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LCA Resources

The following provides a list of publications, books, standards and web-sites that contain additional information on both managing and conducting an LCA. While this list is not comprehensive, it serves as a starting point for researching LCA.

EPA Documents
LCA Related Web-Sites
Conference Proceedings
Case Studies
Books and Reports
ISO Standards
Canadian LCA Standards
Journals
Software and Databases

If you would like to add a new LCA resource to the list, please send an e-mail to curran.maryann@epa.gov.

Disclaimer: Links to non-EPA sites and comments provided in the descriptions do not imply any official EPA endorsement. Furthermore, EPA does not accept any responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at those locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. EPA does not guarantee the suitability of the information for any specific purpose. Links to non-EPA servers are provided solely as a pointer to information on topics related to life cycle assessment that may be useful to EPA staff and the public.

EPA Documents

EPA documents can be obtained through the following:

U.S. Department of Commerce
Technology Administration
National Technical Information Service
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(703) 605-6000
http://www.ntis.gov/

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development and National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2002. Report on the International Workshop on Electricity Data for Life Cycle Inventories. EPA/600/R-01/041.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development. 2001. Life Cycle Engineering Guidelines. EPA/600/R-01-101.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development. 1996. Life Cycle Assessment for Chemical Agent Resistant Coating. EPA/600/R-96/104.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development. 1996. Life Cycle Assessment for PC Blend 2 Aircraft Radome Depainter. EPA/600/R-96/094.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Enforcement and Compliance. 1995. Federal Facility Pollution Prevention Project Analysis: A Primer for Applying Life Cycle and Total Cost Assessment Concepts.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. 1995. Incorporating Environmental Costs and Considerations into Decision-Making: Review of Available Tools and Software. A Guide for Business and Federal Facility Managers.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid Waste. 1995. Guidelines for Assessing the Quality of Life Cycle Inventory Analysis. EPA/530/R-95/010.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. 1994. Life Cycle Impact Assessment: A Conceptual Framework, Key Issues, and Summary of Existing Methods. EPA/452/R-95/002.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development. 1994. Development of a Pollution Prevention Factors Methodology Based on Life-Cycle Assessment: Lithographic Printing Case Study. EPA/600/R-94/157.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid Waste. 1994. Life Cycle Assessment: Public Data Sources for the LCA Practitioner. EPA/530/R-95/009.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development. 1993. Life Cycle Design Guidance Manual. EPA/600/R-92/226.
Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development. 1993. Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles. EPA/600/R-92/245
Environmental Protection Agency, Vigon B., et al. 1992. Product Life-Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles. Battelle and Franklin Associates Ltd. EPA/600/R-92/036.

LCA Related Web-Sites

EPA Sites

Design for the Environment - The Design for the Environment (DfE) program is one of EPA's premier partnership programs, working with individual industry sectors to compare and improve the performance and human health and environmental risks and costs of existing and alternative products, processes, and practices. DfE partnership projects promote integrating cleaner, cheaper, and smarter solutions into everyday business practices.

Other Sites

Centre of Environmental Science (CML) - Provides information about product LCA and provides links to LCA documents, data, and software tools.
Life Cycle Assessment Links - Extensive list of resources including conferences, LCA software, consultants, publications, and various organization involved with LCA.
Centre for Design at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) - Life Cycle Assessment - LCA definitions, events, courses, and Centre for Design publications.
RTI's Life Cycle Assessment Program - Brief summaries of LCA and life cycle related projects with which RTI is involved.
Business and Sustainable Development: A Global Guide - Describes the applications of LCA and provides brief case study descriptions for Electrolux, Loup Valley Dairy, Volvo and Wharington.
Eco-Efficiency and Cleaner Production - Environment Australia: Sustainable Industry and Communities Section: An Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment.
The ATHENA ™ Sustainable Materials Institute - This Institute is a world-leading source of data, expertise and tools for assessing the environmental impacts of buildings and building products.
InLCA - International Conference & Exhibition on Life Cycle Assessment: Tools for Sustainability - This conference took place in Arlington, Virginia from April 25-27, 2000. The site provides the conference agenda with links to the abstracts and presentations.
International Society for Industrial Ecology - An international professional and scientific organization devoted to the advancement of industrial ecology. Includes a strong component on LCA and life cycle management. Also, available from this web site is the Industrial Ecology Dissertation Database.
Ecocycle - A newsletter that shares information on policy and technical issues related to product environmental life-cycle management (LCM).
SETAC Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) Advisory Group - This site provides LCA Newsletters in PDF format from the past three years and also has brief synopses and ordering information for LCA-related SETAC publications.
UNEP SETAC Life Cycle Initiative - A program to develop and disseminate practical tools for evaluating the opportunities, risks, and trade-offs associated with products and services over their entire life cycle to achieve sustainable development.
The Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) - APME is the voice of the plastics manufacturing industry, representing over 90% of Western Europe's polymer production capacity. APME publishes annual data on the consumption and recovery of plastics used in the main application sector of packaging, building and construction, automotive and electric and electronic. LCA reports are available from the APME web site.
American Plastics Council - Abstract - This web site provides an abstract on "Life Cycle Assessment and Public Policy Development for the Automotive Industry" presented at the Total Life Cycle Conference and Exposition, Auburn Hill, MI, April 7-9, 1997.
Environmental Expert.com - Articles - Search by the Technical Field "Management > Life Cycle Assessment" to view full articles related to LCA for free.
German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt) - Germany's equivalent to the USEPA. This web site provides general environmental information on a variety of topics including LCA.
Global Development Research Center's Page for LCA for Cities - Provides information on understanding the concept of LCA for local governments, and other local stakeholders.
Australian Life Cycle Assessment Network - This site provides information on LCA projects that have been completed or are in progress internationally. There is a list of relevant literature and a repository for LCA papers.
Life Cycle Management for Green Electronics at Fraunhofer IZM - Information on environmental issues concerning electronics, including Life Cycle Management, Life Cycle Engineering, Eco-Design strategies and tools, case studies, and research activities.
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis for Vertically Integrated Housing Construction - Online slide program detailing the LCA for vertically integrated housing construction.
The UWME Inventory of Inventory Data Sources This inventory includes only publicly available information sources (databases, qualitative sources, and computer models) suitable for Life Cycle Assessment and Materials Flow Analysis.
Sustainable Development in the World Steel Industry - Home of sustainable development in the world steel industry. This web site is an initiative of the International Iron and Steel Institute to share its activities in working towards a more sustainable world.
Institute for Lifecycle Energy Analysis - Provides United States consumers with the education and tools necessary to make purchasing and lifestyle choices that work toward a sustainable global economy.
The Sirii Environmental Data Network - The Sirii ED Network is made up of several institutes that perform research and consultation within different branches of the industrial world in Sweden and abroad.
The ecoinvent Centre - The Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories central database of LCI data and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods data.
BUWAL - Swiss Environment Agency.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory - NREL provides direction, focus, and support to the development and commercialization of various research projects being supported by DOE.
Life Cycle Group for Sustainable Development - The Life Cycle Systems group of GECOS web site has LCA studies and other downloads.
BioPower Document Library - This web site contains a life-cycle assessment of a biomass gasification combined-cycle system.
The Pembina Institute - A Corporate Eco-Solutions Program that helps businesses increase their profits and competitiveness while reducing their impacts on the environment.
IVF - Swedish Institute for Production Engineering Research - IVF has a large research program on LCAs and also studies the possibility of including industrial hygiene into its LCAs.
Architecture Weekly’s Life Cycle Assessment tools - Architecture Weekly reviews the tools that architects and designers can use in sustainable design.
The International Aluminum Institute - This web site provides general information about the use of LCA as a comparative tool for competing materials, discusses aluminum's life cycle and contains a LCA report on aluminum.
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology: Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment - This web site provided a list of events, publications and links related to LCA.
fms Environmental Strategies Research Group - This web site list research projects and publications prepared by fms.
Life-Cycle Inventory Database Project - This web site provides information about the effort to develop a publicly available U.S. life-cycle inventory (LCI) database and provides access to the existing LCI Database modules.
InLCA/LCM 2004 On-Line Conference - This internet-based conference was held from July 11-24, 2004. Click on the “Sessions” link to view the abstracts and papers discussed during the conference.
European Roundtable on Sustainable Consumption and Production (erScp) 2004 - The Roundtable was held on May 12-14, 2004 in Bilbao, Spain. This web site provides abstracts, papers and presentations from the event.
2006 Eco-Efficiency Conference - This conference is held in Leiden, Netherlands. The conference aims to evaluate and further develop theoretical framework and operational methods for quantified and integrated eco-efficiency analysis, focused at practical application for decision making by firms, governments and NGOs.
LCA Hot list - This web page is aimed at people working in the field of LCA and provide many links to LCA-related information such as homepages of LCA sites, results of LCA case studies, LCA software, inventory data and newsletters.

Conference Proceedings

Australian Life Cycle Assessment Society. 2006. Proceedings of the Fifth Australian Conference on Life Cycle Assessment. Melbourne, Australia. (Note: Previous years also available on site.)
Azapagic, A. 1999. Life Cycle Assessment and Its Application to Process Selection, Design and Optimisation. Chem.
Guidee, J.B. (ed.) Report of a Danish-Dutch workshop on LCA methodologies , held on 16-17 September 1999 at CML, Leiden.
International Conference on LCA in Foods. Gothenburg, Sweden 27-27 April 2001. Organized by SIK, the Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology in collaboration with Vito, the Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2001.
SAE International. 1998. Proceedings of the 1998 Total Life Cycle Conference.
SAE International. 2000. Proceedings of the 2000 Total Life Cycle Conference.
InLCA/LCM 2003 - September 22-25, 2003 in Seattle, Washington. Provides session descriptions and presentations.

Case Studies

EPA Case Studies

U.S. EPA's Design for the Environment Partnerships page includes information about the following partnerships: Automotive Refinishing, Formulator, Furniture, Flame Retardancy, Industrial & Institutional Laundry, Lead-Free Solder, Nail Salons, and Wire & Cable Partnership

2006

Bovea, MD. "Cradle-to-Gate Study of Red Clay for Use in the Ceramic Industry.” Int. J. LCA Online First. 2006.
Eberle, U. "LCA Study and Environmental Benefits for Low Temperature Disinfection Process in Commercial Laundry.” Int. J. LCA Online First. 2006.
International Institute for Sustainable Development. "Life Cycle Assessment: Case Studies.” 2006.
Junnila, S., Horvath, A. and A. Guggemos. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Office Buildings in Europe and the United States.” J. Infrastruct. Syst. 12 (1) 2006: 10-17.
Martchek, K. "Modelling More Sustainable Aluminium: Case Study.” Int. J. LCA 11 (1) 2006:4.
Ozeler, D. Yetis, U. and GN. Demirer. "Life Cycle Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management Methods: Ankara Case Study.” Enviro. Int. 32 (3) 2006: 405-11.
Rivela, B., Moreira, MT, Munoz, I., Rieradevall, J. and G. Feijoo. "Life Cycle Assessment of Wood Wastes: A Case Study of Ephemeral Architecture.” Sci. Total Environ. 357 (1-3) 2006: 1-11.

2005

Del Borghi, A., Binaghi, L., Del Borghi, M., and M. Gallo. "The Application of the Environmental Product Declaration to Waste Disposal in a Sanitary Landfill - Four Case Studies.” Int. J. LCA Online First. 2005.
Hellweg, S., Hofstetter, TB, and K. Hungerbuhler. "Time-Dependent Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions from Slag Landfills with the Help of Scenario Analysis.” J. Cleaner Production 13 (3) 2005: 301-320.
Hischier, R. Hellweg, S., Capello, C. and A. Primas. "Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals Based on Differing Data Availability.” Int. J. LCA 10 (1) 2005: 59-67.
Lee, S.G. and X. Xu. "Design for the Environment: Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainable Packaging Issues.” Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management 5 (1) 2005: 14-41.
Munoz, I., Rieradevall, J., Domenech, X. and C. Gazulla. "Using LCA to Assess Eco-Design in the Automotive Sector: Case Study of a Polyolefinic Door Panel.” Int. J. LCA Online First. 2005.
Persson, C. Forling, M. and M. Svanstrom. "Life Cycle Assessment of the District Heat Distribution System. Part 3: Use Phase and Overall Discussion.” Int. J. LCA Online First. 2005.
Scharnhorst, W. Althaus, HJ. and O. Jolliet. "Environmental Assessment of End-of-Life Treatment Options for a GSM 900 Antenna Rack.” Int. J. LCA Online First. 2005.
Yusoff, S. and S. Hansen. "Feasibility Study of Performing a Life Cycle Assessment on Crude Palm Oil Production in Malaysia.” Int. J. LCA Online First. 2005.

2004

Emmenegger, MF., Frischknecht, R., Stutz, M., Guggisberg, M., Witschi, R. and T. Otto. "Life Cycle Assessment of the Mobile Communication System UMTS: Towards Eco-Efficient Systems.” Int. J. LCA Online First. 2004.
Geisler, G., Liechti, S., Hellweg, S. and K. Hungerbuhler. "Variability of Groundwater Exposure to Pesticides and Its Consideration in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).” Environmental Science and Technology 38 (16) 2004: 4457-4468.
Hellweg, S., Fischer, U. Scheringer, M. and K. Hungerbuhler. "Environmental Assessment of Chemicals: Methods and Application to a Case Study of Organic Solvents.” Green Chemistry 6 (8) 2004: 418-427.

2003

Björklund, A. and G. Finnveden. “Recycling Revisited - Comparing Different Waste Management Strategies.” Presented at the 10th SETAC LCA Case Studies Symposium 3-4 December 2002, in Barcelona. 2003.
Carlsson-Kanyama, A., Pipping Ekström, M. and H. Shanahan. “Food and Life Cycle Energy Inputs: Consequences of Diet and Ways to Increase Efficiency.” Ecological Economics 00 (2003) 1-15.
Hochschorner, E. and G. Finnveden. "Evaluation of Two Simplified Life Cycle Assessment Methods.” Int. J. LCA 8 (3) 2003: 119-128.
International Aluminum Institute. "Life Cycle Assessment of Aluminum: Inventory Data for the Worldwide Primary Aluminum Industry.”2003.
Jungbluth, N. "Environmental Impacts of Food Purchases Investigated in a Modular LCA." Int. J. LCA 7 (3) 2003: 188.
Jungbluth, N., Faist Emmenegger, M. and R. Frischknecht. "Indicators for Monitoring Environmental Relevant Trends of Food Consumption." SETAC, 13th SETAC-Europe Annual Meeting. SETAC. 2003.
McCulloch, L.D. “Improving the Multi-Media Assessment Capabilities of the U.S. EPA: Recommending the Use of Input/Output Life-Cycle-Analysis.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2003.
Nilsson, M., et al. “Strategic Environmental Assessment of Natural Gas Grid Extensions.” FOI-S-0794-SE. 2003.
“Study on External Environmental Effects Related to the Life Cycle of Products and Services, Appendix 2: Case Studies.” European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate A – Sustainable Development and Policy Support. 2003.
Stutz, M., et al. “Life Cycle Assessment of the Mobile Communication System UMTS: Towards Eco-efficient Systems.” IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, Boston. 2003.

2002

Berlin, J. “Environmental Systems Analysis of Dairy Production.” ESA Report 2002:4. Chalmers University of Technology. Göteborg, Sweden. 2002.
Eide, M.H. “Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Industrial Milk Production.”Int. J. LCA 7 (2) 2002: 115-126.
Frischknecht, R., Jungbluth, N. and M. Nauser. "Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Switzerland: A Case Study for the Trade with Products from the Energy and Food Sector." Unpublished. 2002.
Hischier, R., and L.M. Hilty. “Environmental Impacts of an International Conference.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review, special issue (2002): 22-5.
Ilomäki, K., Nielsen, P.H., Bohez, E. and A. Sathasivan. “Environmental Optimization of Residential Water Supply.” Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). 2002.
Jungbluth, N. and R. Frischknecht. "Environmental Labelling of Green Electricity with LCA Key Parameter Models." International Conference on Ecobalance and LCA. 2002.
“LCA Case Study Development in Selected APO Member Countries.” Thailand Environment Institute in collaboration with Asian Productivity Organization (APO). 2002.
“LCA for Grid Electricity Power Plants in Thailand.” Kasetsart University. 2002.
Lidholm, Peter, et al. “Vehicle industry case study preliminary results.” Volvo Technological Development Corporation. 2002.
Meier, P.J. “Life-Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Systems and Applications for Climate Change Policy Analysis.” UWFDM-1181. Fusion Technology Institute, University of Wisconsin. 2002.
Morana, R., Seuring, S. and U. Schneidewind. “Closing the Loop for Textiles - The Case Study of ECOLOG.” Proceedings of the 10th LCA Case Studies Symposium (SETAC), 1-2 December 2002, Barcelona. 2002.
Narayanaswamy, Venky, et al. “A Primer on Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for Australian Grains.” Curtin University of Technology. 2002.
Ongmongkolkul, A., Nielsen, P.H. and M.M. Nazhad. “Life Cycle Assessment of Paperboard Packaging Produced in Thailand.” Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). 2002.
The Pembina Institute. “Life-Cycle Value Assessment (LCVA) of Fuel Supply Options for Fuel Cell Vehicles in Canada.” 2002.
Saouter, Erwan, et al. “The Effect of Compact Formulations on the Environmental Profile of Northern European Granular Laundry Detergents Part II: Life Cycle Assessment.” Int. J. LCA 7 (1) 2002: 27-38.
Srituhla, P. and P.H. Nielsen. “Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Shrimp Production in Thailand: A Case Study in Ranong Province.” Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). 2002.
Tan, R. and A. Culaba. “Life-Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Alternative Fuels for Road Vehicles.” De La Salle University - Manila. 2002.

2001

Beer, T., et al. “Life-cycle Emissions Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Heavy Vehicles - Comparison of Transport Fuels.” Final Report (EV45A/2/F3C) to the Australian Greenhouse Office. 2001.
Berlin, J. “A Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) of Semi-Hard Cheese.” Part of the project Food Chain 21, financed by MISTRA. 2001.
Brachfeld, D., et al. “Life Cycle Assessment of the Stonyfield Farm Product Delivery System.”Center for Sustainable Systems – University of Michigan. 2001.
Carlsson-Kanyama, A. and K. Boström-Carlsson. “Energy Use for Cooking and Other Stages in The Life Cycle of Food: A Study of Wheat, Spaghetti, Pasta, Barley, Rice, Potatoes, Couscous and Mashed Potatoes.” Fms Report 160. FOI-S-0043-SE. 2001.
Carlsson-Kanyama, A., Pipping Ekström, M. and H. Shanahan. “Case Studies of Life Cycle Energy Use for the Swedish Food Supply: Possibilities for More Energy Efficient Diets.” Proceedings from the International Conference on LCA in Foods, Gothenburg, April 26-27, 2001. FOI-S-0032-SE.
Faist, M., Kytzia, S. and P. Baccini. "The Impact of Household Food Consumption on Resource and Energy Management." Int. J. Environment and Pollution, 15 (2) 2001: 183-199.
Frischknecht, R. and N. Jungbluth. "LCA Used in Key Parameter Models for an Efficient Ecolabelling of Green Electricity." SETAC, 11th SETAC-Europe Annual Meeting, Madrid. 2001.
Haas, G., Wetterich, F. and U. Köpke. “Comparing intensive, extensified and organic grassland farming in southern Germany by process life cycle assessment.” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 83 (2001): 43-53.
Jungbluth, N. and R. Frischknecht. "Combining LCA and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory to Determine the Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions Caused by International Trade." 11th SETAC-Europe Annual Meeting 2001. SETAC, Madrid. 2001.
Jungbluth, N. and R. Frischknecht. "The Use of Eco-indicator 99 for the Impact Assessment of Food Products." International Conference on LCA in Foods. The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Gothenburg, Sweden. SIK-Document 143 (2001): 1-6.
Jungbluth, N. and R. Frischknecht. "Use of LCA to Investigate the Embodied Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Trade of Food Products." International Conference on LCA in Foods. The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Gothenburg, Sweden. SIK-Document 143 (2001): 92-98.
“Life Cycle Assessment for Lithium and Lithium Compounds.”
“LCA of Fish. First Workshop: Network for Environmental Assessment of Seafood Products through LCA." Organized at SIK, Göteborg, Sweden, February 26-27, 2001.
Lundie, S., et al. “Evaluation of the Environmental Performance of the Australian Dairy Processing Industry Using Life Cycle Assessment. Life Cycle Inventory for Milk Powder, Market Milk, Cheese, Whey, Butter and Dessert/Yoghurt.” Final Report to Dairy Research and Development Corporation, Sydney. 2001.
"Nordic Network on LCA of Fish. Second Workshop: Including Fishery-Related Marine Environmental Impact in Seafood LCAs." Hirtshals, Denmark, August 15-17, 2001. SIK-Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology.
Ongmongkolkul, A. "Life Cycle Assessment of Paperboard Packaging Produced in Medium-Sized Factories in Thailand." Asian Institute of Technology (AIT). Masters Thesis. 2001.
Saouter, E., et al. “The Effect of Compact Formulations on the Environmental Profile of Northern European Granular Laundry Detergents, Part I: Environmental Risk Assessment.” Int. J. LCA 6 (2001): 1-10.
Simonson, M., et al. “Fire-LCA Model: Cables Case Study” Brandforsk Project 703-991. SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Fire Technology, SP Report 2001: 22.
Talve, S.“Life Cycle Assessment of a Basic Lager Beer.” Int. J. LCA 6 (5) 2001: 293-298.
Unilever HPC Europe. “Machine Dishwash Developments - Steps Towards A More Sustainable Future.” 2001.
Unilever HPC Europe. “Unit Dose - A Sustainability Step For Fabrics Liquids.” 2001.
Ziegler, Friederike. “Environmental Assessment of Seafood with a Life-Cycle Perspective.” Licentiatavhandling, Göteborg. 2001.

2000

Beer, T., et al. "Life-cycle Emissions Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Heavy Vehicles: Stage 1."CSIRO Atmospheric Research Report C/0411/1.1/F2 to the Australian Greenhouse Office. 2000.
Carlsson-Kanyama, A. and M. Faist. “Energy Use in the Food Sector: A data survey.” Environmental Strategies Research Group / Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. 2000.
Cederberg, C., and B. Mattsson. “Life Cycle Assessment of Milk Production – A Comparison of Conventional and Organic Farming.” J. Cleaner Production 8 (1) 2000: 49-60.
Citherlet, S., Di Guglielmo, F. and J-B Gay. “Window and Advanced Glazing Systems Life Cycle Assessment.” Energy and Buildings 32 (2000): 225–234..
Cowell, S. and R. Clift. “A Methodology for Assessing Soil Quantity and Quality in Life Cycle Assessment.” J. Cleaner Production 8 (2000): 321–331.
Ekvall, T. and G. Finnveden. “The Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Integrated Solid Waste Management, Part 2 – Perspectives on Energy and Material Recovery from Paper.” Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Part B, 78 (2000): 288-296. FOA Report B--00-00629-222--SE.
Finnveden, G., et al. “Life Cycle Assessments of Energy from Solid Waste.” Stockholms University. 2000.
Finnveden, G. “Methodological Aspects of Life Cycle Assessment of Integrated Solid Waste Management Systems.” 2000. FOA-B00-00557-222-SE.
Huijbregts, M.A.J., et al. “Priority assessment of toxic substances in life cycle assessment. Part I: Calculation of toxicity potentials for 181 substances with the nested multi-media fate, exposure and effects model USES-LCA.” Chemosphere 41 (2000): 541-573.
Huijbregts, M.A.J., et al. “Priority assessment of toxic substances in life cycle assessment. Part II: assessing parameter uncertainty and human variability in the calculation of toxicity potentials.” Chemosphere 41 (2000): 575-588.
Jungbluth, N. "Environmental Impacts of Organic Products in a Life Cycle Perspective." 1st International Seminar "Organic Food Processing,” IFOAM 2000 – The World Grows Organic (2000): 31-42.
Jungbluth, N., Tietje, O. and R. Scholz. "Food Purchases: Impacts from the Consumers' Point of View Investigated with a Modular LCA." Int. J. LCA 5 (3) 2000: 134-142.
Landfield, A. and V. Karra. “Life Cycle Assessment of a Rock Crusher.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 28 (2000): 207–217.
International Aluminum Institute. " Life Cycle Inventory of the Worldwide Aluminum Industry With Regard to Energy Consumption and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases.” 2000.
Mattsson B., C. Cederberg, and L. Blix. “Agricultural Land Use in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): Case Studies of Three Vegetable Crops.” J. Cleaner Production, 8 (2000): 283-292.
Sampattagul, S. “Life Cycle Assessment of Commercially Cabinet Refrigerator.” Chiangmai University. 2000.
Shanahan H., Carlsson-Kanyama, A. and M. Pipping Ekström. “Foods and Environmental Impact To Increase Households' Capacity for Making Informed Decisions.” Paper presented to The XLXth International Federation of Home Economics Congress 2000 in Accra, Ghana July 24 -29 and INES2000, Workshop on Sustainable Consumption, Stockholm, June 2000.
Spath, P.L. and M.K. Mann. “Life Cycle Assessment of a Natural Gas Combined-Cycle Power Generation System.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-570-27715. 2000.
Unilever HPC Europe. “Tablet Detergents - Towards A More Sustainable Future.” 2000.
VanBerkel, R. "Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental Improvement of Minerals Production." Curtin University of Technology. 2000.
Weidema, B.P. and M.J.G. Meeusen. “Agricultural Data for Life Cycle Assessments.” The Hague, Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI). 2000.
Werder, M. and A. Steinfeld. “Life cycle assessment of the conventional and solar thermal production of zinc and synthesis gas.” Energy 25 (2000): 395–409.

1999

Conway-Schempf, Noellette. “Case study: Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment of Asphalt versus Steel Reinforced Concrete for Pavement Construction.” Carnegie Mellon University. 1999.
Dennison, F.J., et al. “Life Cycle Assessment: Comparing Strategic Options for the Mains Infrastructure – Part 1.” Water Science Technology 9 (10-11) 1999: 315-319.
Diers, A., H.C. Langowski, et al. “Produkt-Ökobilanz vakuumverpackter Röstkaffee (Product Life-Cycle Analysis of Vacuum Packaged Coffee).” Ecomed Publishers. 1999.
Huijbregts, M.A.J. “Ecotoxicological Effect Factors for the Terrestrial Environment in the Frame of LCA.” University of Amsterdam. 1999.
Huijbregts, M.A.J. “Life-Cycle Impact Assessment of Acidifying and Eutrophying Air Pollutants. Calculation of Equivalency Factors with RAINS-LCA. (Draft Version)." University of Amsterdam. 1999.
Krömer, S., et al. “Life Cycle Assessment of a Car Tire.” Continental AG. 1999.
Mattsson, B. “Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Agricultural Food Production.” SIK report no. 660, ISBN 91-576-5734-3. 1999.
Nielsen, P.H. and J.H. Lassen. “Life Cycle Assessment - an integrated tool in the development of an environmentally friendly shelf.” The international symposium in Hainan, China. 1999.
Rafaschieri, A., Rapaccini, M. and G. Manfrida “Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Production from Poplar Energy Crops Compared with Conventional Fossil Fuels.” Energy Conversion & Management 40 (1999): 1477-1493.
Teller, Ph., Denis, S., Renzoni, R. and A. Germain. “Comparison between the incineration and the co-combustion in cement plants of industrial wastes using a life cycle approach.” 7th LCA Case Studies Symposium SETAC, Europe. 1999.
Williams, E.A., et al. “Material and Process Selection Methodology: A Case Study of Laminated Car Windscreen.” 7th SETAC LCA Case Studies Symposium, Brussels. 1999.

1998

Andersson, K, et al. “Screening Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Tomato Ketchup: A Case Study.”J. Cleaner Production 6 (1998): 277-288.
Blanchard, S. and P. Reppe. “Life Cycle Analysis of a Residential Home in Michigan.” Report No. 1998-5, Masters Project, University of Michigan.1998.
Cederberg, C. and B. Mattson. “Life Cycle Assessment of Milk Production – A Comparison of Conventional and Organic Farming." Göteborg University and The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, Göteborg, Sweden. 1998.
Dennison F.J., et al. “Assessing Management Options for Wastewater Treatment Works in the Context of Life Cycle Assessment.” Water Science Technology 38 (11) 1998: 23-30.
Dones R., and R. Frischknecht. “Life-cycle Assessment of Photovoltaic Systems: Results of Swiss Studies on Energy Chains.” Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 6 (1998): 117-125.
Jönsson, Å. “Life Cycle Assessment of Building Products Case Studies and Methodology”, Chalmers University of Technology. 1998.
MacLean, H. and L.B. Lave. “A Life Cycle Model of an Automobile: Resource Use and Environmental Discharges in the Production and Use Phases.” Environmental Science & Technology (1998): 322A-330A.
Seppala, J., et al. “Forest industry and the environment: a life cycle assessment study from Finland.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 23 (1998): 87–105.
Sheehan, J., et al. “Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus.” A Joint Study Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Energy. 1998.
Sullivan, J.L., et al. “Life Cycle Inventory of a Generic U.S. Family Sedan, Overview of Results USCAR AMP Project.” SAE Total Life Cycle Conference, paper #982160, 1998: 1-14.

Publishing Date Unknown

Claus, M.J., Shepherd, W.R. and B. Wayne. “Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Impact of United States Dollar Note and Coin.”Michigan State University. Undergraduate thesis.
“Comparing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Different Energy Sources, A summary of findings from stage one of the Coal in a Sustainable Society Project.” Australian Coal Association.
Fund for Research into Industrial Development, Growth and Equity (FRIDGE). “Socio-Economic Impact of the Proposed Plastic Bag Regulations.”
“Greening the Building Life Cycle: Life Cycle Assessment Tools in Building and Construction.” Case Studies.
Hes, D., Centre for Design at RMIT University, based on information published by M. Janssen and B. Buckland, and communications with M. Janssen. “The Olympic Stadium Analysed Using the DPWS Tool.”
Kim, S., Hwang, T. and M. Overcash. “Life Cycle Assessment Study of Color Computer Monitor.” Int. J. LCA 6 (1) 2001: 35-43.
Case Studies: LCA in Sustainable Architecture (LISA)
Nunn, J.A., Wibberley, L.J. and P.H. Scaife. “Coal in a Sustainable Society: Stage 1 – LCA of Steel and Electricity Production in Australia,” BHP Centre for Metallurgy and Resource Processing and Centre for Sustainable Technology, University of Newcastle.
Steele, K.N.P., et al. “The Application of Life Cycle Assessment Technique in the Investigation of Brick Arch Highway Bridges.” Universit of Surrey / Surrey County Council.
Trusty, W. B. and J. K. Meil. “Building Life Cycle Assessment: Residential Case Study.” ATHENA Sustainable Materials Institute, Canada.
Wibberley, L. “Coal in a Sustainable Society.” BHP Billiton Technology.

Books and Reports

Bauman, H. and A-M. Tillman. 2004. The Hitch Hiker's Guide to LCA: An Orientation in Life Cycle Assessment Methodology and Application.Studentlitteratur AB.
Carlson, R. 2006. Framework for Structuring Information for Environmental Management of Industrial Systems. Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Ciambrone, D.F. 1997. Environmental Life Cycle Analysis. Lewis Publishers, Inc.
Curran, M.A. (ed.). 1996. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Environment Canada - National Office of Pollution Prevention and the Hazardous Waste Branch. Environmental Life Cycle Management: A Guide for Better Business Decisions.
Frankl, P. and F. Rubik. 1999. Life Cycle Assessment in Industry and Business: Adoption Patterns, Applications and Implications. Springer Verlag.
Franklin Associates, 2004. Life Cycle Inventory of Packing Options for Shipment of Retail Mail-Order Soft Goods.
Graedel, T.E. 1998. Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment. Prentice Hall.
Guinee, J.B., et al. 2001. The New LCA Guide. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hendrickson, C, Lave, L, and Matthews, HS. 2006. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Services: An Input-Output Approach. Resources for the Future, Washington DC.
Hofstetter, P. 1998. Perspectives in Life Cycle Impact Assessment: A Structured Approach to Combine Models of the Technosphere, Ecosphere, and Valuesphere. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
International Institute for Sustainable Development. 1996. Global Green Standards: ISO 14000 and Sustainable Development. Winnipeg, Canada.
Jensen, A.A., et al. 1997. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): A guide to approaches, experiences and information sources. Report to the European Environment Agency. Copenhagen, Denmark.
Keoleian, G.A. and D. Menerey. 1994. Product Life Cycle Assessment to Reduce Health Risks and Environmental Impacts. Noyes Publications.
Lindfors L-G, et al. 1995. Nordic Guidelines on Life-Cycle Assessment. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, report # Nord 1995:20.
Ryding, S.O. 1992. Environmental Management Handbook : The Holistic Approach from Problems to Strategies. IOS Press.
Nicholas, M.J., Clift, R., Walker, F.C., Azapagic, A. and D.E. Porter. 2000. Determination of ‘Best Available Techniques’ for Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control: A Life Cycle Approach. IChemE Trans. Part B, Vol. 78, No. 3, 193-203.
Schaltegger, S. and A. Braunschweig (eds.). 1997. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Birkhauser Publishing.
Seppala J. 1997. Decision Analysis as a Tool for Life Cycle Impact Assessment. Finnish Environment Institute. Helsinki, Finland.
Sonnemann, G., et al. 2003. Integrated Life-Cycle and Risk Assessment for Industrial Processes. CRC Press.
Steen, B. and S.O. Ryding. 1994. The EPS Enviro-Accounting Method. Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden.
SustainAbility and Society for the Promotion of Life Cycle Development. 1993. The LCA Sourcebook. London, England.
United Nations Environmental Programme. 2000. Towards the Global Use of Life Cycle Assessment. United Nations Publications.
Van den Berg, N.W, et al. 1995. Beginning LCA : A Guide Into Environmental Life Cycle Assessment. National Reuse of Waste Research Programme, Netherlands.
Yimbo, P.O. ISO 14040 - Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment. Stadler-Burgess.

SETAC documents can be obtained through the following:

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
1010 North 12th Avenue
Pensacola, FL 32501-3367 U.S.A.

T 850-469-1500
F 850-469-9778

E-mail: setac@setac.org

http://www.setac.org/node/32

Allen, D.T., et al. (ed.) 1997. Public Policy Applications of Life-Cycle Assessment. SETAC.
Barnthouse, L. 1998. Life-Cycle Impact Assessment: The State-of-the-Art, 2nd edition. SETAC.
Christiansen, K. (ed.). 1997. Simplifying LCA: Just a Cut? SETAC - Europe.
Consoli, F., et al., 1993. Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment: A Code of Practice. Proceedings of a workshop in Sesimbra, Portugal. SETAC.
Curran, M.A., and J.A. Todd. 1999. Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessment: A Final Report from the SETAC North America Streamlined LCA Workgroup. SETAC and SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education, Inc.
Fava, J., et al. 1993. A Conceptual Framework For Life-Cycle Impact Assessment. Workshop Report. Sandestin, Florida: SETAC and SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education, Inc.
Fava J., et al. (eds.). 1991. A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment. Washington, D.C.: SETAC and SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education, Inc.
Huppes, G. and F. Schneider. 1994. Allocation in LCA. SETAC - Europe.
SETAC. 1994. Life-cycle Assessment Data Quality: A Conceptual Framework. SETAC.
SETAC. 1997. Fifth LCA Symposium for Case Studies. SETAC - Europe.
SETAC. 1997. Sixth LCA Symposium for Case Studies. SETAC - Europe.
SETAC. 1999. Seventh LCA Case Studies Symposium. SETAC - Europe.
SETAC - Europe. 1992. Life Cycle Assessment. Brussels, Belgium.
Udo de Haes, H.A. (ed.). 1994. Integrating Impact Assessment into LCA. SETAC - Europe.
Udo de Haes, H.A. (ed.). 1996. Towards a methodology for life cycle impact assessment. Brussels, Belgium: SETAC - Europe.

ISO Standards

ISO Standards can be obtained through the following:

http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/CatalogueListPage.CatalogueList?ICS1=13&ICS2=020&ICS3=10

Environmental Management - Environmental Performance Evaluation - Guidelines (ISO 14031: 1999).
Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework (ISO 14040: 1997).
Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis (ISO 14041: 1998).
Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Life Cycle Impact Assessment (ISO 14042: 2000).
Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Life Cycle Interpretation (ISO 14043: 2000).
Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Life Cycle Assessment Data Documentation Format (ISO 14048). [not yet published]
Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Examples of Application of ISO 14041 to Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis (ISO 14049: 2000).

ISO 14000 - This site provides background information on ISO 14000, pdf brochures, and ordering information for ISO publications and standards.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) / Technical Committee 207 on Environmental Management - This site provides information on ISO TC 207 and its subcommittees, ISO 14000, and news and articles related to LCA.

The ISO 14000 Information Center - Current events, news articles, and resources, however this site mostly focuses on ISO 14001.

Canadian LCA Standards

The Canadian standards can be ordered from:

Standards Sales
Canadian Standards Association
178 Rexdale Blvd
Rexdale (Toronto), Ontario
Canada M9W 1R3

T 416-747-4044
F 416-747-2475

Life Cycle Assessment, Standard CAN/CSA-Z760, 1994.
Life Cycle Review (supporting CAN/CSA-Z760), 1994.
Design for Environment, Standard CAN/CSA-Z762, 1995.

Journals

Environmental Impact Assessment Review- Environmental Impact Assessment Review is a refereed, interdisciplinary journal serving an international audience of practitioners, policy-makers and academics. This audience assesses the environmental impact of policy, projects, processes and products and makes decisions based upon these assessments.
Management of Environmental Quality - This journal has become a highly respected international forum for the serious debate of environmental issues and their effect on human health. EMH published a special edition on topics presented at the InLCA Conference in April 2000.
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment was the first journal devoted entirely to LCA. Some documents are available in PDF format. LCA Global Village is a free discussion forum on LCA topics. IJLCA also published a special edition with selected papers from the InLCA Conference.
Journal of Cleaner Production - The Journal of Cleaner Production serves as an interdisciplinary, international forum for the exchange of information on the technologies, concepts and policies designed to help ensure progress towards sustainable societies. The journal includes papers on source reduction, environmental management initiatives, cleaner production methods and tools, including life cycle assessment and product improvement analyses and legislation, policy and regulation.
Journal of Industrial Ecology - The Journal of Industrial Ecology is an international, peer-reviewed, multi-disciplinary quarterly designed to foster both understanding and practice in the emerging field of industrial ecology. The journal addresses a series of related topics: material and energy flows studies; life cycle planning, design and assessment; design for the environment; product stewardship; and eco-efficiency.

Software and Databases

The list of software tools and databases below does not indicate any form of endorsement. See disclaimer at the top of this page.

EPA Software: Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) - by United States Environmental Protection Agency. TRACI allows the examination of the potential for impacts associated with the raw material usage and chemical releases resulting from the processes involved in producing a product. The complete software and user's guide can be downloaded from the web link provided.

The Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME) - APME publishes annual data on the consumption and recovery of plastics used in the main application sector of packaging, building and construction, automotive and electric and electronic.

The Environmental Impact Estimator - by the ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute. Architects, engineers and researchers can get life cycle assessment (LCA) answers about conceptual designs of new buildings or renovations to existing buildings from this tool. The Estimator lets you assess the environmental implications of industrial, institutional, office, and both multi-unit and single family residential designs. Where relevant, it also distinguishes between owner-occupied and rental facilities. The Estimator puts the environment on an equal footing with other more traditional design criteria at the conceptual design stage of a building project. The Estimator incorporates the Institute's life cycle inventory databases, covering more than 90 structural and envelope materials. It simulates over 1,000 different assembly combinations.

BEES 3.0 - by National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research Laboratory. The BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) software can be used for balancing the environmental and economic performance of building products. Version 3.0 of the Windows™-based decision support software, aimed at designers, builders, and product manufacturers, includes actual environmental and economic performance data for 65 building products. BEES 3.0 can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

The Boustead Model 5.0 - by Boustead Consulting. The Boustead Model is an extensive database, in which data such as fuels and energy use, raw materials requirements, solid, liquid and gaseous emissions are stored. It also includes software which enables the user to manipulate data in the database and to select a suitable data presentation method from a host of options.

CMLCA - by Centre of Environmental Science (CML) - Leiden University. Chain Management by Life Cycle Assessment (CMLCA) is a software tool that is intended to support the technical steps of the LCA procedure. The program can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

Eco-Indicator 99 - by PRé Consultants. Eco-Indicator 99 is a "damage oriented" impact assessment method with clearly detailed steps such as fate, exposure, effect and damage analysis. A report containing a complete description of the methodology, as well an overview of all damage (characterization) factors can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

The ecoinvent Centre - The Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories central database of LCI data and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods data.

ECO-it 1.3 - by PRé Consultants. ECO-it comes with over 200 eco-indicator 99 scores for commonly used materials such as metals, plastics, paper, board and glass, as well as production, transport, energy and waste treatment processes. It calculates the environmental load of a product and shows which parts of the product contribute most. A demo version can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

EcoScan 3.0 - by TNO Industrial Technology. Ecoscan 3.0 analyzes the environmental impact and cost of products. The software tool can be used by managers and engineers who implement EcoDesign in real life product development.

Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment - by Green Design Initiative of Carnegie Mellon. This web site allows you to estimate the overall environmental impacts from producing a certain dollar amount of any of 500 commodities or services in the United States. It will provide rough guidance on the relative impacts of different types of products, materials, services, or industries with respect to resource use and emissions throughout the U.S.

EDIP PC-tool (http://www.mst.dk/activi/08030000.htm) - by Danish EPA. The EDIP PC tool is a user friendly Windows application and database that supports the LCA process carried out according to the EDIP method. To carry out an LCA, detailed information on all the processes and materials included in the life cycle of the product is needed. Therefore, the tool has been equipped with a relational database, close in structure to the internationally recognized SPOLD format.

The Environmental Impact Estimator - by the ATHENA™ Sustainable Materials Institute. Architects, engineers and researchers can get life cycle assessment (LCA) answers about conceptual designs of new buildings or renovations to existing buildings from this tool. The Estimator lets you assess the environmental implications of industrial, institutional, office, and both multi-unit and single family residential designs. Where relevant, it also distinguishes between owner-occupied and rental facilities. The Estimator puts the environment on an equal footing with other more traditional design criteria at the conceptual design stage of a building project. The Estimator incorporates the Institute's life cycle inventory databases, covering more than 90 structural and envelope materials. It simulates over 1,000 different assembly combinations.

EPS 2000 Design System - by Assess Ecostrategy Scandinavia AB. EPS (Environmental Priority Strategies) is a life cycle impact assessment software for sustainable product development. A demo version can be ordered from the web site link provided above.

GaBi 4 Software System and Databases - by PE Europe GmbH and IKP University of Stuttgart. Different versions are available from educational to professional use of Life Cycle Analysis to evaluate life cycle environmental, cost and social profiles of products, processes and technologies. It contains comprehensive GaBi databases with worldwide coverage as well as Ecoinvent data. A demo version is available for download.

GEMIS (Global Emission Model for Integrated Systems) - by Öko-Institut. GEMIS is a life cycle analysis program and database for energy, material, and transport systems. The GEMIS database offers information on fossil fuels, renewables, processes for electricity and heat, raw materials, and transports. The GEMIS database can be downloaded for free from the web site link provided above.

GREET Model- The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Transportation Technologies fuel-cycle model called GREET (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation). It allows researchers to evaluate various engine and fuel combinations on a consistent fuel-cycle basis.

IDEMAT 2005 - by Delft University of Technology. IDEMAT is a tool for material selections in the design process. It provides a database with technical information about materials, processes and components and allows the user to compare information. A demo version can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

IVAM LCA Data 4.0 - by IVAM. The IVAM Environmental Research database is a database to be used for environmental life cycle assessment (LCA). It consists of about 1000 processes, leading to more than 300 materials. The data can be used for LCA applications in various sectors.

KCL-ECO 4.0 - by KCL. KCL-ECO can be used to apply LCA to complicated systems with many modules and flows. It includes allocation, impact assessment (characterization, normalization and weighting), and graphing features. A demo version can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

LCAiT 4 - by CIT Ekologik. Since 1992, LCAit has been used for the environmental assessment of products and processes. It includes an impact assessment database, including characterization factors and weighting factors.

LCAPIX - by KM Limited. The LCAPIX software combines LCA and Activity Based Costing (ABC) to help businesses assure environmental compliance while assuring sustained profitability. It allows for a quantitative measurement which can indicate the potential burden of any product. A demo version can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

Life-Cycle Inventory Database - by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The LCI Database is publicly available and contains data modules for commonly used materials and processes, such as primary fuel production and combustion, electricity generation and transformation processes.

MIET 3.0 - Missing Inventory Estimation Tool - by Centre of Environmental Science (CML). MIET is a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that enables LCA practitioners to estimate Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of missing flows that were truncated. MIET is based on the most up-to-date U.S. input-output table and environmental data. MIET covers about 1,200 different environmental interventions including air, water, industrial and agricultural soil emissions and resource use by various industrial sectors. MIET can be downloaded for free from the web site link provided above after filling out a short questionnaire.

REGIS - by Sinum. Software tool for corporate ecobalances and the improvement of corporate environmental performance according to ISO14031. A demo version can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

SimaPro 7 - by PRé Consultants. SimaPro is a professional LCA software tool that contains several impact assessment methods and several inventory databases, which can be edited and expanded without limitation. It can compare and analyze complex products with complex life cycles. A demo version can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

SPINE@CPM - by CPM - Competence Centre for Environmental Assessment of Product and Material Systems at Chalmers University of Technology. This database contains detailed information on all types of freight transports, energyware production, production of selected materials and waste management alternatives. The database can be accessed from the web site link provided above.

SPOLD Data Exchange Software - by The Society for Promotion of Life-cycle Assessment. This software is used to create, edit, import and export data in the SPOLD '99 format. It can be downloaded from the web site link provided above.

TEAM™ - by Pricewaterhouse Coopers Ecobilan Group. TEAM™ is a professional tool for evaluating the life cycle environmental and cost profiles of products and technologies. It contains comprehensive database of over 600 modules with worldwide coverage. An online demo is available from the web site link provided above.

Umberto - by Institute for Environmental Informatics, Hamburg. Umberto serves to visualize material and energy flow systems. Data are taken from external information systems or are newly modeled and calculated.

WISARD™ - by Pricewaterhourse Coopers Ecobilan Group. WISARD (Waste - Integrated Systems Assessment for Recovery and Disposal) is a LCA software tool to help inform decision making and evaluate policy options concerning the disposal of household waste.

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