Targeted Aid for Special Groups

African Americans: United Negro Colleg Fund Scholarships (UNCF)
Disabled students: HEATH Resource Center
Financial Aid for Law School: Law School Admission Council
Foreign students: Financial Aid for International Students
Grants for Minorities: Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, Latinos, Native Americans, and Other Ethnic Groups
Hispanic Americans: Hispanic Scholarship Fund (HSF)
Medical students: Association of American Medical Colleges
Native Americans: American Indian College Fund
Study abroad (for U.S. and non-U.S. citizens): International Education Financial Aid
Veterans: GI Bill Education Benefits

Interested in public service?

Federal assistance programs seek to encourage people to work in geographic areas or professions where there's a particular need (such as doctors in underserved areas); encourage underrepresented groups to enter a particular profession; and provide aid in exchange for services provided (such as military service).

AmeriCorps: Volunteers who complete one year of service receive an education award for current higher education expenses or to repay student loans.
Army Continuing Education System: Additional benefits for Army personnel.
Bureau of Health Professions: Scholarships and loans to needy health profession students from disadvantaged backgrounds.
e-Scholar: Scholarships, grants, fellowships, internships, and cooperative education with federal agencies.
Indian Health Service: Scholarships for American Indian/Alaskan Native health profession students and loan repayment for persons working in
Military academies:
United States Air Force Academy
United States Coast Guard Academy
United States Merchant Marine Academy
United States Military Academy
United States Naval Academy
National Health Service Corps: Scholarships and loan repayment for health profession students who agree to work in underserved areas.
Nursing Scholarships: Offered in exchange for two years of service in areas with critical nursing shortages.
Reserve Office Training Corps (ROTC):
United States Air Force
United States Army
United States Navy

Aid for private education education: No direct federal assistance, check with schools themselves:

Coverdell Education Savings Accounts: for elementary and secondary school expenses as well as higher education.
Children's Scholarship Fund: partial tuition assistance to low-income students.