
medications, or their combination. Case management and referral
to other medical, psychological, and social services are crucial
components of treatment for many people as well. The best programs
provide a combination of therapies and other services to meet the
needs of the individual patient, which are shaped by such issues
as age, race, culture, sexual orientation, gender, pregnancy, parenting,
housing, and employment, as well as physical and sexual abuse.
Several of the key principles underlying this approach to treatment
follow.
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20: Matching patients to individual needs
No single treatment is appropriate for all individuals. Matching
treatment setting, interventions, and services to each individual's
particular problems and needs is critical to his or her ultimate
success in returning to productive functioning in the family, workplace,
and society.
Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual,
not just his or her drug use. To be effective, treatment must address
the individual's drug use and any associated medical, psychological,
social, vocational, and legal problems.
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21: Duration of treatment
Individuals progress through drug addiction treatment at various
speeds, so there is no predetermined length of treatment. However,
research has shown unequivocally that good outcomes are contingent
on adequate lengths of treatment. Generally, for residential or
outpatient treatment, participation for less than 90 days is of
limited or no effectiveness, and treatments lasting significantly
longer often are indicated. For methadone maintenance, 12 months
of treatment is the minimum, and some opiate-addicted individuals
will continue to benefit from methadone maintenance treatment over
a period of years.
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22: Medical detoxification
Medical detoxification safely manages the acute physical symptoms
of withdrawal associated with stopping drug use. However, medical
detoxification is only the first stage of addiction treatment and
by itself does little to change long-term drug use. Although detoxification
alone is rarely sufficient to help addicts achieve long-term abstinence,
for some individuals it is a strongly indicated precursor to effective
drug addiction treatment.
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23: Counseling and other behavioral therapies
Counseling (individual and/or group) and other behavioral therapies
are critical components of effective treatment for addiction. In
therapy, patients address issues of motivation, build skills to
resist drug use, replace drug-using activities with constructive
and rewarding nondrug-using activities, and improve problem-solving
abilities. Behavioral therapy also facilitates interpersonal relationships
and the individual's ability to function in the family and community.
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Teacher Information
Here are some other NIDA-related sites which may be of interest.
Click on any of the links below to view those sites.
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