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Richard Shukle
Adjunct Associate Professor USDA-ARS Research Entomologist
Office Phone: 494-6351
Office Number: WSLR Room 238
Lab Number: WSLR Room 241
Lab Phone: 494-7193
Education
PhD Entomology 1980, University of California, Davis
Research Interest
Program Summary : My research focuses on the interactions between the larval Hessian fly and wheat. Genetically resistant wheat is the most effective means for preventing yield losses due to Hessian fly infestation. While the use of resistant wheat is an effective means for controlling Hessian fly, it places a selective pressure on populations and has led to the  appearance of biotypes of the pest that can overcome resistance. The salivary glands and midgut of the larval Hessian fly are the primary interfaces with wheat. Little is known about the roles of these two organs in the interactions between larval Hessian fly and wheat. However, secreted salivary gland proteins (SSGPs) in the larval Hessian fly are hypothesized to be the effectors reprogramming host-plant tissues in compatible interactions with susceptible wheat and to be the avirulence gene products eliciting resistance in incompatible interactions with resistant wheat.
Short-term goals: Initial comparison of the transcripts encoding SSGPs in populations of Hessian fly from the Middle East has revealed greater diversity than is present in populations from the United States. Some of these divergent SSGPs in Middle Eastern populations fall basal in phylogenetic analyses to clades containing families of SSGPs, suggesting these divergent SSGPs may represent ancestral types. Through comparative analyses, bioinformatics, and functional analyses we seek to gain insight into the possible evolution of these SSGP effectors and their roles in the interactions between larval Hessian fly and wheat. Ultrastructural analysis of the larval midgut coupled with transcriptional profiling is revealing responses elicited in larvae on resistant wheat. Within 3 hours of initiating feeding on resistant wheat midgut microvilli are disrupted and after 24 hours microvilli are absent. Additionally, transcriptional profiling suggests larvae are subjected to oxidative stressors. These results indicate the midgut is the major target of toxic plant compounds and that lectins and possibly oxygen stressors are prominent components of resistance.
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A. EM image of midgut with normal microvilli (arrows) in a larva fed for 3 hrs on susceptible wheat. B and C. EM images of midguts with disrupted microville (arrows) in larvae fed for 3 hrs on resistant wheat. |
Long-term Goals: Understand the interactions between the larval Hessian fly and wheat that induce resistance and susceptibility in wheat. Impact the development of innovative methods for control of this pest through genetic engineering and other contemporary approaches. Provide wheat producers, commodity groups, and consumers with improved and more durable pest control without increased cost.
Professional Activities
I served as an ad hoc reviewer for NRI, BARD, and NSF competitive grants from 1990 - present. For 2008 reviewed NSF grant entitled ‘Genomic analysis of Plant Responses to Galling Insects’ Joseph T. Miller and Stephen D. Hendrix, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa.
I also serve as an ad hoc reviewer for the following professional journals: Insect Molecular Biology, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Journal of Insect Physiology, Archives of Insect biochemistry and Physiology, Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, Journal of Heredity, Bulletin of Entomological Research, Journal of Insect Science, Journal of Applied Entomology, Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society.
I served as the Chair of the organizing committee for the 17th Biennial International Plant Resistance to Insects (IPRI) Workshop held at Purdue University, April 2006 and have served on the steering committee of the IPRI Society.
Participation in National Scientific Meetings, Technical Conferences, Workshops
Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, 1978 to present.
North Central Branch of the Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, 1984 to present.
Biennial International Plant Resistance to Insects Workshop, 1984 to present.
Keystone Symposium on Genetic Manipulation of Insects, 1995 to 2001.
Plant & Animal Genomes Conferences San Diego, CA, 2003, 2006, 2007.
Extension/Outreach Activities
I have an ongoing collaboration with Dr. Ming-Shun Chen ( USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS) using an Affymetrix Tiling Array for transcripts encoding secreted salivary gland proteins (SSGPs) in the larval Hessian fly. The focus of this collaboration is to evaluate diversity in SSGP genes in different Hessian fly populations and lines. My specific interest lies in evaluation of diversity and how it relates to the evolution of SSGPs present in Hessian fly populations from the southeastern United States and the Middle East. Additionally, I have a very active collaboration with Dr. Phyllis Weintraub (Israeli Agricultural Ministry, Gilat Research Center, Israel) on characterization of Hessian fly from Israel with a primary focus on the diversity of SSGPs in Israeli populations. I also have a similar collaboration with Dr. Mustapha El-Bouhssini (ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria).
Publications last five years
Shukle, R. H., Mittapalli, O., Morton, P. K., Chen, M. S. 2009. Characterization and expression analysis of a gene encoding a secreted lipase-like protein expressed in the salivary glands of the larval Hessia fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). Journal of Insect Physiology, 55; 104-111.
Mittapalli, O. and Shukle, R. H. 2008. Molecular characterization and responsive expression of a defender against apoptotoic cell death homologue from Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B, 149; 517-523.
Shukle, R. H., Yoshiyama, M., Morton, P.K., Johnson, A. J., and Schemerhorn, B.J. 2008. Tissue and developmental expression of a gene from Hessian fly encoding an ABC-active-transporter protein: Implications for Malpighian tubule function during interactions with wheat. Journal of Insect Physiology, 54(1); 146-154.
Mittapalli, O., Neal, J. J., and Shukle, R. H. 2007. Antioxidant defense response in a galling insect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 104(6); 1889-1894.
Mittapalli, O., Sardesai, N., and Shukle, R. H. 2007. cDNA cloning and transcriptional expression of a peritrophin-like gene in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). Archives of. Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 64; 19-29.
Mittapalli, O., Neal, J. J., and Shukle, R. H. 2007. Tissue and life stage specificity of glutathione S-transferase expression in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor: Implications for resistance to host allelochemicals. Journal of Insect Science, 7; article 20.
Tarver, M. R., Shade, R. E., Shukle, R. H., Moar, Muir, W. M., Murdock, L. M., and Pittendrigh, B. P. 2007. Pyramiding of insecticidal compounds for control of the cowpea bruchid (Callosobruchus Maculatus F.). Pest Management Science, 63(5); 440-446.
Mittapalli, O., Shukle, R. H., Sardesai, N., Giovanini, M. P., and Williams, C. E. 2006. Expression patterns of antibacterial genes in the Hessian fly. Journal of Insect Physiology, 52 1143-1152.
Mittapalli, O., Neal, J. J., and Shukle, R. H. 2006. Characterization of a serine carboxypeptidase in the salivary glands and fat body of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 36(2); 154-160.
Giovanini, M. P., Puthoff, D. P., Nemacheck, J. A., Mittapalli, O., Saltzmann, K, Ohm, H. W., Shukle, R. H., and Williams, C.E. 2006. Gene-for-gene defense of wheat against the Hessian fly lacks an oxidative burst. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions, 19(9); 1023-1033.
Mittapalli, O., Shukle, R. H., and Wise, I. L. 2006. Identification of mariner-like elements from Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 138(2); 138-146.
Mittapalli, O., Neal, J. J., and Shukle, R. H. 2005. Differential expression of two cytochrome P450 genes in compatible and incompatible Hessian fly/wheat interactions. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 35(9); 981-989.
Mittapalli, O., Stuart, J. J., and Shukle, R. H. 2005. Molecular cloning and characterization of two digestive serine proteases from the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. Insect Molecular Biology, 14(3); 309-318.
Yoshiyama, M. and Shukle, R. H. 2004. Molecular cloning and characterization of a glutathione S-transferase gene from Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97; 1285-1293.
Johnson, A. J., Schemerhorn, B. J., and Shukle, R. H. 2004. A first assessment of mitochondrial DNA variation and geographic distribution of haplotypes in the Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97; 940-948.
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