Precipitation-Runoff Modeling of Watershed Systems

Modeling of watershed response to normal and extreme climatic conditions or to changes in the physical conditions of a watershed requires the simulation of a variety of complex hydrologic processes and process interactions. Some of these processes are well understood at a point or for a small area; others are poorly understood at all scales. Increasing spatial and temporal variability in climate and watershed characteristics with an increase in watershed area adds significantly to the degree of difficulty in investigating and understanding these processes. Research is needed to better define these processes and to develop techniques to simulate these processes and their interactions at all watershed scales. Project objectives are to investigate watershed hydrologic processes and processes interactions to (1) Improve understanding of watershed system dynamic; (2) develop computer models to simulate and evaluate the effects of various combinations of precipitation, climate, and land use on streamflow, sediment yield, and other hydrologic components; and (3) develop procedures and techniques to estimate model parameters using measurable watershed and climatic characteristics. For project's home page, including links to Weasel, A GIS grapical-user-interface to be used in watershed modeling. for the development of Parameter Inputs for Watershed Modeling, and the Modular Modeling System, a framework which allows the model user to selectively couple to selectively couple the most appropriate process algorithms from applicable models to create an "optimal" model, see project's home page.

REPORTS PUBLISHED 1999-2009

Viger, R.J., in press, The GIS Weasel: an interface for the treatment of geographic information in modeling: Computers and Geosciences.

Halm, D.R., Beaver, L.D., Leavesley, G.H., and Reddy, M.M., 2009, Meteorological Data near Rabbit Ears Pass, Colorado, U.S.A., 1984 – 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 415, 2 p. (on-line abstract and to download data or on-line report in pdf format, 6.9 MB)

Larsen, M.C.,and Webb, R.M.T., 2009, Potential effects of runoff, fluvial sediment and nutrient discharges on the coral reefs of Puerto Rico: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 25, p. 189-208. ISSN 0749-0208. (on-line abstract or on-line paper in pdf format, 2723 KB)

Bayless, E.R., Capel, P.D., Barbash, J.E., Webb, R.M.T., Hancock, T.L.C., and David C. Lampe, D. C., 2008, Simulated Fate and Transport of Metolachlor in the Unsaturated Zone, Maryland, USA: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 37, p. 1064-1072. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Clark, M.P., Slater, A.G. , Rupp, D.E., Woods, R.A.,. Vrugt, J.A., Gupta, H.V., Wagener, T., and L. E. Hay, L.E., 2008, Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE): A modular framework to diagnose differences between hydrological models: Water Resources Research, v. 44, W00B02, doi:10.1029/2007WR006735 (on-line abstract of journal article)

Hancock, T.C., Sandstrom, M.W., Vogel, J.R., Webb, R.M.T., Bayless, E.R., and Barbash, J.E., 2008, Pesticide Fate and Transport throughout Unsaturated Zones in Five Agricultural Settings, USA: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 37, p. 1086-1100. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Markstrom, S.L., Niswonger, R.G., Regan, R.S., Prudic, D.E., and Barlow, P.M., 2008, GSFLOW—Coupled ground-water and surface-water flow model based on the integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-D1, 240 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 8.5 MB)

Webb, R.M.T., Wieczorek, M.E., Nolan, B.T., Hancock, T.C., Sandstrom, M.W., Barbash, J.E., Bayless, E.R., Healy, R.W., and Linard, J., 2008, Variations in Pesticide Leaching Related to Land Use, Pesticide Properties, and Unsaturated Zone Thickness: : Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 37, p. 1145-1157. (on-line abstract of journal article)

McCabe, G.J., Clark, M.P. and Hay, L.E., 2007,. Rain-on-snow events in the western United States: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 88, no. 3, p. 319-328. (on-line abstract or on-line article, in pdf format, 3.41 MB, published by the American Meteorological Society with open access)

Clark, M.P., Slater, A.G., Barrett, A.P., Hay, L.E., McCabe, G.J., Rajagopalan, B., and Leavesley, G.H., 2006, Assimilation of snow covered area information into hydrologic and land-surface models: Advances in Water Resouces, v. 29, p. 1209-1221. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Dressler, K.A., Leavesley, G.H., Bales, R.C., and Fassnacht, S.R., 2006, Evaluation of gridded snow water equivalent and satellite snow cover products for mountain basins in a hydrologic model: Hydrological Processes, v. 20, no. 4, p. 673-688. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Duan, Q., Schaake, J., Andreassian, V., Franks, S., Goteti, G., Gupta, H.V., Gusev, Y.M., Habets, F., Hall, A., Hay, L., Hogue, T., Huang, M., Leavesley, G., Liang, X., Nasonova, O.N., Noilhan, J., Oudin, L., Sorooshian, S., Wagener, T., and Wood, E.F., 2006, Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): An overview of science strategy and major results from the second and third workshops: Journal of Hydrology, v. 320, no. 1-2, p. 3-17. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Gellis, A.C., Webb, R.M.T., McIntyre, S.C., and Wolfe, W.J., 2006, Land-use effects on erosion, sediment yields, and reservoir sedimentation: A case study in the Lago Loíza Basin, Puerto Rico: Physical Geography, v. 27, no.1, p. 39-69. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Hay, L.E. , M.P. Clark, M. Pagowski, G.H. Leavesley, and W.J. Gutowski, Jr., 2006, One-way coupling of an atmospheric and a hydrologic model in Colorado: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 7, no. 4, p. 569-589. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Hay, L.E., Leavesley, G.H., and Clark, M.P., 2006, Use of remotely-sensed snow covered area in watershed model calibration for the Sprague River, Oregon: Joint 8th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference and 3rd Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, April 2-6, 2006, Reno, Nevada

Hay, L.E. , Leavesley, G.H., Clark, M.P., Markstrom, S.L., Viger, R.J., and Umemoto, M., 2006, Step-wise, multiple-objective calibration of a hydrologic model for a snowmelt-dominated basin: Journal of American Water Resources, v. 42, no. 4, p. 877-890. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Hay, L.E. and Umemoto, M., 2006, Multiple-objective step-wise calibration using Luca; U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2006-1323. (on-line report in pdf format)

Linard, J.I., Wolock, D.M., Webb, R.M.T., and WieczorekM.E., 2006, Precipitation-runoff modeling to compare hydrologic processes governing solute transport in an agricultural watershed in Maryland. Proceedings of the 3rd Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Reno, Nevada, April 2-6, 2006, ISBN 0-9779007-0-3.

Markstrom, S.L., Regan, R.S., Niswonger, R.G., and Prudic, D.E., 2006, GSFLOW - A basin-scale model for coupled simulation of ground-water and surface-water flow - Part A. Concepts for modeling surface-water flow with the U.S. Geological Survey Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System model: Proceedings of the 3rd Federal Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Reno, Nevada, April 2-6, 2006.

McCabe, G.J., and Hay, L.E., 2006. Hydroclimatic aspects of the Upper Klamath River Basin: Proceedings of the 3rd Federal Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Reno, Nevada, April 2-6, 2006, published as a CD-ROM.

Niswonger, R.G., and Prudic, D.E., Markstrom, S.L., and Regan, R.S., 2006, GSFLOW - A basin-scale model for coupled simulation of ground-water and surface-water flow - Part B. Concepts for modeling ground-water flow with the U.S. Geological Survey MODFLOW model: Proceedings of the 3rd Federal Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Reno, Nevada, April 2-6, 2006.

Peters N.E., Shanley, J.B., Aulenbach, B.T., Webb, R.M., Campbell, D.H., Hunt, R., Larsen, M.C., Stallard, R.F., Troester, J., and Walker, J.F., 2006, Water and solute mass balance of five small, relatively undisturbed watersheds in the U.S.: Science of the Total Environment, v. 358, p. 221- 242. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Risley, J., and Hay, L.E., 2006, eds. Joint 8th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference and 3rd Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, April 2-6, 2006, Reno, Nevada.

Umemoto, M., Hay, L.E., Markstrom, S.L., and Leavesley, G.H., 2006, Luca: a wizard style GUI for easy and systematic multi-objective, step-wise calibration of Hydrologic models. Joint 8th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference abd 3rd Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, April 2-6, 2006, Reno, Nevada.

Viger, R.J., and Leavesley, G.H., 2006, The GIS Weasel User's Manual: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, Book 6, Chapt. B4, 201 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 15 MB)

Webb, R.M.T., Linard, J.I., and Wieczorek, M.E., 2006, The Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Model (WEBMOD): A TOPMODEL Application Developed Within the Modular Modeling System: Proceedings of the 3rd Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Reno, Nevada, April 2-6, 2006, ISBN 0-9779007-0-3. (on-line paper in pdf format, 76 KB)

Battaglin, W., Hay, L., McCabe, G., Nanjappa, P., and Gallant, A.L., 2005, Climate patterns as predictors of amphibian species richness and indicators of potential stress: Alytes, v., 22, no. 3-4, p. 146-167.

Gibson, C.A., Meyer, J.L., Poff, N.L., Hay, L.E., and Georgakakos, A., 2005, Flow regime alterations under changing climate in two river basins: implications for freshwater ecosystems: River Research and Applications, v. 21, p. 849-864. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Leavesley, G.H., 2005, Rainfall-runoff modeling for integrated basin management, in Anderson, M.G., ed., Encylopedia of Hydrological Sciences: J.W. Wiley.

Leavesley, G.H., Markstrom, S.L., Viger, R.J., and Hay, L.E., 2005, USGS Modular Modeling System (MMS) - Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) MMS-PRMS, in Singh, V., and Frevert, D., eds., Watershed Models: Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, p. 159-177.

Mennis, J., Viger, R., and Tomlin, C.D., 2005, Cubic map algebra functions for spatio-temporal analysis: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 32, no. 1, p. 17-32. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Warne, A.G., Webb, R.M.T., and Larsen, M.C., 2005, Water, Sediment, and Nutrient Discharge Characteristics of Rivers in Puerto Rico, and their Potential Influence on Coral Reefs: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5206, 58 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 6.9MB)

Clark, M.P., and Hay, L.E., 2004, Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction output to produce forecasts of stream flow: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 15-32. (on-line abstract)

Clark, M.P., Gangopadhyay, S., Hay, L.E., Rajagopalan, B., and Wilby, R., 2004, The Schaake shuffle - a method for reconstructing space-time variability in forecasted precipitation and temperature fields: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 243-262. (on-line abstract)

Clark, M.P., Gangopadhyay, S., Brandon, D., Werner, K., Hay, L., Rajagopalan, B., and Yates, D., 2004, A resampling procedure for generating conditioned daily weather sequences: Water Resources Research, v. 40, no. 4. (on-line abstract)

Hill. M.C.,and Leavesley, G.H., 2004, USGS overview of research activities for evaluating uncertainty, in Nicholson, T.J., Babendreier, J.E., Meyer, P.D., Mohanty, S., Hicks, B.B., and Leavesley, G.H., eds., 2004, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Parameter Estimation for Multimedia Environmenal Modeling, August 19-21, 2003: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission CP-0187, US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center SR-04-2, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 600/R-04/117, p. 19-20.

Nicholson, T.J., Babendreier, J.E., Meyer, P.D., Mohanty, S., Hicks, B.B., and Leavesley, G.H., eds., 2004, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Uncertainty, Sensitivity, and Parameter Estimation for Multimedia Environmenal Modeling, August 19-21, 2003: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission CP-0187, US Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center SR-04-2, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 600/R-04/117, (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 5.62 MB)

Viger, R.J., 2004, GEOLEM: Improving the Integration of Geographic Information in Environmental Modeling Through Semantic Interoperability: Boulder, University of Colorado, Master's thesis, 135 p.

Peters, N.E., Shanley, J.B., Aulenbach, B.T and Webb, R.M. 2004, Processes affecting the mass balance of five small, relatively pristine watersheds in the USA, in Wanty, R.B., and Seal, R.R., II, eds., Water-Rock Interaction, Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Saratoga Springs, New York, July 2004: New York, A.A. Balkema, p. 1371-1374.

Clow, D.W., Schrott, L., Webb, R., Campbell, D.H., Torizzo, A., and Dornblaser, M., 2003, Groundwater occurrence and contributions to streamflow in an alpine catchment, Colorado Front Range: Ground Water, v. 41, no. 7, p. 937-950. (on-line abstract)

Hay, L.E., and Clark, M.P., 2003, Use of a statistically and dynamically downscaled atmospheric model output for hydrologic simulations in three mountainous basins in the western United States: Journal of Hydrology, v. 482, p. 56-75. (on-line abstract)

Leavesley, G.H., Hay, L.E., Viger, R.J., and Markstrom, S.L., 2003, Use of a priori parameter-estimation methods to constrain calibration of distributed-parameter models: in Duan, Q., Gupta, H.V., Sorooshian, S., Rousseau, A.N., and Turcotte, eds., Calibration of Watershed Models, Water, Science and Application 6, American Geophysical Union, p. 255-266.

Webb, R.M.T., Peters, N.J., Aulenbach, B.T., and Shanley, J.B., 2003, Relations between Hydrology and Solute Fluxes at the Five Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budget (WEBB) Watersheds of the United States Geological Survey: Proceedings of The First Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Benson, Arizona, October 27-30, 2003, p. 332-339 (on-line report , pdf format)

David, O., Markstrom, S. L., Rojas, K. W., Ahuja, L. R., and Schneider, I. W., 2002, The Object Modeling System, in Ahuja, L.R., Ma, L., and Howell, T.A., Agricultural System Models in Field Research and Technology Transfer, CRC Press, Chapter 15.

Hay, L., Clark, M.P., Wilby, R.L., Gutowski, Jr., W.J., Leavesley, G.H., Pan, Z., Arritt, R.W., and Takle. E.S., 2002, Use of regional climate model output for hydrologic simulations: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 3, no. 5 p. 571-590. (on-line abstract)

Hay, L.E., and McCabe, G.J., 2002, Spatial variability in water-balance model performance in the conterminous United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 38, no. 3, p. 847-860. (on-line abstract)

Leavesley, G.H., 2002, The Devils Lake basin wetlands model, in Vining, K., Simulation of streamflow and wetlands storage, Starkweather Coulee subbasin, North Dakota, water years 1981-98: U.S. Geological SurveyWater-Resources Investigations Report 02-4113, p. 26-28.

Leavesley, G.H., and Frevert, D., 2002, eds., Proceedings of the second Federal Interagency Hydrologic Modeling Conference, Las Vegas, NV (CD-rom).

Leavesley, G.H., Markstrom, S.L., Restrepo, P.J., and Viger, R.J., 2002, A modular approach to addressing model design, scale and parameter estimation issues in distributed hydrological modeling: Hydrological Processes, v. 16, p. 173-187. (on-line abstract)

Leavesley, G.H., Markstrom, S.L., Viger, R.J., Coffelt, J.L., and Livingston, R.K., 2002, A decision support system for impact analysis of wildland fires: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report: 02-0011, p. 86.

Markstrom, S.L., McCabe, G., and David, O., 2002, Web-based distribution of geo-ccientific models: Computers & Geosciences, v. 28, p. 577-581. (on-line abstract)

Clark, M.P., Serreze, M.C., McCabe, G.J., 2001, Historical effects of El Nino and La Nina events on the seasonal evolution of the montane snowpack in the Columbia and Colorado River Basins: Water Resources Research, v. 37, p. 741-758. (on-line abstract)

Dettinger, M.D., Battisti, D.S., Garreaud, McCabe, G.J., and Bitz, C.M., 2001, Interhemispheric effects of interannual and decadal ENSO-like climate variations in the Americas, in Markgraf, V., ed., Present and past inter-hemispheric climate lnkages in the Americas and their societal effects: Campbridge University Press, p. 1-16.

Gilbes, F., Armstrong, R.A., Webb, R.M.T., and Muller-Karger, F.E., 2001, SeaWiFS helps assess hurricane impact on phytoplankton in Caribbean Sea: EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 82, no. 45, p. 529 and 533.

Leavesley, G.H. Markstrom, S.L., and Viger, R.J., 2001, The modular modeling system - a modelng framework for water and environmental resource management: World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, Orlando, Florida [proceedings]

Markstrom, S. L., King, D., and Davidson, P., 2001, Decision support system for the Upper Gunnison River Basin, Colorado: in Proceedings of Decision Support Systems for Water Resources Management, American Water Resources Association, June 2001, Snowbird, UT, pp. 389 - 394.

McCabe, G.J., Clark, M.P., and Serreze, M.C., 2001, Trends in northern hemisphere surface cyclone frequency and intensity: Journal of Climate, v. 14, p. 2763-2768. (on-line abstract)

Yates, D., Warner, T.T., Brandes, E.A., Leavesley, G.H., Sun, J., Mueller, C.K., 2001, Evaluation of flash-flood discharge forecasts in complex terrain using precipitation: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 6, no. 4, p. 265-274. (on-line abstract)

Barrett, A.P., Leavesley, G.H., Viger, R.L., Nolin, A.W., and Clark, M.P., 2000, A comparison of satellite-derived and modelled snow-covered area for a mountain drainage basin, in Owe, M., Brubaker, K., Ritchie, J., and Rango, A., Remote Sensing and Hydrology: IAHS publication no. 267, p. 569-573. (on-line abstract of article)

Clark, M.P. and Hay, L.E., 2000, Use of atmospheric forecasts in hydrologic models--Part one: Errors in output from the NCEP Atmospheric Forecast Model: Proceedings of the American Water Resources Association's Spring Specialty Conference on Water Resources in Extreme Environments, April, 2000, Anchorage, Alaska.

Costa, J.E., Bales, J.D., Holtschlag, D.J., Lanfear, K., Lipscomb, S., Milly, P.C.D., Viger, R., Wolock, D.M., and Holland, L., 2000, An initiative for a U. S. Geological Survey national streamflow information program: University of Colorado, Boulder. Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center Special Publication 37, p. 263-267.

Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D.R., McCabe, G.J., and Marengo, J.A., 2000, Multiscale streamflow variability associated with El Nino/Southern Oscillation in Diaz, H.F., and Markgraf, V., eds., El Nino and the Southern Oscillation: New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 114-147. (on-line abstract)

Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D.R., McCabe, G.J., Jr., and Redmond, K.R., 2000, Winter-spring 2001 United States streamflow probabilities based on anticipated neutral ENSO conditions and recent NPO status: Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin, v. 9, no. 3, p. 55-60. (on-line pdf file)

Diaz, H.F., and McCabe, G.J., 2000, A Possible connection between the 1878 Yellow Fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-1878 21 Nino episode, in West, J.W., and Buffaloe, L., eds., Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop: Technical Report 64 of the Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, Two Harbors, Santa Catalina, California, May 24-27, p. 35-40.

Hay, L.E., Clark, M.P, and Leavesley, G.H., 2000, Use of atmospheric forecasts in hydrologic models--Part two: Case study: Proceedings of the American Water Resources Association's Spring Specialty Conference on Water Resources in Extreme Environments, April, 2000, Anchorage, Alaska.

Hay, L.E., Wilby, R.L., and Leavesley, G.H., 2000, A comparison of delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios for three mountainous basins in the United States: Journal of American Water Resources, v. 36, no. 2, p. 387-397. (on-line abstract)

McCabe, G.J., and Dettinger, M.D., 2000, North Pacific modulation of ENSO teleconnections with winter precipitation in the western United States: Proceedings of the International Workshop on River Environments Considering Hydraulic and Hydrologic Phenomena in Snowy and Cold Regions: Annual Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Quebec, Canada, Japan Society of Civil Engineering, p. 7-11.

McCabe, G.J., Fountain, A.G., and Dyurgerov, M., 2000, Variability in winter mass balance of Northern Hemisphere glaciers and relations with atmospheric circulation: Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research, v. 32, p. 64-72. (on-line abstract)

Soler-Lopez, L.R., Webb, R.M.T., and Carrasquillo-Nieves, R.A., 2000, Sedimentation Survey of Lago Guajataca, Puerto Rico, January 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 00-4044. (on-line abstract)

Soler-Lopez, L.R., Webb, R.M.T., and Carrasquillo-Nieves, R.A., 2000, Sedimentation Survey of Lago La Plata, Puerto Rico, October 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 00-4045. (on-line abstract)

Wilby, R.L., Hay, L.E., Gutowski, W.J., Jr., Arritt, R.W., Takle, E.S., Pan, Z., Leavesley, G.H., and Clark, M.P., 2000, Hydrological Responses to Dynamically and Statistically Downscaled Climate Model Output: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 27, no. 8, p. 1199-1202. (on-line abstract)

Wolock, D.M., and McCabe, G.J., 2000, Differences in topographic characteristics from 100- and 1000-meter resolution digital elevation model data: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 6, p. 987-1002. (on-line abstract)

Yates, D.N., Warner, T.T., Leavesley, G.H., 2000, Prediction of a flash flood in complex terrain. Part II: A comparison of flood discharge simulations using rainfall input from radar, a dynamic model, and an automated algorithmic system: Journal of Applied Meteorology, v. 39, no. 6, p. 815-825. (on-line abstract)

Clark, M.P., Hay, L.E., McCabe, G.J., Leavesley, G.H., Serreze, M.C., and Wilby, R.L., 1999, The use of weather and climate information in management of water resources in the western United States: Conference on Climate Variability and Water Resources, Boulder, Colorado.

Diaz, H.F., and McCabe, G.J., 1999, A possible connection between the Yellow Fever Epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Nino Episode: Bulletin of the American Meterological Society, v. 80, p. 21-27. (on-line abstract)

Hay, L.E., Wilby, R.L., and Leavesley, G.H., 1999, A comparison of Delta change and downscaled GCM scenarios: Implications for climate change scenarios in three mountainous basins in the United States: Proceedings, Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, American Water Resources Association, Atlanta, Georgia, p. 261-266.

Leavesley, G.H., 1999, Assessment of the impacts of climate variability and change on the hydrology of North America, in van Dam, J.C., ed., Impacts of Climate Change and Climate Variability on Hydrological Environments, International Hydrology Series, Chap. 4: UNESCO, Cambridge University Press, p. 36-51.

Leavesley, G.H., 1999, Overview of models for use in the evaluation of the impacts of climate change on hydrology, in van Dam, J.C., ed., Impacts ofClimate Change and Climate Variability on Hydrological Environments, International in Hydrology Series, Chap. 8: UNESCO, Cambridge University Press, p. 107-122.

Legates, D.R., and McCabe, G.J., 1999, Evaluating the "Goodness-of-Fit" of Hydrologic and Hydroclimatic Models: Water Resources Research v. 35, p. 233-241. (on-line abstract)

McCabe, G.J., and Dettinger, M.D., 1999, Decadal variability in the strength of ENSO teleconnections with precipitation in the western United States, in Wilson, R., and Buffaloe, L., eds., Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop: Technical Report 64 of the Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, Two Harbors, Santa Catalina, California, April 27-30, 1998, p. 69-78.

McCabe, G.J., and Dettinger M.D., 1999, Decadal variability in the strength of ENSO teleconnections with precipitation in the western United States: International Journal of Climatology, v. 19, p. 1399-1410. (on-line abstract or on-line pdf file)

McCabe, G.J., and Wolock, D.M., 1999, Future snowpack conditions in the western United States derived from general circulation model climate simulations: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 35, p. 1473-1484. (on-line abstract)

McCabe, G.J., and Wolock, D.M., 1999, General-Circulation-Model simulations of future snowpack conditions in the western United States: Proceedings, Specialty Conference on Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change to Water Resources of the United States, American Water Resources Association, Atlanta, Georgia, p. 123-127.

Wilby, R.L., Hay, L.E., and Leavesley, G.H, 1999, A comparison of downscaled and raw GCM output: implications for climate change scenarios in the San Juan River basin, Colorado: Journal of Hydrology, v. 225, p. 67-91. (on-line abstract)

Wolock, D.M., and McCabe, G.J., 1999, Effects of potential climatic change on annual runoff in the conterminous United States: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 35, p. 1341-1350.

Wolock, D.M., and McCabe, G.J., 1999, Simulated effects of climate change on mean annual runoff in the conterminous United States: American Water Resources Association, Atlanta, Georgia, p. 161-164.

Wolock, D.M., and McCabe, G.J., 1999, Explaining spatial variability in annual runoff in the conterminous United States: Climate Research, v. 11, p. 149-159. (on-line abstract)

Wolock, D.M., and McCabe, G.J., 1999, Estimates of runoff using water balance and atmospheric general circulation models: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 35, p. 1341-1350. (on-line abstract)

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THIS PROJECT, CONTACT:
George Leavesley
U.S. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 25046, ms412, Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, CO
Email: george@usgs.gov
Telephone: 303-236-5027