Consolidated Plan/CHAS 2000 Data
OVERVIEW
The U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has received from the U.S. Census Bureau
a special tabulation of Census 2000 data that are largely not available through
standard Census products. These “special
tabulation” data are used by local governments for housing planning as part
of the Consolidated Planning process. HUD also uses some of these data in allocation
formulas for distributing funds to local jurisdictions.
HUD released similar data
after the 1990 Census and made most of those data available to grantees and the
general public. Those data are typically
referred to as the “CHAS Data.” The CHAS data are different from the
standard Census 2000 data files. They are mostly comprised of a variety
of housing need variables split by HUD-defined income limits (30, 50, and
80 percent of median income) and HUD-specified household types. In addition
to the CHAS 2000 data, HUD is also making available data being used for various
allocation formulas, including the Indian Housing Block Grant (IHBG) and Fair
Share formulas.
The CHAS 2000 data reflect
HUD's attempt to balance a desire to have data comparable with the 1990 CHAS
Data, in order to measure change, against the need to request only those variables
that are likely to be used. The 1990 request included a number of items
that appear to have been of only minimal value to HUD, grantees, and the general
public. In addition to the slimming down of the specifications, there
are some significant additions in the 2000 request. Some of the significant
changes from the 1990 data include:
1.
Most of the variables are
produced at multiple geographic levels, including state, county, minor civil
division, place, and census tract. In 1990, most of the data were obtained
at the geographic level of place and county.
2.
On a select set of tables,
HUD has added some new income breaks to reflect programs with different income
requirements. Those new breaks include less than 21% of HUD Area Median
Family Income (HAMFI), 60 to 65% of HAMFI, and 95 to 100% of HAMFI.
3.
On a select set of tables,
tenure is split three ways: rent, own with a mortgage, and own without
a mortgage. In 1990, tenure was generally only split two ways:
rent and own. In addition, one table splits the renter tenure by single-family
property and multifamily property.
WAYS TO ACCESS
THE DATA
At the request of users,
we are making the data available in several different ways:
(1) Simple Query System.
Users can use a simple query system to obtain basic housing need and basic
affordability mismatch data for their jurisdiction. These data can be queried at the state,
county, place, HOME program, and CDBG program geographic levels. The housing need tables are somewhat more detailed tables than the
old CHAS Table 1C. The data can be accessed via HUD's State of Cities Data System (SOCDS).
(2) State Files.
Users can download the data for just their state. For each state, the
user downloads a zipped file that contains separate files in DBF format for
each of the 59 tables
each geography level. Generally, the data are available at six different geography
levels: state, county, minor civil division, place (if a place crosses county
lines, there is a separate record for each county part), consolidated city,
and Census Tract (part). There are a few tables at the Block Group
(part) level. Before unzipping the files, we recommend looking at the basic
table characteristics. The DBF
file does not have data labels, so we recommend that the user also print out
the data dictionary for the table(s) of interest. The file names look as follows:
AL - A1A050r where: “AL” is the state of Alabama; “A1A” is
for Table
A1A; “050” is for the Census Summary Level 050, county; and “r” indicates
that the data are rounded.
The Census Summary Levels are:
040 = State
050 = State - County
060 = State - County
- County Subdivision
080 = State - County
- County Subdivision - Place/Remainder - Census Tract
091 = State - County
- County Subdivision - Place/Remainder - Census Tract - Block Group
155 = State - Place
- County
170 = State - Consolidated
City
(3) National
Level Files. Users can download
national files in SAS (R) format, SPSS (R) format, and DBF format. SAS and SPSS are statistical packages,
DBF is a database format. For these
files, the user downloads the data by the table of interest and the data format
(SAS, SPSS, or DBF). The zipped file
downloaded contains separate files for each of the geographic levels produced
for that table. The SAS and SPSS files have data labels for each variable
that you can use to make sure you are using the correct variable for your
analysis. The DBF files do not have data labels, so we recommend that the
user also print out the data dictionary for the table(s) of interest.
UPDATE
As many users know, most
of this data has been available since September 2003. This web page reflects an update of those
data as of November 2004. Some tables were found to have problems
that have been corrected. In addition, due to the rounding rules
applied to all special tabulation data, we identified a problem with making
only census tract and block group level data available. The problem created by the rounding was
to cause a larger than marginal deviation from the actual totals when the
data were aggregated to higher levels of geography. This caused particular
problems for jurisdictions wishing to compare 1990 statistics to 2000 statistics.
As a result, these data reflect new tables created by the Census Bureau at
the higher levels of geography of minor civil division, consolidated city,
place, county, and state. If possible, users should use the highest level
of geography that seems reasonable for their particular project.
LABELS FOR
GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
For the SPSS and DBF files, tables at the state (040), county (050), minor
civil division (060), place (155), and consolidate city (170) geographic levels
have labels for their geographic area. Labels are not provided for the tract
(080) or block group (091) level data, nor are labels attached to any of the
SAS files.
All of the tables contain a field with the FIPS codes that comprise that geographic
area. For example, for the files available at the Tract (part) level, the
field containing the geographic identifier is labeled "sum080". The geographic identifier for "sum080",
for example, looks like the following:
010019017103220021100
It is comprised of: State (the first 2 digits), County (3 digits), County
Subdivision (5 digits), Place (5 digits), Tract (6 digits, with an implied
decimal place before the last 2 digits).
For SAS Users, we are also including programs or files with labels for each
geographic area.
State labels: fmt_state.sas
County labels: fmt_cnty.sas
County subdivision labels:
fmt_mcd2k.sas
Place code labels: fmt_hudplc.sas
(note, these are standard place codes except for consolidated cities. In those
cases, this file has consolidated city instead of place and the consolidated
city code is used instead of the place code).
Native American area labels:
fmt_nativeamer.sas
(re: summary levels 144, 280, and 282)
Alaska Native Regional
Corporation labels: fmt_anrc.sas
(re: summary level 230)
MAPPING THE
DATA
The summary level 080
(tract part) and 091 (block group part) are not standard shape files available
from the U.S. Census Bureau. For planners
interested in mapping the CHAS data at the Census tract or block group level,
they can obtain the summary level 080 and 091 data from the HUDUSER website:
http://www.huduser.org/geo/summarylevel.asp
EXAMPLES OF
TABLES AND MAPS
Users looking for ideas
on how to use and present the CHAS data may find the short set of examples
in this file to be helpful: interesting tables.pdf (221
KB)
CDBG LOW/MOD
AREA DATA
The CHAS data should not
be confused with the data provided by HUD on what areas qualify as low-and
moderate-income under the CDBG program. Those areas are identified using the
Census SF3 data. To download those
data, go to this website: CDBG
low/mod area data.
OTHER SPECIAL TABULATIONS
OF CENSUS 1990 AND 2000 DATA
The Economic and Market
Analysis Division (EMAD) "Special Tabulations" data retrieval system
produces tabular statistical summaries of counts of households by tenure,
by income intervals, by age of householder, by size of household, by housing
conditions based on the 1990 and 2000 Census, for select geographic areas
in the United States. This system allows a user to extract data to conduct
a longitudinal analysis of changes in a particular area. To query for data on your community: http://www.huduser.org/datasets/spectabs.html
AMERICAN HOUSING
SURVEY DATA
For a select set of metropolitan areas and their larger cities,
the American Housing Survey provides a comprehensive set of data on housing
needs, including housing adequacy (which CHAS and Census data are not very
useful). See if your community is
included: http://www.huduser.org/datasets/ahs.html
DATA ON ASSISTED
HOUSING
Data on the location and characteristics of Assisted Housing Residents
is available from the following site: http://www.huduser.org/datasets/assthsg.html
In addition, approved PHA 5-year and Annual Plans, which serve as
a comprehensive
guide to public housing agency (PHA) policies, programs, operations, and strategies
for meeting local housing needs and goals, can be downloaded from the following site: http://www.hud.gov/offices/pih/pha/approved/index.cfm
DEFINITIONS
CHAS refers to the Comprehensive
Housing Affordability Strategy required as part of the National Affordability
Housing Act of 1991. The CHAS is now a component of the Consolidated Plan.
HAMFI stands for HUD Area Median Family Income. The HAMFI income limits are
calculated annually. The Income Limits for the CHAS 2000 tables reflect what
the Income Limits would have been in 1999 if Census 2000 data had been available
to calculate those limits. You can download the base income limit file in
Excel
format.
USEFUL PUBLICATIONS
Consolidated Plan preparers
may find the following HUD Policy Development and Research publications useful
as they develop their plans:
Planning
to Meet Local Housing Needs: The Roles of HUD’s Consolidated Planning Requirements
in the 1990s. (2002) This publication reviews how large central cities
and suburban jurisdictions in six metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Boston, Cleveland,
Minneapolis, San Antonio, and San Francisco) — with very diverse housing
markets — undertook housing needs analyses, set priorities, and developed
housing plan strategies during the 1990s.
It then examines what actually was carried out during that time period
and how local needs for affordable housing changed.
Using
Your HOME Dollars for Rental Production: A Planning Paper for Local Policy
Makers. (2004) This paper is intended to help local officials think about
how to use their HOME dollars for the production of affordable rental housing.
The paper provides a framework for decisionmaking by housing planners and
program administrators in the local communities that receive allocations of
federal dollars each year under the HOME Investment Partnership Program. It
is based on research and theory about where and for whom the development of
subsidized rental housing is most effective. The paper draws on an extensive
literature review and empirical analysis conducted for HUD’s Office of Policy
Development and Research in 2003 and early 2004 (See also Targeting
Housing Production Subsidies: Literature Review (2003).
Study of
Homebuyer Activity through the HOME Investment Partnerships Program. (2004)
This study was designed to examine the choices local governments are making
and how these choices are promoting long-term affordable homeownership.
Strategies
for Reducing Chronic Street Homelessness. (2004) HUD sponsored this project
to identify and describe community-wide approaches that are working in cities
around the country.
Publications
on Reducing Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing. This partial list of publications addresses issues and concerns surrounding regulatory barriers to affordable housing.
Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis. For numerous
MSAs, HUD economists develop a factual framework based on information available,
as of a particular date, from both local and national sources. Each analysis
takes into consideration changes in the economic, demographic, and housing
inventory characteristics of a specific housing market area during three periods:
from 1990 to 2000, from 2000 to the as-of date of the analysis, and from the
as-of date to a forecast date. The reports present counts and estimates of
employment, population, households, and housing inventory.
U.S. Housing Market
Conditions, published quarterly, is a compilation of statistical data
and written reports. Tabular data indicate market conditions on the national
level and are presented for each quarter. Historical data are also presented
in summary tables. Overviews of economic and housing market trends are presented
for 10 geographical regions, the report for each of which includes a profile
on a selected housing market. Each issue includes a summary of the overall
trends in national housing and a topical piece that describes a particular,
noteworthy aspect of housing activity.
Building
the Organizations That Build Communities: Strengthening the Capacity of Faith-
and Community-Based Development Organizations. (2004) This volume documents
current thinking on the issue of capacity and a clearer view of the research
gaps facing faith-based and community development organizations.
The
Impact of CDBG Spending on Urban Neighborhoods. (2002) This study examines
whether readily available data sources can be used to track the outcomes of
activities funded with CDBG. The study concludes that two readily available
data elements — the median home loan amount and the number of businesses—hold
some promise as tools for helping local communities measure the effects of
concentrated CDBG expenditures.
Barriers to
Rehabilitation of Affordable Housing. (2001) This study examines the major
barriers to urban rehabilitation. The project's research team reviewed relevant
literature, conducted case studies, and convened study groups of highly-qualified
real estate developers, nonprofit leaders, architects and other professional
who face barriers to affordable housing rehabilitation in their "real
world" experiences.
Center
for Community Change Studies On Local Economic Development Strategies. These four studies detail strategies that
have shown marked success in producing and maintaining economic opportunities
and jobs and also in making them available to people with low incomes. A summary
of the four reports is also available: http://www.huduser.org/publications/econdev/summary.html.
Resident
Assessment of Housing Quality: Lessons from Pilot Surveys. (1998) Planners
interested in conducting their own mail survey of local housing quality needs
may find this study useful.
Preparers
of PHA Plans may find the following publications useful:
Voucher
Homeownership Assessment. (2003) This study is an assessment of the early
implementation of the Voucher Homeownership Program. The purpose of this study
is to provide insight into aspects of the program that are working well and
those that are problematic.
Costs
and Utilization in the Housing Choice Voucher Program. (2003) This study
is intended to provide insights into the factors that affect Housing Choice
Voucher (HCV) program utilization rates and costs in a sample of sites nationwide.
Tools
and Strategies for Improving Community Relations in the Housing Choice Voucher
Program. (2001) This study explores the factors that lead to community
dissatisfaction with HCVP and to assess the effectiveness of strategies employed
by PHAs to eliminate or alleviate community concerns.
Housing
Choice Voucher Location Patterns: Implications For Participant And Neighborhood
Welfare. (2003) The purpose of this study is to describe where HCV assistance
is being used and whether program participants have access to a broad range
of affordable housing. The study examines some of HCV's possible impacts on
program participants and the neighborhoods in which they live.
The Moving
to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration Interim Impacts Evaluation
(2003) provides insights into what benefits can be achieved by improving the
neighborhoods of poor families. The Moving to Opportunity program provided
thousands of poor adults and children an opportunity to use HUD vouchers to
move out of public housing in high poverty neighborhoods to lower poverty
neighborhoods. Using rigorous scientific methods, this study looks at the
impact these moves have had on housing, health, employment, education, mobility,
welfare receipt, and delinquency.
HCV
Tenant Accessibility Study: 2001-2002. (2004)
A Guidebook
for Measuring Crime in Public Housing with Geographic Information Systems
(1999).
Quality
Control for Rental Assistance Subsidies Determinations. (2001) The study
found that substantial errors were being made in the income and rent determinations
that set the subsidies HUD pay on behalf of families who receive public housing
and Section 8 program assistance.
Preparers of Low-Income
Housing Tax Credit Qualified Allocation Plans (QAPs) may find these publications
useful:
Analysis
of State Qualified Allocation Plans for the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
Program (2002). Based on their QAP, states establish preferences and set-asides
within their tax credit competitions so as to target the credits towards specific
places (such as rural areas) or types of people (such as elderly households).
This study examines how those preferences and set-asides were used and changed
based on content analysis of 1990 and 2000 Qualified Allocation Plans from
nearly every state along with discussions with the staff that prepared the
plans.
Making
the Best Use of Your LIHTC Dollars: A Planning Paper for State Policy Makers.
(2004) This paper is intended to help state officials think about how to make
strategic use of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC), which since the
late 1980s has been the primary vehicle for building or rehabilitating housing
with rents affordable to low income families and individuals. The paper provides
a framework for state decision-making, based on research and theory about
where and for whom the development of subsidized rental housing is most effective.
The Low-Income
Housing Tax Credit Program: National Survey of Property Owners (2000)
presents the results of a national telephone survey of those who developed
and own tax-credit properties placed in service between 1992 and 1994. The
survey was conducted to learn more about owners' development objectives, the
performance of their properties, and what they intend to do with the properties
when the compliance period is over.