Eyes and Other Senses

ROVER Body | Brains | Eyes and Other Senses | Arm | Wheels and Legs | Energy | Communications The rover's "eyes" and other "senses" The rover has ten "eyes." Six engineering cameras aid in rover navigation and four cameras perform science investigations. Each camera has an application-specific set of optics: Four Engineering Hazcams (Hazard Avoidance Cameras): Mounted on the lower portion of the front and rear of the rover, these black-and-white cameras will use visible light to capture three-dimensional (3-D) imagery. This imagery safeguards against the rover getting lost or inadvertently crashing into unexpected obstacles, and works in tandem with software that allows the rover make its own safety choices and to "think on its own." The cameras each have a wide field of view of about 120 degrees. The rover uses pairs of Hazcam images to map out the shape of the terrain as far as 3 meters (10 feet) in front of it, in a "wedge" shape that is over 4 meters wide (13 feet) at the farthest distance. The cameras need to see far to either side because unlike human eyes, the Hazcam cameras cannot move independently; they are mounted directly to the rover body. Two Engineering Navcams (Navigation Cameras): Mounted on the mast (the rover "neck and head"), these black-and-white cameras will use visible light to gather panoramic, three-dimensional (3D) imagery. The navigation camera unit is a stereo pair of cameras, each with a 45-degree field of view that will support ground navigation planning by scientists and engineers. They will work in cooperation with the hazard avoidance cameras by providing a complementary view of the terrain. Two Science Cameras (MastCam, ChemCam): Mast Camera will take color images, three-dimensional stereo images, and color video footage of the martian terrain and have a powerful zoom lens. Like the cameras on the Mars Exploration Rovers that landed on the red planet in 2004, the MastCam design consists of two duplicate camera systems mounted on a mast extending upward from the Mars Science Laboratory rover deck. The cameras function much like human eyes, producing three-dimensional stereo images by combining two side-by-side images taken from slightly different positions. The Laser-Induced Remote Sensing for Chemistry and Micro-Imaging will fire a laser and analyze the elemental composition of vaporized materials from areas smaller than 1 millimeter on the surface of Martian rocks and soils. An on-board spectrograph will provide unprecedented detail about minerals and microstructures in rocks by measuring the composition of the resulting plasma - an extremely hot gas made of free-floating ions and electrons. One Descent Imager (MARDI): Engineers who worked on the Mars Exploration Rover mission were able to get an idea of what the approaching martian terrain "looked" like to Spirit and Opportunity via DIMES (Descent Image Motion Estimation System). This system was used to detect the spacecraft's movement and adjust it - using retro rockets - if necessary. Mars Science Laboratory will feature an even more capable visual system. MARDI (Mars Descent Imager) will provide five frame-per-second video at a high resolution. The images will be "true color," or as the human eye would see. In addition to stunning video, the data the camera collects will allow scientists and engineers to: observe geological processes at a variety of scales, sample the horizontal wind profile, create detailed geologic, geomorphic and traverse planning and relief maps of the landing site. One Science Hand Lens (MAHLI): With this new device, earthbound geologists will be able to see martian features smaller than the diameter of a human hair. The Mars Hand Lens Imager is the equivalent of a geologist's hand lens and will provide close-up views of the minerals, textures and structures in martian rocks and the surface layer of rocky debris and dust.