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Chris Skelly¹ and Phil Weinstein²

¹Public Health Intelligence, Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand; ²Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand

Abstract
Campylobacteriosis, like many human diseases, has its own ecology in which the propagation of human infection and disease depends on pathogen survival and finding new hosts in order to replicate and sustain the pathogen population. The complexity of this process, a process common to other enteric pathogens, has hampered control efforts. Many unknowns remain, resulting in a poorly understood disease ecology. To provide structure to these unknowns and help direct further research and intervention, we propose an eco-environmental modeling approach for campylobacteriosis. This modeling approach follows the pathogen population as it moves through the environments that define the physical structure of its ecology. In this paper, we term the ecologic processes and environments through which these populations move "pathogen survival trajectories." Although such a modeling approach could have veterinary applications, our emphasis is on human campylobacteriosis and focuses on human exposures to Campylobacter through feces, food, and aquatic environments. The pathogen survival trajectories that lead to human exposure include ecologic filters that limit population size, e.g., cooking food to kill Campylobacter. Environmental factors that influence the size of the pathogen reservoirs include temperature, nutrient availability, and moisture availability during the period of time the pathogen population is moving through the environment between infected and susceptible hosts. We anticipate that the modeling approach proposed here will work symbiotically with traditional epidemiologic and microbiologic research to help guide and evaluate the acquisition of new knowledge about the ecology, eventual intervention, and control of campylobacteriosis. Key words: aquatic environments, Campylobacter, campylobacteriosis, disease ecology, eco-environmental modeling, ecologic filters, feces, pathogen survival. Environ Health Perspect 111:19-28 (2003) . doi:10.1289/ehp.5312 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 7 November 2002]