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2003 Annual Report |
III. Financial Statements and Notes - Bank Insurance Fund (BIF)
Notes to the Financial Statements December 31, 2003 and 2002 1. Operations of the Bank Insurance Fund Overview The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is the independent deposit insurance agency created by Congress in 1933 to maintain stability and public confidence in the nation's banking system. Provisions that govern the operations of the FDIC are generally found in the Federal Deposit Insurance (FDI) Act, as amended, (12 U.S.C. 1811, et seq). In carrying out the purposes of the FDI Act, as amended, the FDIC insures the deposits of banks and savings associations, and in cooperation with other federal and state agencies promotes the safety and soundness of insured depository institutions by identifying, monitoring and addressing risks to the deposit insurance funds established in the FDI Act, as amended. The FDIC is the administrator of the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF), the Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF), and the FSLIC Resolution Fund (FRF), which are maintained separately to carry out their respective mandates. The BIF and the SAIF are insurance funds responsible for protecting insured bank and thrift depositors from loss due to institution failures. These insurance funds must be maintained at not less than 1.25 percent of estimated insured deposits or a higher percentage as circumstances warrant. The FRF is a resolution fund responsible for the sale of remaining assets and satisfaction of liabilities associated with the former Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) and the Resolution Trust Corporation.
Operations of the BIFAn active institution's insurance fund membership and primary federal supervisor are generally determined by the institution's charter type. Deposits of BIF-member institutions are generally insured by the BIF; BIF members are predominantly commercial and savings banks supervised by the FDIC, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, or the Federal Reserve Board. Deposits of SAIF-member institutions are generally insured by the SAIF; SAIF members are predominantly thrifts supervised by the Office of Thrift Supervision. In addition to traditional banks and thrifts, several other categories of institutions exist. A member of one insurance fund may, with the approval of its primary federal supervisor, merge, consolidate with, or acquire the deposit liabilities of an institution that is a member of the other insurance fund without changing insurance fund status for the acquired deposits. These institutions with deposits insured by both insurance funds are referred to as Oakar financial institutions. In addition, SAIF-member thrifts can convert to a bank charter and retain their SAIF membership. These institutions are referred to as Sasser financial institutions. Likewise, BIF-member banks can convert to a thrift charter and retain their BIF membership. The primary purpose of the BIF is to: 1) insure the deposits and protect the depositors of BIF-insured institutions and 2) resolve BIF-insured failed institutions upon appointment of FDIC as receiver in a manner that will result in the least possible cost to the BIF. In addition, the FDIC, acting on behalf of the BIF, examines state-chartered banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System.
Receivership OperationsThe BIF is primarily funded from: 1) interest earned on investments in U.S. Treasury obligations and 2) deposit insurance assessments. Additional funding sources are U.S. Treasury and Federal Financing Bank (FFB) borrowings, if necessary. The FDIC has borrowing authority from the U.S. Treasury up to $30 billion for insurance purposes on behalf of the BIF and the SAIF. A statutory formula, known as the Maximum Obligation Limitation (MOL), limits the amount of obligations the BIF can incur to the sum of its cash, 90% of the fair market value of other assets, and the amount authorized to be borrowed from the U.S. Treasury. The MOL for the BIF was $57.0 billion and $56.7 billion as of December 31, 2003 and 2002, respectively. The FDIC is responsible for managing and disposing of the assets of failed institutions in an orderly and efficient manner. The assets held by receivership entities, and the claims against them, are accounted for separately from BIF assets and liabilities to ensure that receivership proceeds are distributed in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Also, the income and expenses attributable to receiverships are accounted for as transactions of those receiverships. Receiverships are billed by the FDIC for services provided on their behalf.
Recent Legislative InitiativesIn April 2001, FDIC issued recommendations for deposit insurance reform. The FDIC recommendations included merging BIF and SAIF and improving FDIC's ability to manage the merged fund by permitting the FDIC Board of Directors to price insurance premiums properly to reflect risk, to set the reserve ratio in a range around 1.25 percent, establish a system for providing credits, rebates and surcharges, and to eliminate the SAIF exit fee reserve. FDIC also recommended that Congress consider indexing deposit insurance coverage for inflation. During the 107th Congress (2001-2002), hearings were held in the House and Senate and legislation was introduced containing major elements of FDIC's deposit insurance reform proposals. The legislation was not enacted prior to congressional adjournment. During the 108th Congress (2003 - 2004), the House and Senate are again considering deposit insurance reform legislation. If Congress enacts deposit insurance reform legislation that contains the above recommendations, the new law would have a significant impact on the BIF and SAIF. FDIC management, however, cannot predict which provisions, if any, will ultimately be enacted.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting PoliciesGeneral These financial statements pertain to the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of the BIF and are presented in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). These statements do not include reporting for assets and liabilities of closed banks for which the FDIC acts as receiver. Periodic and final accountability reports of the FDIC's activities as receiver are furnished to courts, supervisory authorities, and others as required.
Use of EstimatesManagement makes estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Where it is reasonably possible that changes in estimates will cause a material change in the financial statements in the near term, the nature and extent of such changes in estimates have been disclosed. The more significant estimates include allowance for loss on receivables from bank resolutions, the estimated losses for anticipated failures and litigation, and the postretirement benefit obligation.
Cash EquivalentsCash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents consist primarily of Special U.S. Treasury Certificates.
Investment in U.S. Treasury ObligationsBIF funds are required to be invested in obligations of the United States or in obligations guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States; the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury must approve all such investments in excess of $100,000. The Secretary has granted approval to invest BIF funds only in U.S. Treasury obligations that are purchased or sold exclusively through the Bureau of the Public Debt's Government Account Series (GAS) program.
Cost Allocations Among FundsBIF's investments in U.S. Treasury obligations are either classified as held-to-maturity or available-for-sale. Securities designated as held-to-maturity are shown at amortized cost. Amortized cost is the face value of securities plus the unamortized premium or less the unamortized discount. Amortizations are computed on a daily basis from the date of acquisition to the date of maturity, except for callable U.S. Treasury securities, which are amortized to the first anticipated call date. Securities designated as available-for-sale are shown at market value, which approximates fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are included in Comprehensive Income. Realized gains and losses are included in the Statements of Income and Fund Balance as components of Net Income. Interest on both types of securities is calculated on a daily basis and recorded monthly using the effective interest method. Operating expenses not directly charged to the BIF, the SAIF, and the FRF are allocated to all funds using workload-based allocation percentages. These percentages are developed during the annual corporate planning process and through supplemental functional analyses.
Capital Assets and DepreciationThe FDIC has designated the BIF as administrator of property and equipment used in its operations. Consequently, the BIF includes the cost of these assets in its financial statements and provides the necessary funding for them. The BIF charges the other funds usage fees representing an allocated share of its annual depreciation expense. These usage fees are recorded as cost recoveries, which reduce operating expenses.
Related PartiesThe FDIC buildings are depreciated on a straight-line basis over a 35 to 50 year estimated life. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and depreciated over the lesser of the remaining life of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvements, if determined to be material. Capital assets depreciated on a straight-line basis over a five-year estimated life include mainframe equipment; furniture, fixtures, and general equipment; and internal-use software. Personal computer equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over a three-year estimated life. The nature of related parties and a description of related party transactions are discussed in Note 1 and disclosed throughout the financial statements and footnotes.
ReclassificationsReclassifications have been made in the 2002 financial statements to conform to the presentation used in 2003.
3. Investment in U.S. Treasury Obligations, NetAs of December 31, 2003 and 2002, the book value of investments in U.S. Treasury obligations, net, was $30.5 billion and $27.5 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2003, the BIF held $6.4 billion of Treasury inflation-indexed securities (TIIS). These securities are indexed to increases or decreases in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). Additionally, the BIF held $6.8 billion of callable U.S. Treasury bonds at December 31, 2003. Callable U.S. Treasury bonds may be called five years prior to the respective bonds' stated maturity on their semi-annual coupon payment dates upon 120 days notice.
As of December 31, 2003 and 2002, the unamortized premium, net of the unamortized discount, was $902 million and $508 million, respectively. 4. Receivables From Bank Resolutions, Net The receivables from bank resolutions include payments made by the BIF to cover obligations to insured depositors, advances to receiverships for working capital, and administrative expenses paid on behalf of receiverships. Any related allowance for loss represents the difference between the funds advanced and/or obligations incurred and the expected repayment. Assets held by BIF receiverships are the main source of repayment of the BIF's receivables from closed banks. As of December 31, 2003, there were 31 active receiverships, including three failures in the current year, with assets at failure of $1.1 billion and BIF outlays of $889 million. As of December 31, 2003 and 2002, BIF receiverships held assets with a book value of $756 million and $1.1 billion, respectively (including cash, investments, and miscellaneous receivables of $436 million and $479 million at December 31, 2003 and 2002, respectively). The estimated cash recoveries from the management and disposition of these assets that are used to derive the allowance for losses are based on a sampling of receivership assets. The sampled assets are generally valued by estimating future cash recoveries, net of applicable liquidation cost estimates, and then discounting these net cash recoveries using current market-based risk factors based on a given asset's type and quality. Resultant recovery estimates are extrapolated to the non-sampled assets in order to derive the allowance for loss on the receivable. These estimated recoveries are regularly evaluated, but remain subject to uncertainties because of potential changes in economic and market conditions. Such uncertainties could cause the BIF's actual recoveries to vary from the level currently estimated.
As of December 31, 2003, an allowance for loss of $4.4 billion, or 90% of the gross receivable, was recorded. Of the remaining 10% of the gross receivable, the amount of credit risk is limited since over three-fourths of the receivable will be repaid from receivership cash and investments. 5. Property and Equipment, Net
The depreciation expense was $55 million and $47 million for 2003 and 2002, respectively. 6. Contingent Liabilities for: Anticipated Failure of Insured Institutions The BIF records a contingent liability and a loss provision for banks (including Oakar and Sasser financial institutions) that are likely to fail within one year of the reporting date, absent some favorable event such as obtaining additional capital or merging, when the liability becomes probable and reasonably estimable.
Litigation LossesThe contingent liability is derived by applying expected failure rates and historical loss rates to groups of institutions with certain shared characteristics. In addition, institution-specific analysis is performed on those banks where failure is imminent absent institution management resolution of existing problems. As of December 31, 2003 and 2002, the contingent liabilities for anticipated failure of insured institutions were $178 million and $1.0 billion, respectively. In addition to these recorded contingent liabilities, the FDIC has identified additional risk in the financial services industry that could result in a material loss to the BIF should potentially vulnerable financial institutions ultimately fail. This risk is evidenced by the level of problem bank assets and the presence of various high-risk banking business models that are particularly vulnerable to adverse economic and market conditions. Due to the uncertainty surrounding future economic and market conditions, there are other banks for which the risk of failure is less certain, but still considered reasonably possible. As a result of these risks, the FDIC believes that it is reasonably possible that the BIF could incur additional estimated losses up to $2.2 billion. The accuracy of these estimates will largely depend on future economic and market conditions. The FDIC's Board of Directors has the statutory authority to consider the contingent liability from anticipated failures of insured institutions when setting assessment rates. The BIF records an estimated loss for unresolved legal cases to the extent that those losses are considered probable and reasonably estimable. In addition to the amount recorded as probable, the FDIC has determined that losses from unresolved legal cases totaling $111.3 million are reasonably possible.
Other ContingenciesRepresentations and Warranties
7. AssessmentsAs part of the FDIC's efforts to maximize the return from the sale of assets from bank resolutions, representations and warranties, and guarantees are offered on certain loan sales. In general, the guarantees, representations, and warranties on loans sold relate to the completeness and accuracy of loan documentation, the quality of the underwriting standards used, the accuracy of the delinquency status when sold, and the conformity of the loans with characteristics of the pool in which they were sold. The total amount of loans sold subject to unexpired representations and warranties, and guarantees was $7.4 billion as of December 31, 2003. The contingent liability from all outstanding claims asserted in connection with representations and warranties was zero and $11.6 million at December 31, 2003 and 2002, respectively. In addition, future losses on representations and warranties, and guarantees could be incurred over the remaining life of the loans sold, which is generally 20 years or more. Consequently, the FDIC believes it is possible that additional losses may be incurred by the BIF from the universe of outstanding contracts with unasserted representation and warranty claims. However, because of the uncertainties surrounding the timing of when claims may be asserted, the FDIC is unable to reasonably estimate a range of loss to the BIF from outstanding contracts with unasserted representation and warranty claims. In compliance with provisions of the FDI Act, as amended, the FDIC uses a risk-based assessment system that charges higher rates to those institutions that pose greater risks to the BIF. To arrive at a risk-based assessment for a particular institution, the FDIC places each institution in one of nine risk categories based on capital ratios and supervisory examination data. The majority of the financial institutions are not assessed. Of those assessed, the assessment rate averaged approximately 20 cents and 22 cents per $100 of assessable deposits for 2003 and 2002, respectively. During 2003 and 2002, $80 million and $84 million were collected from BIF-member institutions, respectively. On November 4, 2003, the Board voted to retain the BIF assessment schedule at the annual rate of 0 to 27 cents per $100 of assessable deposits for the first semiannual period of 2004. The Board reviews assessment rates semiannually to ensure that funds are available to satisfy the BIF's obligations. If necessary, the Board may impose more frequent rate adjustments or emergency special assessments. The FDIC is required to maintain the insurance funds at a designated reserve ratio (DRR) of not less than 1.25 percent of estimated insured deposits (or a higher percentage as circumstances warrant). If the reserve ratio falls below the DRR, the FDIC is required to set semiannual assessment rates that are sufficient to increase the reserve ratio to the DRR not later than one year after such rates are set, or in accordance with a recapitalization schedule of fifteen years or less. As of September 30, 2003, the BIF reserve ratio was 1.31 percent of estimated insured deposits. Assessments are also levied on institutions for payments of the interest on obligations issued by the Financing Corporation (FICO). The FICO was established as a mixed-ownership government corporation to function solely as a financing vehicle for the FSLIC. The annual FICO interest obligation of approximately $790 million is paid on a pro rata basis using the same rate for banks and thrifts. The FICO assessment has no financial impact on the BIF and is separate from the regular assessments. The FDIC, as administrator of the BIF and the SAIF, acts solely as a collection agent for the FICO. During 2003 and 2002, $627 million and $621 million, respectively, were collected from BIF-member institutions and remitted to the FICO. 8. Operating Expenses Operating expenses were $805 million for 2003, compared to $821 million for 2002. The decrease of $16 million is primarily attributable to lower salary/benefit expenses resulting from the workforce reduction programs in 2002. During 2002, the FDIC offered voluntary employee buyout incentives to a majority of its employees and conducted a reduction-in-force (RIF) in 2002 and 2003 in an effort to reduce identified staffing excesses and skill imbalances. As a result, approximately 750 employees left by December 31, 2003. Termination benefits included compensation of fifty percent of the employee's current base salary and locality adjustment for voluntary departures. The total cost of this buyout was $33.1 million for 2002, with BIF's pro rata share totaling $28.9 million, which is included in the "Salaries and benefits" category in the chart below, as well as the "Separation Incentive Payment" line item in Note 10. Through 2003, BIF paid $20.8 million of this compensation benefit and the remaining unpaid amount is recorded as a liability in the "Accounts payable and other liabilities" line item.
9. Provision for Insurance Losses Provision for insurance losses was a negative $928 million for 2003 and a negative $87 million for 2002. The following chart lists the major components of the provision for insurance losses.
10. Employee Benefits Pension Benefits, Savings Plans and Postemployment Benefits Eligible FDIC employees (permanent and term employees with appointments exceeding one year) are covered by the federal government retirement plans, either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Although the BIF contributes a portion of pension benefits for eligible employees, it does not account for the assets of either retirement system. The BIF also does not have actuarial data for accumulated plan benefits or the unfunded liability relative to eligible employees. These amounts are reported on and accounted for by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management.
Eligible FDIC employees also may participate in a FDIC-sponsored tax-deferred 401(k) savings plan with matching contributions up to five percent. The BIF pays its share of the employer's portion of all related costs.
Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions The FDIC provides certain life and dental insurance coverage for its eligible retirees, the retirees' beneficiaries, and covered dependents. Retirees eligible for life insurance coverage are those who have qualified due to: 1) immediate enrollment upon appointment or five years of participation in the plan and 2) eligibility for an immediate annuity. The life insurance program provides basic coverage at no cost to retirees and allows converting optional coverages to direct-pay plans. Dental coverage is provided to all retirees eligible for an immediate annuity.
11. Commitments and Off-Balance-Sheet ExposurePrior to 2003, the BIF funded its liability for postretirement benefits other than pensions directly to a separate entity, which was established to restrict the funds and to provide for the accounting and administration of these benefits. As of January 1, 2003, the FDIC changed its funding policy for these benefits and eliminated the separate entity in order to simplify the investment, accounting, and reporting for the obligation. The change does not impact any benefit entitlements to employees and retirees or the accrual of this liability pursuant to the provisions of SFAS No. 106. The BIF received $89 million, of the total $103 million, as its proportionate share of the plan assets and recognized a liability of $90 million, of the total $104 million, in the "Accounts payable and other liabilities" line item on its Balance Sheets. The net cumulative effect of this accounting change for the periods prior to 2003 was $787 thousand which is included in the "Insurance and other expenses" line item on BIF's Statements of Income and Fund Balance. In addition to the cumulative effect, the BIF's expense for such benefits in 2003 was $11 million, which is included in the current year operating expenses. In the absence of the accounting change, BIF would have recognized an expense of $6 million. At December 31, 2003, the BIF's net postretirement benefit liability recognized in the "Accounts payable and other liabilities" line item in the Balance Sheet was $98 million. At December 31, 2002, the BIF's net postretirement benefit asset recognized in the "Interest receivable on investments and other assets, net" line item in the Balance Sheet was $130 thousand. Key actuarial assumptions used in the accounting for the plan include the discount rate, the rate of compensation increase, and the dental coverage trend rate. Commitments: Leased Space
The BIF's allocated share of the FDIC's lease commitments totals $124 million for future years. The lease agreements contain escalation clauses resulting in adjustments, usually on an annual basis. The allocation to the BIF of the FDIC's future lease commitments is based upon current relationships of the workloads among the BIF and the SAIF. Changes in the relative workloads could cause the amounts allocated to the BIF in the future to vary from the amounts shown below. The BIF recognized leased space expense of $38 million and $37 million for the years ended December 31, 2003 and 2002, respectively.
Off-Balance-Sheet Exposure: Asset Securitization Guarantees
12. Disclosures About the Fair Value of Financial InstrumentsAs part of the FDIC's efforts to maximize the return from the sale or disposition of assets from bank resolutions, the FDIC has securitized some receivership assets. To facilitate the securitizations, the BIF provided limited guarantees to cover certain losses on the securitized assets up to a specified maximum. In exchange for backing the limited guarantees, the BIF received assets from the receiverships in an amount equal to the expected exposure under the guarantees. One deal terminated in 2003 with a cumulative gain to the BIF of $6 million. Although the remaining term of the limited guaranty for the last deal is 23 years, this deal will be evaluated for possible termination in 2004. As of December 31, 2003 and 2002, the maximum off-balance-sheet exposure was $81 million and $202 million, respectively. Deposit Insurance As of September 30, 2003, deposits insured by the BIF totaled approximately $2.5 trillion. This would be the accounting loss if all depository institutions were to fail and the acquired assets provided no recoveries. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments and are shown at current value. The fair market value of the investment in U.S. Treasury obligations is disclosed in Note 3 and is based on current market prices. The carrying amount of interest receivable on investments, short-term receivables, and accounts payable and other liabilities approximates their fair market value, due to their short maturities and/or comparability with current interest rates. The net receivables from bank resolutions primarily include the BIF's subrogated claim arising from payments to insured depositors. The receivership assets that will ultimately be used to pay the corporate subrogated claim are valued using discount rates that include consideration of market risk. These discounts ultimately affect the BIF's allowance for loss against the net receivables from bank resolutions. Therefore, the corporate subrogated claim indirectly includes the effect of discounting and should not be viewed as being stated in terms of nominal cash flows. Although the value of the corporate subrogated claim is influenced by valuation of receivership assets (see Note 4), such receivership valuation is not equivalent to the valuation of the corporate claim. Since the corporate claim is unique, not intended for sale to the private sector, and has no established market, it is not practicable to estimate its fair market value. The FDIC believes that a sale to the private sector of the corporate claim would require indeterminate, but substantial, discounts for an interested party to profit from these assets because of credit and other risks. In addition, the timing of receivership payments to the BIF on the subrogated claim does not necessarily correspond with the timing of collections on receivership assets. Therefore, the effect of discounting used by receiverships should not necessarily be viewed as producing an estimate of market value for the net receivables from bank resolutions. 13. Supplementary Information Relating to the Statements of Cash Flows
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Last Updated 02/18/2004 | communications@fdic.gov |
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